386 Tokugawa Hidetada enjoyed high rank, and 18,000 middling rank and footsoldiers In addition, the daimyo were required to provide armies and ammunition whenever the shogun needed them, which was infrequent Samurai were used more for policing than as active warriors throughout the era Fudai and Shimpan daimyo, and their samurai, kept watch over the tozama domains for a possible challenge to Tokugawa authority The bakuhan system remained largely unchanged from the 1600s into the 1860s, an era of stability, economic growth, and peace internally and externally There were only local rebellions, easily suppressed However, the shogunate was never able to tame the tozama daimyo and it was the han of Choshu, Satsuma, and Tosa who eventually challenged the Tokugawa in the 1860s, bringing the Edo era to an end See also Tokugawa Ieyasu Further reading: Duus, Peter Modern Japan Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998; Hane, Mikiso Modern Japan: A Historical Survey Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1986; Reischauer, Edwin O Japan: The Story of a Nation New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990; Sansom, George The History of Japan, Vols and Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986; Totman, Conrad D Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843 Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988 Jyoti Grewal Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632) Japanese ruler The second shogun of the Tokugawa family, Hidetada lived in his powerful father’s shadow until the latter’s death in 1616 He was Tokugawa Ieyasu’s third son; his two older brothers had died, making him Ieyasu’s successor Hidetada nominally assumed the title of shogun in 1605 when his father voluntarily retired, but as long as Ieyasu lived, Hidetada’s role was to learn from and implement the policies of his father He was a careful student, who watched his father build his realm for the family and the bakuhan system Among Hidetada’s achievements were the continued organizing of the Bakufu and development of domestic commerce Both of these ensured the Tokugawa family’s political and economic dominance in Japan In 1614–15, Hidetada helped his father in leading a victorious campaign against Osaka castle that ended the residual power of the Toyotomi family From 1616 onward, he boldly tamed the domains of vassals who might challenge his authority Domestic commerce grew with the expanded control of Hidetada’s government However, he was highly suspicious of foreign traders, missionaries, and those Japanese who had converted to Christianity Tokugawa Hidetada reinforced Ieyasu’s ban on Christianity In 1617, he had four missionaries executed He later ordered the execution of 120 missionaries and Japanese Christians and banned any import of books related to the Christian religion Hidetada’s severe reservations about all things foreign extended to their trading ships as well In order further to regulate foreign presence, he ordered all foreign ships, other than Chinese, to dock only in the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado The British had already pulled out of Japan because of nonprofitable trade relations Hidetada severed all relationships with the Spanish, of whom he was highly suspicious because of their Christian influence Hidetada effectively isolated Japan, a stance his son terminated when he became shogun Hidetada had established a relationship with the imperial family through the marriage of his daughter to a member of the royal family This relationship further solidified the base of the Tokugawa family In 1623, Hidetada abdicated in favor of his son Iemitsu but continued to influence policy of the bakufu as retired shogun until his death See also ships and shipping; Tokugawa bakuhan system, Japan; Tokugawa Ieyasu; Toyotomi Hideyoshi Further reading: Craig, Albert M The Heritage of Japanese Civilization NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2003; Reischauer, Edwin O Japan: The Story of a Nation New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990; Sansom, George The History of Japan, Vols and Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1986 Jyoti Grewal Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616) Japanese ruler Tokugawa Ieyasu was granted by the Japanese emperor, the title of shogun in 1603; his family was to rule Japan until 1867 In 1605, his son, Tokugawa Hidetada, officially took the office of the shogun, but Ieyasu remained the ruler from behind the scenes until his death Reared in an atmosphere of unrelenting civil war among different clans of Japan during the Warring States Era,