306 Newman, John Henry their rule without opposition from the locals In 1830 they succeeded in gaining control of the rest of Java and set about building a new administrative structure At the heart of this was a school to train Dutch civil servants who would form the administrative class in the Netherlands East Indies To this end in 1834 they established a school in Surakarta (Solo) After nine years this project was abandoned and a new school was established at the Royal Academy at Delft, Netherlands There a two-year (later three-year) course was introduced to ensure civil servants had a good understanding of the culture and history of the East Indies The island of Java and its satellite island, Madura, were to form the economic and administrative core of the colony They were the most densely populated islands in the region—in fact one of the most densely populated parts of the entire world—and were divided into West Java, Central Java, and East Java, with the cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta having a degree of autonomy The rich farming lands provided vast quantities of rice and were also good in the raising of livestock, and the seas around Java were rich in fish To the west of Java was the island of Sumatra The British eventually gave up their base at Bencoolen (modern-day Bengkulu) in exchange for holding onto Malacca, but the Dutch were never able to develop high-intensity agriculture on the scale that was the case in Java With the rubber boom in the late 19th century, extensive rubber plantations were established in Sumatra The island of Bangka, and to a lesser extent, the neighboring island of Billiton, off the east coast of Sumatra, was found to have extensive deposits of tin, and Dutch mining companies established large ventures, leaving much of the island covered by a moonscape The north of Sumatra, under the control of the sultans of Aceh, only finally became a part of the Netherlands East Indies after the Acehnese War, which lasted from 1873 until 1904 To the east of Java, the island of Bali was occupied by the Hindu princes who had ruled Java before the arrival of Islam They managed to maintain their independence, but when the Dutch took the island of Lombok in 1894, it was obvious that the Dutch were going to move on Bali, which they invaded in 1906 Prior to that there had been constant problems over Dutch merchant vessels running aground on the islands and being looted by the locals During the Dutch invasion, the Balinese nobility charged the Dutch lines and were massacred In Borneo, the Celebes, and the rest of the Sunda islands, the Dutch controlled trade with Dutch administrators, merchants, and businessmen living in towns, but not exerting much control over events in the countryside and the hinterland This was also the case in Dutch New Guinea In contrast to this, in the Moluccas, the Dutch exerted a much greater control over the population The Dutch built schools and hospitals and many people joined the Dutch Reformed Church Many Moluccans, especially Ambonese (or Amboinese as they were known at the time), served in the Dutch colonial forces and made up a large section of the Dutch colonial police used throughout the archipelago The society in the Netherlands East Indies was stratified with the Dutch ruling class generally living in particular parts of cities, close to churches, and maintaining their own social life and clubs, and being buried in Christian cemeteries apart from most of the rest of the population (who were mainly Muslim) There were other Europeans, including a sizeable British trading community in Batavia and also some Britons running plantations in Sumatra The Chinese formed the merchant class of the archipelago and although they never numbered more than 3–5 percent of the population, they dominated business in almost every town in the Netherlands East Indies Of the locals, the rulers enjoyed the prosperity that Dutch rule brought, and gradually a small middle class emerged, aiding the Dutch in their colonial rule and also producing the nationalists who worked against the Dutch in the 1930s For the rest of the peasantry, life hardly changed See also Napoleon III Further reading: Heuken, A Historical Sites of Jakarta Jakarta: Cipta Loka Caraka, 1983; Jaypal, Maya Old Jakarta Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993; Taylor, Jean Gelman The Social World of Batavia: European and Eurasian in Dutch Asia Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983; Vandenbosch, Amry The Dutch East Indies Berkeley, CA: University of California, 1944 Justin Corfield Newman, John Henry (1801–1890) theologian and church leader, cardinal John Henry Newman’s life can be divided neatly into two almost equal parts: as an Anglican from 1801 to 1845 and as a Roman Catholic from 1845 to 1890 Newman was born in London on February