Aung San were ruthlessly put down Other minority groups suffered or were exiled as a result of the new government A heavy drinker, Atatürk died of cirrhosis of the liver in November 1938 As he had no children he left no heirs and instead bequeathed to his country the democracy that he created, which would survive him to the present day Although Atatürk forbade many basic concepts of democracy such as free press, trade unions, and freedom of speech, he paved the way for the future addition and implementation of these ideals Further reading: Lord Kinross (Patrick Balfour) Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation London and New York: William Morrow Company, 1965; Mango, Andrew Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey New York: The Overlook Press, 1999 Katie Belliel Aung San (1915–1947) Burmese nationalist and freedom fighter Aung San was born on February 13, 1915, at Natmauk in central Burma (Myanmar) Aung was the president of the student union at Rangoon University in 1938 He joined the left-leaning Dobam Asiayon (“We Burmese” Association) and was its general secretary between 1938 and 1948 Aung was also a founding member of Bama-htwet-yat Ghine (Freedom Bloc) At the time of World War II he was very active in the resistance movement against the British He went to Amoy, China, and met with the Japanese to seek help forming an army to fight the British An antiBritish unit was formed by the “Thirty Comrades,” who received military training on Hainan Island in Japanese-occupied China Aung became the commander of the Burma Independence Army (BIA), which was formed on December 26, 1941 Ne Win, the future authoritarian ruler of Burma (1962–88), was one of the comrades The army was stationed in Bangkok and entered Burma in January 1942 along with the invading Japanese army The BIA, which had formed a provisional government, became unpopular because of an influx of criminals into the organization It was replaced by the Burma Defense Army (BDA), with Aung as commander The BDA, trained by the Japanese, was a conventional army The name BDA was changed to Burma National Army (BNA) In the Japanese-sponsored government Aung was minister of war 31 Aung became disillusioned with the Japanese and discussed with the other resistance leaders their next course of action The Anti-Fascist Organization came into being in April 1944 Later renamed the AntiFascist People’s Freedom League (AFPFL), it was formed with Aung as its president He openly turned against the Japanese in March 1945 and switched his loyalty to the British, renaming the forces the Patriotic Burmese Forces The British then founded a new government, and he became its deputy chairman in the executive council, holding important portfolios of defense and foreign affairs In January 1947 he went to London and negotiated with the British Labour government about granting independence to Burma The Aung San–Attlee Agreement of January 27, 1947, guaranteed independence within a year There would be an elected constituent assembly, and until it finalized its work, the country would be governed under the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 The British government also would sponsor Burma’s admission to the United Nations On February 12 Aung signed the Panglong Agreement, which supported the cause of a united country with the leaders of other Burmese nationalist groups Under his guidance the AFPFL won a landslide victory in April elections to the constituent assembly, securing 196 out of a total of 202 seats Aung was concerned about his country’s future and called a series of meetings in Rangoon (now renamed Yangon) in June 1947 He urged people in a public meeting to remain disciplined in a speech on July 13 He was assassinated six days later, along with six other councilors, during a meeting of the constituent assembly Aung San’s political rival, U Saw, a former premier, was found guilty of the crime and executed in 1948 On January 4, 1948, Burma became independent from British rule Aung had become a martyr and a national hero and continued to inspire his people with his dedication and sacrifice He was criticized by some for his collaboration with the Japanese; others say it was a tactical move to gain independence for his country He turned against the Japanese at the opportune moment His wife became a diplomat and later served as ambassador to India Further reading: Aung San Suu Kyi Aung San of Burma: A Biographical Portrait Edinburgh: Kiscadle, 1991; Kin Oung Who Killed Aung San? Bangkok: White Lotus, 1993; Maung Maung Aung San of Burma The Hague: M Nijhoff, 1962; Naw, Angelene Aung San and the Struggle for Burmese Independence Bangkok: Silkworm Books, 2002; Silverstein,