Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal 29 in turn was overtaken in 1930 by 40 Wall Street and in 1931 by the Empire State Building, which was the first building in the world to have more than 100 floors Further reading: Dube, Wolf-Dieter Expressionism London: Thames & Hudson, 1972; Fletcher, Bannister A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method London: The Athlone Press, 1961; Jacquet, Pierre History of Architecture Lausanne: Leisure Arts, 1966; Lucie-Smith, Edward Symbolist Art London: Thames & Hudson, 1972; ——— Lives of the Great 20th-Century Artists London: Thames & Hudson, 2000; Read, Herbert A Concise History of Modern Painting London: Thames & Hudson, 1961; Richards, J M Who’s Who in Architecture from 1400 to the Present New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977 Justin Corfield Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938) Turkish leader and reformer Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was one of the greatest reformers of the 20th century, and his legacy is present-day Turkey He built a modern state from the ruins of the Ottoman Empire through massive and progressive domestic reforms Viewed with godlike status by Turks, he is considered the savior of a country that under his guidance resisted occupation and colonization and embraced democracy and modernization He was born in 1881 in Salonika (present-day Thessalonica, Greece) His father, Ali Reza, was a low-ranking Ottoman government employee who died when Mustafa was young His mother, Zubeyde, raised him and his sister, Makbule Zubeyde was a religious woman and hoped that her son would attend the local religious schools However, with the help of his uncle he instead attended military school The military schools, reflecting the Ottoman system, allowed students to rise not according to class status but by ability Mustafa excelled in his studies He took the name Kemal, which means perfection He completed his studies at the War College in Harbiye, Istanbul, in 1905 In Istanbul and elsewhere throughout his postings, Mustafa Kemal was deeply disturbed by the corruption in the Ottoman bureaucracy He joined several underground organizations that had contacts with exiled Turks in Geneva and Paris To keep him away from Istanbul, his superior officers, suspicious of Mustafa Kemal, posted him in faraway places such as Damascus Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was one of the greatest reformers of the 20th century, and his legacy is present-day Turkey and Tripoli, but he was able to remain active in the secret societies, although events unfolding in the Balkans pushed other figures to the forefront The underground organizations united and formed the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) and in 1908 started the Young Turk revolution The subsequent leaders of this movement, Enver Pasha, Talat Pasha, and Cemal Pasha, ruled as a triumvirate and were also suspicious of Mustafa Kemal and preferred to keep him away from the seat of government Mustafa Kemal was critical of the CUP’s lack of ideology and program The CUP’s only objective in the revolution was to reinstate the 1876 constitution, which had been abolished by the sultan Mustafa Kemal was also wary of the expansionist and pan-Turkic postrevolution ideology the CUP embraced Germany cleverly took advantage of the situation and entered into an alliance with the CUP Mustafa Kemal, although he did not agree with the alliance, gladly learned modern military technology