Chronology Central Powers (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria) The vote is 90 to in the Senate and 373 to 50 in the House 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk A treaty is signed between the Central Powers and the Soviet government of Russia 1918 Battle of the Marne The Battle of the Marne is a massive attempt by Germany to break through on the western front before American forces could arrive in large numbers 1918 Battle of Argonne Forest On September 26, Allied troops begin the offensive The German high command warns that it could no longer ensure victory, and as the German army begins mutinying, it sues for peace 1918 Poland Declares Independence Poland declares its independence as a nation on October 6, 1918 1918 United States and Allies Intervene in Russia The United States takes a limited role in the international force that intervenes in the Russian Civil War 1918 Czechoslovakia Declares Independence The Prague National Council declares Czechoslovakia independent from Austria-Hungary on October 28, 1918 1918 Armistice Is Signed in Europe On November 11, an armistice is signed, bringing World War I in Europe to a conclusion 1919 Versailles Peace Conference On June 29, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles is signed, officially ending World War I 1919 Amritsar Massacre in India On April 13 British general Reginald Dyer orders his troops to open fire on demonstrators at Amritsar in the Punjab of India; 379 people are killed, and nearly 1,200 are wounded 1919 Anglo-Afghan War Afghan ruler Amanullah Khan proclaims a religious war against the British and calls on the Muslim subjects of India to rise up He leads a failed small- xxiii scale invasion of India As a result Britain recognizes Afghan independence 1920 Ireland Is Granted Home Rule The British parliament passes the Government Act The act calls for the creation of separate parliaments in Northern and Southern Ireland 1920 Gandhi Leads Indian Independence Mohandas Gandhi begins a nationwide speaking campaign to enlist support for the nonviolent, noncooperation movement against Great Britain 1920 Palestine Becomes British Mandate Under terms agreed to at the Paris Peace Conference, the British government is given the mandate for Palestine, TransJordan, and Iraq 1920 Syria and Lebanon Become French Mandate The Syrian National Congress declares its complete independence The League of Nations wartime AngloFrench agreements officially confirm the land of the French mandate, and French forces take Damascus by force 1920 Prohibition Begins in the United States The Senate and House override the veto of President Woodrow Wilson and enact into law a bill outlawing the production, sale, and transportation of all forms of liquor 1920 Participation by the United States in League of Nations Is Rejected On November 19 the U.S Senate votes 53 to 38 against supporting the League of Nations 1920 Women’s Suffrage in the United States With the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, women gain the right to vote 1921 Modern Turkey Is Founded On January 20 Turk nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) adopt a set of fundamental laws that becomes the foundation of the modern state of Turkey These laws provide for the sovereignty of the people, a parliament elected by male suffrage, and a president with extensive powers 1921 Reza Khan Becomes Ruler of Persia Reza Khan arrives in Tehran on February 22, commanding an army of 4,000 troops His forces topple