188 Jamestown as king (James VII of Scotland and James II of England) Both political parties were resigned to his practicing his Roman Catholic faith as long as he and his second wife, Mary of Modena, did so privately On April 23, 1685, he was crowned king in Westminster Abbey and Mary of Modena his queen In June, James, duke of Monmouth, landed in England to claim the throne as the Protestant claimant Monmouth’s forces were quickly defeated Within three months, James began to squander the goodwill he had enjoyed at his coronation Rather than behaving magnanimously toward Monmouth, he had him beheaded as a common traitor Additionally, he unleashed a political reign of terror, known as the Bloody Assizes in the West Country In November 1685 James shut down Parliament to rid himself of the debates and challenges to his decisions James also seemed determined to disestablish the Anglican Church in England Magdalen College, in Oxford University, became a Roman Catholic seminary to train native English Catholic priests James also presented a Declaration of Indulgence designed to lift legal restrictions from those who did not profess the Anglican creed He required the declaration to be read in all Anglican churches and when the archbishop of Canterbury William Sancroft and six other Anglican bishops protested, they were imprisoned in the Tower of London While it appeared that the throne would go to James’s Protestant daughter Mary, or the hereditary ruler of the Netherlands, William of Orange, the English people hoped that the Protestant religion would survive James’s rule However on June 10, 1688, a son was born and Whig and Tory leaders realized that a Catholic would be the next monarch of England On the day the bishops were acquitted, Thomas Osborne, the first earl of Danby, a Tory, and six other Tory and Whig party members signed a secret invitation requesting William to invade England and, with Mary, overthrow James On November 5, 1688, helped by what would be called the “Protestant Wind,” William’s invasion fleet anchored at Torbay Danby led a rising for William in the north of England, while rebellion broke out in other parts of the country The army’s leading commander, John Churchill, also gave his support to William James fled England to seek asylum with Louis XIV in France in December 1688 William and Mary were welcomed in London and, on February 13, 1689, formally proclaimed king and queen of England by Parliament See also Counter-Reformation (Catholic Reformation) in Europe; Glorious Revolution; Reformation, the; William III Further reading: Ashley, Maurice The Stuarts: The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England Antonia Fraser, ed Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999; Ashley, Mike A Brief History of British Kings and Queens New York: Carroll and Graf, 2005; Fraser, Antonia Cromwell London: Grove Press, 2001; ——— Charles II London: Orion, 2004; Hill, J R., and Brian Ranft The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy New York: Oxford University Press, 1995; Williamson, David National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England London: National Portrait Gallery, 1998 John Murphy Jamestown Jamestown was the first permanent English colony in the New World, founded in 1607 under the direction of the Virginia Company Although the settlement struggled to survive at first, the discovery of tobacco made Jamestown a success and it remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699 In 1605, a group of influential merchants seeking to profit materially from the natural resources of America petitioned England’s King James I for permission to settle in America The following April, the king chartered the London Company (later known as the Virginia Company) and granted it the right to settle a colony between 34 and 41 degrees north latitude The charter created a joint-stock company, which allowed the merchants to seek investors and operate as a private business The charter provided that the colony would be governed by two councils, one in America and one in England, and guaranteed that colonists would enjoy the “liberties, franchises, and immunities” of English subjects On April 26, 1607, the Sarah Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery arrived in Virginia carrying 105 passengers, who named their settlement Jamestown after the king From the start, the colony was beset by troubles The Chesapeake Bay region was then controlled by a confederation of Algonquian Indian tribes led by the paramount chief Powhatan Powhatan was instrumental in helping provision the colonists in the early years, but the two groups often came into conflict thereafter More immediately, the colonists died in large number of disease and starvation: Only 38 of the original passengers survived “seasoning,” or their first winter in America Ultimately, the colonists proved unwilling to grow their own food, preferring instead to search for gold, leading to internal dissension