28 art and architecture (1900–1950) was built in what had been agricultural land, Ankara was constructed in what had been the city of Angora In March 1918 Moscow became the capital of the Soviet Union, having been the capital of Russia until 1703 The period of great turmoil during the 1920s and 1930s also saw a number of countries establish new temporary capitals Burgos in northern Spain became the nationalist capital during the Spanish civil war, with the inland city of Chungking (modern-day Chongqing) serving as the capital of Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War In France the spa resort of Vichy became the capital of occupied France for three years The growth of the urban environment saw a number of suburbs growing up The British architect and civil planner Sir Ebenezer Howard designed Letchworth Garden City and in the 1920s moved on to found Welwyn Garden City Political forces of the far right and extreme left also supported designs that supported their views of the country in question In Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler’s architect, Albert Speer, designed impressive and grandiose structures that gave rise to the term Albert Speer architecture, describing a building or edifice that makes the onlooker seem small In the Soviet Union grand architecture and “heroic” paintings were popular The former impressed observers about the wealth of the country, with the latter highlighting important historical scenes The building of Lenin’s mausoleum in Red Square, Moscow, initially in wood and then in stone, incorporated some of the design of the grave of Cyrus the Great of Persia The changes in technology during the first half of the 20th century saw the construction of many railway stations around the world, but not on the scale of the edifices built during the late 19th century The Moscow Metro was opened in 1935 and was part of the attempt to show the Soviet Union as a modern and efficient country The British architect Charles Holden worked extensively on the London Underground In addition, airports and factories were built, some with impressive art deco buildings, others being functional and having small sheds and huts to cater to the air passengers, or in the case of many factories, unimpressive work areas behind the faỗade The rise of art deco during the 1920s and 1930s featured not only in architecture but in art, furniture design, and interior decorating In terms of architecture, the spire of the Chrysler Building in New York (1928– 1930), the city hall of Buffalo, New York, and many other civic buildings follow this style As well as in the United States, it was also popular in Italy, with the port city of Asmara being the best surviving example of an art deco city; the most famous art deco building in Latin America is the Edificio Kavanagh (Kavanagh Building) in Buenos Aires, completed in 1936 The most wellknown art deco architects included Albert Anis, who worked at Miami Beach; Ernest Cormier from Quebec, who designed the Supreme Court of Canada; Sir Bannister Fletcher, author of the famous work on architecture; Bruce Goff, whose Boston Avenue Methodist Church in Tulsa is regarded as one of the best examples of art deco in the United States; Raymond Hood, who designed the Tribune Tower in Chicago; Joseph Sunlight; William van Alen, who worked on the Chrysler Building in New York; Wirt C Rowland from Detroit; and Ralph Walker of Rhode Island The writer Ayn Rand set her book The Fountainhead (1943), about an idealistic young architect, in the office of the New York architect Ely Jacques Kahn, with some seeing it as being modeled on Frank Lloyd Wright In sculpture art deco saw Lee Lawrie, Rene Paul Chambellan, C Paul Jennewein, Joseph Kiselewski, and Paul Manship; and expressionism, which had first flourished in Germany in the 1900s and early 1920s, led to artwork by Latvian-born American Mark Rothko, Jackson Pollock, and others The prosperity of the 1910s and 1920s led to the building of many hotels around the world and the enlarging of many others The Waldorf-Astoria in New York, an art deco building, was designed in 1931 In Africa Treetops in Kenya and in Asia the Raffles Hotel in Singapore, the E&O Hotel in Penang, and the Strand in Rangoon were all either built during this period or had major refurbishment work There were also many holiday resorts emerging from the late 19th century concept of life in the Tropics with a place to retreat to in the hot summer: Simla in India, Hua Hin in Thailand, the Cameron Highlands in Malaya, Dalat in Vietnam, and Maymyo (Pyin U Lwin) in Burma (Myanmar) This coincided with many civic buildings being constructed: town halls, schools, hospitals, and libraries The Bund at Shanghai teemed with magnificent stone buildings showing stability and the feeling of commercial wellbeing In time of war some of these structures were actually best able to weather bombing raids, with the Fullerton Building in Singapore being used as a shelter during Japanese bombing raids in early 1942 The new construction techniques led to the building of skyscrapers The first of these was the Flatiron Building in New York City, which was completed in 1902 and is 285 feet tall However, in 1913 this was overtaken by the Woolworth Building (792 feet), which