180 Horns of Hattin, Battle of the sincere call of the name of Amida was sufficient for a person to receive salvation His departure from the Tendai sect and his attack on the Buddhist hierarchy were not without controversy By the late 1190s Nonen, who had moved to Otani, in Kyoto, attracted many listeners By 1204 he had some 190 disciples, some being samurai, and also had support at court from powerful people such as the imperial regent, Kujo Kanezane (1149–1207) This led to complaints being made against Honen, especially by the temple of Kofukuji in Nara They petitioned that Honen should be exiled as some of his supporters, undoubtedly, it was claimed, had attacked rival Buddhist temples that did not support Amitabha Honen was exiled for a year to the island of Shikoku in 1206, along with eight of his closest adherents, by the monks from Mount Hiei, and Shinran was also exiled; some of their supporters were not so fortunate and were beheaded He was forced to use the nonclerical name Fujii Motohiko and was forbidden to return to Kyoto Honen traveled around distant provinces to refine and spread his teachings but was unable to meet again with Shinran In 1210 Honen finally returned to Kyoto, where he built the temple of Chionin, and he died in 1212 He was given the posthumous title Enko Daishi In 1680 the Honen-in Temple was built in Kyoto to preserve his memory The Pure Land sect is now the second largest in Japan, in terms of the number of adherents, while those who follow the teachings of Shinran are the largest sect Further Reading: Dobbins, James C Jodo Shinshu: Shin Buddhism in Medieval Japan Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989; Hattori, Sho-on A Raft from the Other Shore: Honen and the Way of Pure Land Buddhism Tokyo: Jodo Shu Press, 2000 Justin Corfield Horns of Hattin, Battle of the The Battle of the Horns of Hattin occurred on July 4, 1187, and resulted in the almost complete annihilation of the forces of the crusader army of Guy de Lusignan, king of Jerusalem (r 1186–92), by the Muslim forces led by Saladin (Salah ad din, Yusuf) The destruction of Guy’s army opened the way for the reconquest of not only Jerusalem, but also the other cities that had been captured during the First Crusade (1096–99), including Tiberias and Acre The response to these de- feats in the west led to the calling for and undertaking of the Third Crusade (1189–92) The position of the crusader states had become precarious The defeat of the Byzantine army at Myriocephalon in 1176 resulted in the end of effective Byzantine-crusader cooperation and, in subsequent years, Saladin managed to isolate the states further by retaking surrounding towns Possession of towns and cities was crucial as they had supplies of fresh water and food that were almost completely absent from the arid, desertlike intervening territory Crusader armies, which traveled wearing heavy armor and supporting large warhorses, were very difficult to maintain in this territory and were always vulnerable to disruption of supplies An additional destabilizing factor was the importance of a number of significant, often divisive factions within the crusader court These included the Templar and Hospitaler knights, which had individual aims and intentions, as well as different aristocratic families jostling for power These divisions brought the crusader states into a state of considerable tension and it may have been to deflect the possibility of civil war that Reginald of Châtillon attacked a caravan in an act seemingly set on ending the truce that had been established with Saladin (Salah ad Din) Declaring jihad, Saladin brought troops up from Egypt to threaten Tiberias His intention was to lure the crusaders into the open, where their supplies would soon be depleted and his own lightly armored horse archers could harass the enemy from a distance, inflicting a constant trickle of injuries Initially Guy resisted the temptation to attack but probably as the result of internal struggles, decided to lead his troops on a night-long march toward Saladin’s forces The night march was disastrous as the troops were without water and suffered greatly in the hot, dry atmosphere Saladin’s forces set fire to the vegetation to intensify this suffering The so-called Horns of Hattin were the two rocky hills that were part of an extinct volcano, on which Guy camped his troops, who by then were, it is said, almost maddened with thirst There followed a day of fighting between the approximately 20,000 men on either side The bulk of the crusader forces were armored infantry, conditioned to fighting in dense formations against similarly equipped foes They were unable to get to grips with the mobile enemy and eventually they broke, fled, and were cut down on the battlefield Only Guy and some of his aristocrat companions were spared by Saladin, who ultimately ransomed them in exchange for the port of Ascalon The Battle of the Horns of Hattin revealed the military inferiority