Raleigh, Sir Walter 329 The reciprocal relationship between the Mughal emperors and the Rajputs was threatened in the mid-17th century, as a result of Shah Jahan’s four sons’ wars of succession of their father The Rajputs remained loyal to Shah Jahan and fought against his rebel sons When Aurangzeb won, they would suffer the consequences Aurangzeb was an ardent Muslim and he recast the previously diverse administration to favor Muslims exclusively As a result, the Hindu Rajputs were ostracized politically, economically, and socially A later ruler, Jahandar Shah, attempted to repair relations with the Rajputs after 1715 The once strong relationship between the Rajputs and Mughals was never revived to the same level as during the early years of the Mughal dynasty See also Delhi and Agra; Mughal Empire Further reading: Hallissey, Robert The Rajput Rebellion against Aurangzeb, a Study of the Mughal Empire in Seventeenth Century India Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1977; Metcalf, Barbara D., and Thomas R Metcalf A Concise History of India Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002; Richards, John The Mughal Empire Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993; Spear, Percival The Oxford History of India Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958 Stefany Anne Boyle Raleigh, Sir Walter (1554–1618) English mariner, courtier, and writer Sir Walter Raleigh was an English adventurer and early promoter of colonization He organized the Roanoke colony in 1585, England’s first settlement in America Raleigh was born in Devon in the west of England, a younger son of a poor but distinguished family He was registered at Oriel College, Oxford, from 1568 to 1572 but spent most of this time in France fighting for the Huguenots Returning to London, he studied law at the Inns of Court and published poetry In 1578, his half brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert obtained a patent to colonize North America and Raleigh accompanied Gilbert in search of Spanish treasure While this voyage was a disaster, it whetted Raleigh’s appetite for colonization In 1580, he led an army to England’s first colony, Ireland, and put down a rebellion with brutal force Such actions attracted the attention of Queen Elizabeth I and Raleigh quickly became a royal favorite The queen bestowed on Raleigh vast estates in Ireland, Sir Walter Raleigh escaped execution for 15 years until King James I finally had him put to death lucrative patents and licenses, and various government offices She knighted him in 1585 In 1583, Gilbert died while trying to establish a colony in Newfoundland, and the following year, Queen Elizabeth granted Raleigh exclusive license to colonize America Immediately, Raleigh dispatched an exploratory expedition to the Outer Banks of North Carolina, an ideal location for looting Spanish fleets Receiving favorable reports of America, Raleigh dispatched his cousin Sir Richard Grenville to the Roanoke islands to erect a colony named Virginia after the virgin Queen Elizabeth However, the colonists angered local Native Americans and decided to abandon Roanoke less than a year after their arrival In April 1587, Raleigh dispatched a second group to America, but shortly after they arrived England engaged the Spanish Armada and all contact with the colony was cut off until 1590 When a relief vessel finally got through, there was no trace of the colonists Although Raleigh failed to erect a permanent settlement, he continued to advocate American colonization,