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Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte) 297 sular War Although Napoleon met with Czar Alexander I at the Congress of Erfurt from September to October 1808, the czar would give no firm commitment However, it removed the prospect of war with Russia Napoleon sent huge forces into Spain and was about to win the war when Austria attacked Bavaria Napoleon had to send his armies against Austria, defeating them and forcing them to sign the Treaty of Schönbrunn on October 14, 1809 FIRST EXILE Napoleon was upset that Josephine had been unable to give him an heir, and he divorced her to marry Marie-Louise, the daughter of Austrian emperor Francis I Their son was born on March 20, 1811, and was given the title the king of Rome Napoleon was now at his most powerful He controlled the French Empire, which included the Illyrian provinces, the Papal States, Tuscany, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany It was surrounded by the Kingdom of Westphalia, ruled by his youngest brother, Jérôme Bonaparte; the Kingdom of Spain, ruled by older brother, Joseph Bonaparte; the Kingdom of Italy (ruled by Eugène de Beauharnais, Josephine’s son, as the viceroy); the Kingdom of Naples (ruled by Napoleon’s brother-in-law, Marshal Joachim Murat); and the Principality of Lucca and Piombino (ruled by another brother-in-law, Félix Bacciochi) With the Swiss Confederation linked to France by alliance, there were also two other French allies, the Confederation of the Rhine and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw With Napoleon’s marriage to Marie-Louise, Austria was also an ally However, the fighting on the Iberian Peninsula continued, and in spring 1812, Napoleon moved his army to Poland to threaten Czar Alexander I of Russia The Russians retreated, and Napoleon, intent on engaging them in battle, invaded Russia with 650,000 men As the Russians retreated, the French were drawn further and further into Russia, with the French fighting an indecisive two-day battle at Borodino on September A week later Napoleon entered Moscow, which had been abandoned by the Russians However, a fire broke out later the same day destroying much of the city, and Napoleon had to withdraw Harassed by Russian soldiers, Cossacks, and others, by the time Napoleon’s troops left Russia, there were scarcely 10,000 men left The Prussians and the Austrians suspected that the French army had been broken in Russia, and after a false report that Napoleon had died in Russia in October, morale declined When Napoleon returned to Paris, he found France in a bad state, economically and A portrait of Napoleon I at Fontainebleau in 1814 The emperor had “extended the boundaries of glory” for France militarily He was still able to defeat the Russians and the Prussians, respectively, at the Battles of Lützen and Bautzen Austria offered to allow the French to return to their original borders, but with the dissolution of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Confederation of the Rhine The Prussians offered to return to the frontiers of 1805 Napoleon hesitated, and Austria declared war At the Battle of Leipzig on October 16–19, 1813, known also as the Battle of Nations, the French forces were badly mauled With the French facing defeat in Spain, Napoleon ordered his troops to return to France, and he faced his opponents who declared that their war was not against the French people but specifically against Napoleon himself While Napoleon wanted to continue fighting, he was forced to accept the Treaty of Fontainebleau, whereby he abdicated and moved to the island of Elba with 400 guards and an annual income of million francs Napoleon bid
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