xxvi Chronology 1356 Nanjing Capital of Ming Dynasty After consolidating southern China, the founder of the Ming dynasty establishes his capital in Nanjing (Nanking) It remains capital until 1421 when it is moved to Beijing (Peking) 1356 C.E Battle of Poitiers At the Battle of Poitiers, Edward, the “Black Prince” of Wales, defeats the French In the course of the battle, the French king, John II, is taken prisoner and brought to England 1362 C.E Murad I Takes Title as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Murad I takes the title of sultan of the Ottoman Empire and leads his forces into Thrace, taking Adrianople, which then becomes the new Ottoman capital of Edirne 1368 C.E Ming Dynasty Established Zhu Yuanzhang leads a successful revolt that expells the Mongols from China Zhu rules as Ming emperor Taizu and begins the rebuilding of China 1369 C.E Timurlane Conquers Empire A descendant of Genghis Khan, Timurlane sets out from Samarkand and conquers and despoils Russia, Afghanistan, the Middle East, and northern India 1377 C.E Ibn Khaldun as Pioneer in the Study of the Philosophy of History Ibn Khaldun, born in present-day Tunisia, begins his pioneering study in the philosophy of history 1381 C.E War of Chioggia The Venetians and the Genoese fight in the War of Chioggia The Genoese blockade the Venetians after seizing Chioggia, but the Venetian fleet defeats the Genoese thereby beginning the golden age of Venice 1381 C.E Peasants’ Revolt in England Peasants, led by Wat Tyler, rebel against high poll taxes, leading to reforms of the old feudal system in England 1385 C.E Portugal Free from Spain The Portuguese, under John the Great, fight Castile at the Battle of Ajubarrota; their victory ensures the independence of Portugal 1389 C.E Ottomans Defeat the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo At Kosovo the Ottoman forces defeat the Serbs in a battle that becomes an important milestone in Balkan history 1392 Yi Dynasty in Korea Founded by General Yi Songgye, this dynasty (also known as the Li dynasty), with the capital located at modern-day Seoul, lasts until 1910 1397 C.E Union of Kalamar Magaret, queen of Sweden, completes the conquest of Denmark and Norway She then forms the Kalamar League, a union of all three countries 1400 C.E Kingdom of Malacca Founded The Kingdom of Malacca is founded on the Malay Peninsula in current-day Indonesia Malacca, which is founded by Paramesva, soon becomes the leading maritime power in Southeast Asia 1400 C.E Rise of Inca Empire The beginning of the rise of the Inca Empire in the Peruvian highlands 1402 C.E Timurlane Defeats the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at the Battle of Ankara At the Battle of Ankara, Timurlane defeats Sultan Bayezid; he dies in captivity and Timurlane turns over the Anatolia territories to Bayezid’s sons 1403 C.E Mehmed (Mehmet) I Reunites and Expands the Ottoman Empire Mehmed I (r 1403–21), begins to reunite and expand the Ottoman Empire after the loss to Timurlane 1403 C.E Moveable Type Invented in Korea This was an important improvement on the block printing first invented and used in China in the ninth century 1403 C.E Yongle Becomes Ruler of the Ming Yongle (Yung-lo) defeats his nephew and becomes emperor of the Ming dynasty He crushes the Mongols, moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, and sends naval expeditions across the Indian Ocean to the east coast of Africa 1405 C.E Mongol Empire Divided Timurlane, the leader of the Mongols, dies suddenly while preparing to attack Ming China With his death the Mongol Empire rapidly falls apart