CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO DENTAL CARIES Edited by Ming-yu Li Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries Edited by Ming-yu Li Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Maja Bozicevic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries, Edited by Ming-yu Li p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0305-9 Contents Preface IX Part 1 The Caries 1 Chapter 1 Caries Through Time: An Anthropological Overview 3 Luis Pezo Lanfranco and Sabine Eggers Chapter 2 Socioeconomic Influence on Caries Susceptibility in Juvenile Individuals with Limited Dental Care: Example from an Early Middle Age Population (Great Moravia, 9 th -10 th Centuries A.D., Czech Republic) 35 Virginie Gonzalez-Garcin, Gaëlle Soulard, Petr Velemínský, Petra Stránská and Jaroslav Bruzek Chapter 3 Impacted Teeth and Their Influence on the Caries Lesion Development 63 Amila Brkić Chapter 4 Susceptibility of Enamel Treated with Bleaching Agents to Mineral Loss After Cariogenic Challenge 75 Hüseyin Tezel and Hande Kemaloğlu Chapter 5 Statistical Models for Dental Caries Data 93 David Todem Part 2 The Diagnosis of Caries 103 Chapter 6 Traditional and Novel Caries Detection Methods 105 Michele Baffi Diniz, Jonas de Almeida Rodrigues and Adrian Lussi Chapter 7 How to Diagnose Hidden Caries? The Role of Laser Fluorescence 129 Camilo Abalos, Amparo Jiménez-Planas, Elena Guerrero, Manuela Herrera and Rafael Llamas VI Contents Chapter 8 Clinical, Salivary and Bacterial Markers on the Orthodontic Treatment 155 Edith Lara-Carrillo Chapter 9 The Dental Volumetric Tomography, RVG, and Conventional Radiography in Determination the Depth of Approximal Caries 181 Cafer Türkmen, Gökhan Yamaner and Bülent Topbaşı Part 3 Caries Control and Prevention 189 Chapter 10 Effect of 1000 or More ppm Relative to 440 to 550 ppm Fluoride Toothpaste – A Systematic Review 191 Alexandra Saldarriaga Cadavid, Rubén Darío Manrique Hernández and Clara María Arango Lince Chapter 11 Microbial Dynamics and Caries: The Role of Antimicrobials 203 Andréa C.B. Silva, Daniela C.C. Souza, Gislaine S. Portela, Demetrius A.M. Araújo and Fábio C. Sampaio Chapter 12 Inhibitory Effects of the Phytochemicals Partially Hydrolyzed Alginate, Leaf Extracts of Morus alba and Salacia Extracts on Dental Caries 221 Tsuneyuki Oku, Michiru Hashiguchi and Sadako Nakamura Chapter 13 Sealing of Fissures on Masticatory Surfaces of Teeth as a Method for Caries Prophylaxis 241 Elżbieta Jodkowska Chapter 14 Probiotics and the Reduction of Dental Caries Risk 271 Arezoo Tahmourespour Part 4 Medical Treatment of Caries 289 Chapter 15 Laser Technology for Caries Removal 291 Adriana Bona Matos, Cynthia Soares de Azevedo, Patrícia Aparecida da Ana, Sergio Brossi Botta and Denise Maria Zezell Chapter 16 White-Spot Lesions in Orthodontics: Incidence and Prevention 313 Airton O. Arruda, Scott M. Behnan and Amy Richter Chapter 17 Filling Materials for the Caries 333 Cafer Türkmen Contents VII Part 5 Dental Caries in Children 361 Chapter 18 Caries Incidence in School Children Included in a Caries Preventive Program: A Longitudinal Study 363 Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis, Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes, Felipe González-Solano, Judith Arjona-Serrano, María del Rocío Soto-Mendieta and Blanca Silvia González-López Chapter 19 Effect of Dental Caries on Children Growth 379 Tayebeh Malek Mohammadi and Elizabeth Jane Kay Chapter 20 The Effects of Plant Extracts on Dental Plaque and Caries 395 Hamidreza Poureslami Part 6 Others 403 Chapter 21 Secondary Caries 405 Guang-yun Lai and Ming-yu Li Chapter 22 Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Morphological, Aetiological, Epidemiological and Clinical Considerations 423 Márcia Pereira Alves dos Santos and Lucianne Cople Maia Chapter 23 Caries and Periodontal Disease in Rice-Cultivating Yayoi People of Ancient Japan 447 Tomoko Hamasaki and Tadamichi Takehara Preface Caries remains one of the most common diseases throughout the world. It has been classified by the WHO as the third world's health calamity. This book describes the cause, diagnosis, control and prevention of caries, and the progression in daily caries clinical practice, and an increased emphasis on the dental caries in children and secondary caries. The book will appeal to dental students as well as graduate students, dental health educators, hygienists, and therapists. It will also be useful to scientists working in the field of cariology and to qualified dentists who wish to update their knowledge. I wish to thank Ms. Maja Bozicevic and InTech. And an enormous thank to all the contributors who worked overtime to produce their sections. LI, Ming-yu Associate professor /Researcher/Dentist, Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology Ninth People’s Hospital, Medical College Shanghai Jiao Tong University P.R.China [...]... informative, but can be eliminated by intense dental wear (pulp exposures due to dental wear must then be subtracted from the total number of 22 Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries carious lesions) Other comparisons along the time have confirmed an increase of the depth of lesions and more affected dental surfaces, related to the introduction of more cariogenic foods (Bonfiglioli et al., 2003; Hillson,... experiences has been observed throughout industrialized countries (Brunelle & Carlos, 1990; Shafer et al., 1983) This seems to be related to dental treatment and the introduction of fluoride13 water and toothpaste Also, the decline in dental caries rates was due to a range of changing social factors that seem to be linked to improvements in general health indicators (Haugejorden, 1996; Nikiforouk, 1985; Shaw,... for the recording of caries experience Caries prevalence, defined as the number of individuals in a population affected by caries in a specific time span Caries frequency, defined as the number of teeth affected for caries divided by the total number of sockets observed (tooth/tooth socket) in a individual or population; and caries index as the Decay Missing Filling Index adapted to fragmentary samples... interdental origin of the caries and the absence of tooth picks evidence, the Broken Hill 1 developed his lesions due to his ignorance in the use of tooth picks, which was known by other earlier hominines (Puech, 1978) Fig 1 The unquestionable oldest evidence of caries in the human paleontological record Pictures of H rhodesiensis skull cast Map modified from Google Maps 2010 6 Contemporary Approach to. .. Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries strictly physiological, then differences between men and women should be universal, but in general there are many clinical and archaeological examples that suggest the existence of other factors involved (Powell, 1988; White, 1994) So, despite the plausible possibility that women show a higher intrinsic physiologic susceptibility towards caries than man, the caries. .. Neanderthals 5 The Paleolithic or Antique Stone Age was the longest period of human prehistory (99% of it), ranging from 2.8 millions of years (in Africa) to 10,000 BP The Paleolithic is divided in three periods: Lower Paleolithic (2.8 million years to 200,000 years: the epoch of the hominines and our first ancestors), Middle Paleolithic (the epoch of Neanderthals, from approximately 200,000 to 30,000 BP),... York Clement, A.J (1956) Caries in the South African ape-man: some examples of undoubted pathological authenticity believed to be 800000 years old British Dental Journal 101: 4–7 26 Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries Clement, A.J (1958) The antiquity of caries British Dental Journal 104(4):115-122 Cohen, M & Armelagos, G (1984) Paleopathology at the origins of agriculture: editor’s summation In: Cohen,... replaced by western ones, during the process of global colonization (Holloway et al., 1963; Mayhall, 1970) Caselitz (1998) analyzed the historical evolution of caries in 518 human populations of Europe, Asia and America in a wide timeline from the Paleolithic to the present, confirming that during Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, the hunter-gatherers had less caries and lesions progressed more slowly Caries. .. Index (Decayed Missing Filling Index) applied to archaeological samples, the I-CE (Index of carie-extractio) or DMI (Decay Missing Index – Lukacs, 1996; Pezo & Eggers, 2010; Saunders et al., 1997), calculated as the number of carious teeth added to the number of antemortem toot loss (AMTL) divided by the sum of teeth and sockets observed 8 Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries BC), but suffered a... named Oral or Dental paleopathology (Campillo, 2001; Waldron, 2009) 4 Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries Considering the available data, we know that the highest caries rates3, their distribution and severity profiles observed nowadays are the result of a complex process of slow dietary changes, directly linked to the development of Western civilization Consequently, the current caries patterns . CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO DENTAL CARIES Edited by Ming-yu Li Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries Edited by Ming-yu Li . Approach to Dental Caries, Edited by Ming-yu Li p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0305-9 Contents Preface IX Part 1 The Caries 1 Chapter 1 Caries