MOLECULAR IMAGING Edited by Bernhard Schaller Molecular Imaging Edited by Bernhard Schaller Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Durovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Molecular Imaging, Edited by Bernhard Schaller p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0359-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Background, Theories and Methods of Molecular Imaging 1 Chapter 1 Modern Quantitative Techniques for PET/CT/MR Hybrid Imaging 3 Babak Saboury, Mateen Moghbel, Sandip Basu and Abass Alavi Chapter 2 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging 15 Enrique Morales-Avila, Guillermina Ferro-Flores, Blanca E. Ocampo-García and Flor de María Ramírez Chapter 3 Fluorescent X-Ray Computed Tomography Using Synchrotron Radiation Towards Molecular Imaging 39 Tetsuya Yuasa and Tohoru Takeda Chapter 4 Investigating the Conformation of HER Membrane Proteins in Cells via Single Molecule and FLIM Microscopy 71 Marisa L. Martin-Fernandez, David T. Clarke, Michael Hirsch, Sarah R. Needham, Selene K. Roberts, Daniel J. Rolfe, Chris J. Tynan, Stephen E.D. Webb, Martyn Winn, and Laura Zanetti Domingues Chapter 5 Nucleic Acid Aptamers for In Vivo Molecular Imaging 95 Vittorio de Franciscis, Anna Rienzo and Laura Cerchia Chapter 6 3D Optical Imaging of Fluorescent Agents in Biological Tissues 117 Manuel Freiberger and Hermann Scharfetter Chapter 7 Focal Modulation Microscopy: Principle and Techniques 145 Nanguang Chen, Guangjun Gao and Shau Poh Chong Chapter 8 Automated Segmentation and Morphometry of Cell and Tissue Structures. Selected Algorithms in ImageJ 183 Dimiter Prodanov and Kris Verstreken VI Contents Part 2 Specific Applications with Clinical Examples 209 Chapter 9 Molecular Imaging of Stem Cells: A New Area for Neuroscience 211 Nora Sandu, Fatemeh Momen-Heravi, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari, Ali Arvantaj and Bernhard Schaller Chapter 10 Molecular MRI of Atherosclerosis 221 B.C. Te Boekhorst and K. Nicolay Chapter 11 Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerotic Coronary Plaques by Fluorescent Angioscopy 247 Yasumi Uchida and Yuko Maezawa Chapter 12 Molecular Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis 269 Shaunagh McDermott and Alexander Guimaraes Chapter 13 PET and SPECT Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis 303 Marcian E. Van Dort, Pedram Navid-Azarbaijani, Rajesh Ranga, Alnawaz Rehemtulla, Brian D Ross, Allan E David and Mahaveer S Bhojani Chapter 14 Molecular Imaging Studies on CD133 + Hematopoietic Stem Cells From Human Umbilical Cord Blood 317 L.F. Pavon, L.C. Marti, T.T. Sibov, M.I. Camargo-Mathias, Jr.E. Amaro and L.F. Gamarra Chapter 15 Diagnostic and Treatment Response Imaging in Lymphomas 331 Xingchen Wu and Pirkko-Liisa Kellokumpu-Lehtinen Chapter 16 Targeting EGFR and HER2 for Molecular Imaging of Cancer 351 Haibiao Gong, Lakshmi Sampath, Joy L. Kovar and D. Mike Olive Part 3 Recent Developments and Trends 375 Chapter 17 Recent Development and Trends in Molecular Imaging Probes for Prostate Cancer 377 Wenbin Zeng, Zhiguo Liu and Wei Wang Preface Molecular Imaging represents a unique project that was only possible by the exceptional InTech support. The authors of the book give therefore an overview of the relatively new topic of molecular imaging, with broad background to basic but also clinical sciences. The present book is best suited not only for the beginners in the area to gain some overview of the feature, but also for professionals to see trends of other groups from all over the world. Molecular imaging has rapidly gained influence in medicine, not only for different research projects, but also in the view of personalized medicine. The door for personalized medicine is now widely open. Also in this direction, the present book gives more than only a little food for thought. Even if Molecular Imaging covers a broad part of the whole topic, it was and it is not our goal to be comprehensive. Such a project can never be complete, and different authors from all over the world can only give some insights of their daily work. Ideas how molecular imaging will develop in the near future present a special delicacy. We hope that readers will enjoy this book. I would like to thank all those who made the project possible, especially Ms Pantar and Mrs Durovic from InTech. They both were angels for the authors. Prof. Bernhard Schaller, MD, PhD, DSC Department of Neurosurgery, University of Paris 7, Paris, France [...]... correlates well with cognitive function, as measured by mini-mental status examinations16 10 Molecular Imaging Atrophy corrected average CMRGlc MeanCMRGlc percentageof brain tissuein theintracranial volume Global metabolic activity was first measured in studies of AD by Alavi et al.1 It was calculated by multiplying segmented brain volumes—as determined by MR by the mean metabolic rate for glucose to yield... contrast to conventional diagnostic imaging, MI seeks to probe the molecular abnormalities that are the basis of disease rather than capture the images of the end effects of the molecular alterations Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET) and optical fluorescence imaging (OI) have been used to monitor... VEGF imaging PET/NIR imaging, tissue homogenate fluorescence measurement, and immunofluorescence staining were performed with U87MG human glioblastoma tumor-bearing mice to quantify the 64Cu-DOTA-QD-RGD and 64CuDOTA-QD-VEGF uptake in tumor and major organs Excellent linear correlation was obtained between the results measured by in vivo PET imaging and those measured by ex vivo NIR fluorescent imaging. .. calculated by multiplying the partial-volume corrected SUV by the volume of the lesion measured by CT and dividing the product by the recovery coefficient MB SUVmeanCT VCT RC Metabolic burden is a promising method of assessing total body tumor burden, but there are other techniques that also draw from the concept of global metabolic activity The measure of Total Lesion Glycolysis (TLG) multiplies SUV by. .. sequence or a poly-ethyleneglycol linker Fig 1 Schematic structure of a radiolabeled nanoparticle design for molecular imaging 3 Radiolabeled nanoparticles for SPECT molecular imaging Peptide receptors are proteins that are overexpressed in numerous human cancer cells These receptors have been used as molecular targets, allowing radiolabeled peptides to identify tumors The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor... following sections 3.1 Synthesis of NP cores The most common nanomaterials reported for SPECT imaging are iron oxide NPs, gold NPs, silver NPs and carbon nanotubes NPs usually have optical or magnetic properties that can be used for molecular imaging, whereas polymer- or liposome-based NPs do not produce imaging signals by themselves NP core synthesis generally follows standardized strategies; for example,... the longitudinal band is red-shifted between 675–850 nm in the interest of optical imaging This occupies the most important part of the “optical imaging window” where light penetration in tissue is high due to reduced scattering and absorption 19 Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging coefficients Optical imaging techniques that rely on scattering and/or absorption contrast to detect pathological... Radiolabeled Nanoparticles for Molecular Imaging Enrique Morales-Avila1,2, Guillermina Ferro-Flores1, Blanca E Ocampo-García1,2 and Flor de María Ramírez1 1Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Autónoma del Estado de México, 2Universidad Mexico 1 Introduction Molecular imaging (MI) comprises non-invasive monitoring of functional and spatiotemporal processes at molecular and cellular levels... for PET-CT for this anatomic site This is mainly due to the fact that information provided by CT for 12 Molecular Imaging central nervous disorders is suboptimal and therefore combined PET-MRI will provide superior data in the brain It is possible that orthopedic applications of PET may substantially improve by combining PET and MRI, particularly in the structures of the feet and the knees It is unclear... domain Finally, the use of hybrid imaging has substantially improved our ability to optimally quantify PET data This will further enhance the role of functional imaging for accurate characterization of lesions and response to therapy 15 Summary The information provided in this chapter reveals a paradigm shift in medical imaging and has described in detail the need for hybrid imaging with an emphasis on PET-CT . MOLECULAR IMAGING Edited by Bernhard Schaller Molecular Imaging Edited by Bernhard Schaller Published by InTech. hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Molecular Imaging, Edited by Bernhard Schaller p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0359-2