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GERM CELL TUMOR
Edited by Angabin Matin
Germ Cell Tumor
Edited by Angabin Matin
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Notice
Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors
and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the
accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any
materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Dragana Manestar
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team
First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Germ Cell Tumor, Edited by Angabin Matin
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0456-8
Contents
Preface VII
Part 1 Clinical Perspectives 1
Chapter 1 Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasms
of the Testis and Bilateral Testicular Tumors:
Clinical Significance and Management Options 3
Nick W. Liu, Michael C. Risk and Timothy A. Masterson
Chapter 2 Management of Nonseminomatous
Germ Cell Tumor of the Testis 23
Paul H. Johnston and Stephen D.W. Beck
Chapter 3 Diagnostic Imaging of Intracranial
Germ Cell Tumors: A Review 47
Takamitsu Fujimaki
Chapter 4 Testicular Germ Cell Tumours –
A European and UK Perspective 59
Nikhil Vasdev and Andrew C. Thorpe
Part 2 Scientific Perspectives 73
Chapter 5 Mouse Models of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors 75
Delphine Carouge and Joseph H. Nadeau
Chapter 6 Epigenetic Modifications
in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors 107
Christopher J. Payne
Chapter 7 Claudins and Germ Cell Tumors 135
Ylermi Soini
Preface
In Germ Cell Tumor, leading scientists and physicians from different countries have
contributed to review the latest ideas and developments regarding the clinical
presentation, current treatment modalities and the biology and genetics of germ cell
tumors. Most authors have focused on testicular germ cell tumors which are the most
common cancers in young adult males and whose incidence has been increasing in
recent years.
The book is divided into two sections. The first section, Clinical Perspectives, discusses
observations and current ideas regarding presentation and treatment of germ cell
tumors in children and adults. Clinical perspectives includes a comprehensive review
by Nick Liu and co-authors regarding the pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and
treatment regimens applied to intratubular germ cell neoplasia which are the
precursor, pre-invasive lesion for testicular cancers. In Chapter 2, Paul Johnston and
Stephen Beck review current management options for the most common type of germ
cell tumors of the testes, non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. In Chapter 3, Takamitsu
Fujimaki reviews intracranial germ cell tumors, which affect mostly children, and their
diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, Chapter 4 reviews current management
strategies for all the different histological sub-types of testicular cancers. Nikhil
Vasdev and Andrew Thorpe provide a European perspective on treatment of germ cell
tumors.
In the second section, Scientific Perspectives, the chapters review current perspectives
on experimental systems such as mouse models of testicular germ cell tumors and the
genetics and epigenetics of germ cell tumor development in humans and in mice.
Delphine Carouge and Joseph Nadeau provide a thorough review on mouse models of
testicular germ cell tumors (Chapter 6). They also compare results obtained from
genetic studies of testicular cancer susceptibility in humans to that in mice. Epigenetic
dysregulation is implicated in a variety of cancers, including in testicular cancers.
Christopher Payne presents an up to date review on the epigenetic modifications
found in normal germ cells, in the pre-invasive precursor cells and in testicular germ
cell tumors of young adults (Chapter 7). Yiermi Soini reviews the role of claudins,
which are components of tight junctions, in germ cell tumors (Chapter 8).
VIII Preface
These chapters will be useful for scientists, physicians and lay readers wishing to
review the current status of our knowledge regarding germ cell cancers. We hope that
the chapters will serve to inspire further ideas towards increased understanding of
development of germ cell cancers and improved treatment and management of this
disease. I thank all the authors for their contributions. In addition, I thank Ms. Gorana
Scerbe and Dragana Manestar for their invaluable assistance in the preparation and
publication of this book.
Angabin Matin
U.T. M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
USA
[...]... encountered in patients with bilateral germ cell tumors but rare in those with unilateral disease (Rajpert-De Meyts, 2006) This finding suggests that mutations had occurred prior to migration of primordial germ cells early in life and patients with c-kit mutations are prone to develop bilateral germ cell tumors Recently, OCT3/4 has become one of the most widely used germ cell tumor markers due to its high specificity... testicular germ cell tumors: Twenty-five year experience in Munich." Acta Oncol 44(6): 529-536 Hoei-Hansen, C E., Almstrup, K., Nielsen, J E., Brask Sonne, S., Graem, N., Skakkebaek, N E., Leffers, H & Rajpert-De Meyts, E (2005a) "Stem cell pluripotency factor NANOG is expressed in human fetal gonocytes, testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumours." Histopathology 47(1): 48-56 Intratubular Germ Cell. .. non-seminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis 1.1.1 Introduction to clinical stage I disease About 5-7/100,000 men are diagnosed with testis cancer annually A large proportion of these are pathologically classified as non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) The majority of NSGCT patients present with clinical stage (CS) I disease, which is characterized by a germ cell tumor confined to the testis,... & Skakkebaek, N E (1988a) "A monoclonal antibody as a marker for carcinoma in situ germ cells of the human adult testis." APMIS 96(8): 667-670 Giwercman, A., Marks, A & Skakkebaek, N E (1988b) "Carcinoma-in-situ germ- cells exfoliated from seminiferous epithelium into seminal fluid." Lancet 1(8584): 530 18 Germ Cell Tumor Giwercman, A., Muller, J & Skakkebaek, N E (1991a) "Prevalence of carcinoma in... including this review, is intratubular germ cell neoplasia, unclassified (ITGCN) ITCGN plays an important role in the development of TGCTs Since the seminal work by Skakkebaek, it has been generally accepted that most TGCTs arise from ITGCN, with the notable exception of pediatric germ cell tumors (yolk sac, mature teratoma) and the rare spermatocytic seminomas Subsequent work by von der Maase et al demonstrated... and germ cell tumors." Clin Cancer Res 10(24): 8521-8530 Hoei-Hansen, C E., Rajpert-De Meyts, E., Daugaard, G & Skakkebaek, N E (2005b) "Carcinoma in situ testis, the progenitor of testicular germ cell tumours: a clinical review." Ann Oncol 16(6): 863-868 Holm, M., Hoei-Hansen, C E., Rajpert-De Meyts, E & Skakkebaek, N E (2003) "Increased risk of carcinoma in situ in patients with testicular germ cell. .. electron microscopical analysis of cell types in human seminoma." Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol 363(2): 97-112 Holstein, A F & Lauke, H (1996) "Histologic diagnostics of early testicular germ- cell tumor. " Int J Urol 3(3): 165-172 Holzbeierlein, J M., Sogani, P C & Sheinfeld, J (2003) "Histology and clinical outcomes in patients with bilateral testicular germ cell tumors: the Memorial Sloan Kettering... carcinoma in situ of the testis also expressed in normal infantile germ cells." Histopathology 22(4): 373-378 20 Germ Cell Tumor Kleinschmidt, K., Dieckmann, K P., Georgiew, A., Loy, V & Weissbach, L (2009) "Chemotherapy is of limited efficacy in the control of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with testicular germ cell cancer." Oncology 77(1): 33-39 Kliesch, S., Thomaidis, T.,... "Chromosomal imbalances associated with carcinoma in situ and associated testicular germ cell tumours of adolescents and adults." Br J Cancer 85(2): 213-220 Tan, I B., Ang, K K., Ching, B C., Mohan, C., Toh, C K & Tan, M H (2010) "Testicular microlithiasis predicts concurrent testicular germ cell tumors and intratubular germ cell neoplasia of unclassified type in adults: a meta-analysis and systematic review."... testicular germ cell cancer among infertile men." Arch Intern Med 169(4): 351-356 Wood, H M & Elder, J S (2009) "Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction." J Urol 181(2): 452-461 2 Management of Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumor of the Testis Paul H Johnston and Stephen D.W Beck Indiana University, USA 1 Introduction 1.1 Management options for clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell . GERM CELL TUMOR
Edited by Angabin Matin
Germ Cell Tumor
Edited by Angabin Matin
Published by InTech
Janeza. common type of germ
cell tumors of the testes, non-seminomatous germ cell tumors. In Chapter 3, Takamitsu
Fujimaki reviews intracranial germ cell tumors, which
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