Báo cáo khoa học: Spectroscopic characterization of the isolated heme-bound PAS-B domain of neuronal PAS domain protein 2 associated with circadian rhythms doc

Spectroscopic characterization of the isolated heme-bound PAS-B domain of neuronal PAS domain protein 2 associated with circadian rhythms Ryoji Koudo 1 , Hirofumi Kurokawa 1 , Emiko Sato 1 , Jotaro Igarashi 1 , Takeshi Uchida 2 , Ikuko Sagami 1 *, Teizo Kitagawa 2 and Toru Shimizu 1 1 Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 2 Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan Circadian rhythms are composed of complicated feed- back loops [1–10]. In the suprachiasmatic nucleus, two proteins, CLOCK and BMAL1, form a heterodimer that binds to a specific DNA sequence named the E-box, which is located in the promoter region of genes associated with clock oscillation, for example Per and Cry. The binding of the CLOCK-BMAL1 het- erodimer to the E-box initiates transcription, and the translated proteins, in turn, negatively regulate the ini- tial transcription, thus constituting a feedback loop. A very similar type of feedback regulation is thought to function in the forebrain [11], wherein a transcription protein named neuronal PAS protein 2 (NPAS2), in place of CLOCK, forms a heterodimer with BMAL1. Keywords circadian rhythms; heme-sensor protein; PAS domain; resonance Raman spectroscopy; transcription Correspondence T. Shimizu, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan Fax: +81 22 217 5604 ⁄ 5390 Tel: +81 22 217 5604 ⁄ 5605 E-mail: shimizu@tagen.tohoku.ac.jp *Present address Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Nakaragi-cho 1-5, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan (Received 24 March 2005, revised 15 June 2005, accepted 20 June 2005) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04828.x Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) is an important transcription factor associated with circadian rhythms. This protein forms a heterodimer with BMAL1, which binds to the E-box sequence to mediate circadian rhythm-regulated transcription. NPAS2 has two PAS domains with heme- binding sites in the N-terminal portion. In this study, we overexpressed wild-type and His mutants of the PAS-B domain (residues 241–416) of mouse NPAS2 and then purified and characterized the isolated heme- bound proteins. Optical absorption spectra of the wild-type protein showed that the Fe(III), Fe(II) and Fe(II)–CO complexes are 6-co-ordinated low- spin complexes. On the other hand, resonance Raman spectra indicated that both the Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexes contain mixtures of 5-co-ordi- nated high-spin and 6-co-ordinated low-spin complexes. Based on inverse correlation between m Fe-CO and m C-O of the resonance Raman spectra, it appeared that the axial ligand trans to CO of the heme-bound PAS-B is His. Six His mutants (His266Ala, His289Ala, His300Ala, His302Ala, His329Ala, and His335Ala) were generated, and their optical absorption spectra were compared. The spectrum of the His335Ala mutant indicated that its Fe(III) complex is the 5-co-ordinated high-spin complex, whereas, like the wild-type, the complexes for the five other His mutants were 6-co-ordinated low-spin complexes. Thus, our results suggest that one of the axial ligands of Fe(III) in PAS-B is His335. Also, binding kinetics sug- gest that heme binding to the PAS-B domain of NPAS2 is relatively weak compared with that of sperm whale myoglobin. Abbreviations BJ FixL, a heme-binding oxygen sensor kinase, FixL, from Bradyrhizobium japonicum; HIF2a, hypoxia-inducible factor 2a; NPAS2, neuronal PAS domain protein 2; PAS, acronym formed from the names of Drosophila-period clock protein (PER), vertebrate aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and Drosophila single-minded protein (SIM). FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS 4153 The NPAS2–BMAL1 heterodimer binds to the E-box and initiates transcription associated with circadian rhythms. A mouse knockout of NPAS2 adapts poorly to restricted feeding and becomes severely ill [12]. NPAS2 is an 816-amino-acid protein composed of a basic–helix–loop–helix (bHLH) domain (residues 1–77), two heme-bound PAS domains, PAS-A (resi- dues 78–240) and PAS-B (residues 241–354), and a C-terminal nuclear receptor association region [resi- dues 665–680 for human NPAS2 (or MOP4)] [13]. Both the PAS-A and PAS-B domains contain heme- binding sites [13]. Transcription caused by binding of the NPAS2–BMAL1 heterodimer is hampered by CO, an axial heme ligand [13]. Therefore, it is likely that CO binding to the heme in NPAS2 may impair het- erodimer formation or its DNA binding. In addition, heme biosynthesis has been reported to correlate with the circadian clock system [15]. However, as NPAS2 has two heme-binding sites, it is unclear which heme contributes more to the binding of CO and the inhibi- tion of transcription. Also, the heme environment, including the axial ligands and heme-binding proper- ties of the apo-NPAS2 protein, is not known. In this study, we attempted to characterize the heme-binding environment of the isolated PAS-B domain of NPAS2. Four PAS-B domains with differ- ent sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli. The most stable PAS-B domain binds one molecule of heme per molecule of protein, but the domain appeared to form a large multimer (larger than a hexa- mer) in both the presence and absence of heme. Opti- cal absorption spectra of both Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexes indicate that both are 6-co-ordinated low- spin complexes. Based on Raman spectra, one of the axial ligands appeared to be His. Site-directed muta- genesis indicated that His335 is one of the axial ligands for heme in the isolated PAS-B protein. Results Protein expression and purification We attempted to express four types of the PAS-B domain with different lengths corresponding to amino- acid residues 160–346, 218–416, 218–346, and 241–416. Only the PAS-B domain with residues 241–416 was properly overexpressed and folded in E. coli and dis- played sufficient heme-binding affinity. Therefore, we used the protein consisting of residues 241–416 for further studies on the structure and function of the PAS-B domain. His-tagged PAS-B was expressed in E. coli cells and purified as a heme-bound protein in the presence of hemin. It was then treated with thrombin to eliminate the His tag. Undigested His-tagged protein was removed by Ni ⁄ nitrilotriacetate ⁄ agarose column chro- matography. The yield of PAS-B protein was 1.6 mgÆL )1 culture. Heme-free PAS-B was also expressed and purified in the absence of hemin. Titration experi- ments with hemin demonstrated that purified PAS-B has one binding site per protein with a heme to protein ratio of 1 : 0.91. We estimated the spectral dissociation constant using concentrations of free heme in the solu- tion to be  2 lm (Fig. S1 in Supplementary material). Quantification of heme by the pyridine hemochromo- gen method [16] confirmed that heme-saturated PAS-B contains 1.23 hemes per monomer. Optical absorption spectra Figure 1A shows the optical absorption spectra of Fe(III), Fe(II), and Fe(II)–CO complexes of heme- bound wild-type PAS-B. Optical absorption spectra of a His335Ala mutant are also shown in Fig. 1B, which A B Fig. 1. Optical absorption spectra of Fe(III) (bold solid lines), Fe(II) (thin solid lines), and Fe(II)–CO (broken lines) complexes of the wild-type (A) and His335Ala mutant (B) proteins. Spectra were obtained in 100 m M Tris ⁄ HCl (pH 7.5). Spectra of the His266Ala, His289Ala, His300Ala, His329Ala mutants were essentially the same as that of the wild-type protein. Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 R. Koudo et al. 4154 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS will be discussed in the last part of Results. Table 1 summarizes the spectral maxima of the wild-type and His mutant PAS-B complexes. The Soret peaks of the Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexes of wild-type PAS-B are located at 419 and 424 nm, respectively. Comparison with other 6-co-ordinated low-spin heme proteins sug- gested that Fe(III), Fe(II), and Fe(II)–CO wild-type PAS-B complexes are also 6-co-ordinated low-spin complexes. In addition, the results implied that His is probably one of the axial ligands of wild-type PAS-B. Resonance Raman spectra To further understand the heme environment of PAS- B, resonance Raman spectra were obtained and com- pared with those of other hemoproteins. Resonance Raman spectra of wild-type PAS-B heme complexes in the high-frequency region are shown in Fig. 2 and sum- marized in Table 2. Bands at 1373 and 1359 cm )1 for the Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexes of PAS-B, respectively, were assigned to redox-sensitive m 4 . In the Fe(III) PAS- B complex, the spin-state and co-ordination-state mar- ker band, m 3 , was located at 1468 and 1502 cm )1 , suggesting the presence of 6-co-ordinated high-spin and low-spin complexes, respectively [21]. Two m 3 bands observed at 1470 and 1492 cm )1 for the Fe(II) PAS-B complex represent 5-co-ordinated high-spin and 6-co- ordinated low-spin complexes, respectively. Upon bind- ing of CO to the Fe(II) complex, the m 3 band shifted to 1498 cm )1 , and the presence of a band at 1467 cm )1 indicated partial photodissociation of CO from heme. The CO-isotope dependences of the resonance Raman spectra of the Fe(II)–CO complex of PAS-B are shown in Fig. 3. The lower and middle spectra in the 300–700 cm )1 region in the left panel and the 1700–2000 cm )1 region in the right panel represent 12 CO 16 O-PAS-B and 13 C 18 O-PAS-B, respectively, whereas the upper spectra in both panels show the Table 1. Optical absorption spectra (nm) of the wild-type and His mutant proteins of the isolated heme-bound PAS-B domain of NPAS2. Cyt b 5 , Cytochrome b 5 ;Cytb 562 , cytochrome b 562 ; Sw Mb, sperm whale metmyoglobin. Proteins Fe(III) Fe(II) Fe(II)CO ReferenceSoret Visible Soret Visible Soret Visible Wild-type 419 536 424 529, 557 420 536, 571 This work Wild-type 426 530, 561 426 530, 561 [14] His266Ala 418 539 425 527, 556 420 536, 561 This work His289Ala 419 538 424 530, 558 420 535, 564 This work His300Ala 416 534 426 531, 559 421 537, 564 This work His302Ala 417 536 425 530, 558 421 538, 562 This work His329Ala 414 534 426 530, 559 421 539, 568 This work His335Ala 395 536 421 559 420 542, 567 This work Cyt b 5 412 (His ⁄ His 6cLS) 533, 562 423 (His ⁄ His 6cLS) 525, 556 [19] Cyt b 562 418 (His ⁄ Met 6cLS) 230, 564 427 (His ⁄ Met6 cLS) 531, 562 [19] Sw Mb 410 (His ⁄ H 2 O 6cLS) 505, 635 434 (His 5cHS) 556 (His ⁄ CO 6cLS) 423 542, 579 [20] Fig. 2. Resonance Raman spectra (excited at 413 cm )1 ) of Fe(III) (bottom), Fe(II) (middle), and Fe(II)-CO (top) complexes of PAS-B. R. Koudo et al. Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS 4155 isotope difference. It is clear from the difference spec- tra that the 497-cm )1 and 1961-cm )1 bands of 12 C 16 O- PAS-B are shifted to 489 and 1864 cm )1 , respectively, upon binding of 13 C 18 O. Accordingly, we assigned the 497-cm )1 and 1961-cm )1 bands to the m Fe-CO and m C-O modes, respectively. In Fig. 3 (left panel), the Fe-C-O bending mode, m Fe-C-O , was also identified at 577 cm )1 . Figure 4 shows inverse correlations between m Fe-C and m C-O observed in the resonance Raman spectra. The plot for PAS-B falls on the line of the histidine- co-ordinated heme proteins, indicating a His-Fe-CO 6-co-ordinated adduct with PAS-B. Heme association and dissociation As shown in Fig. 5A, we obtained the association rate constant for binding of the Fe(II)–CO heme complex to apo-PAS-B. The spectral change monitored at 420 nm was composed of fast (73%) and slow (27%) phases (Fig. 5B). The rate constant of the fast phase for the heme association was dependent on the apo- protein concentration (Fig. 5C), and the rate constant of even the fast phase, 7.7 · 10 5 m )1 Æs )1 , was lower than those of other heme-binding proteins (Table 3). Note that SOUL and p22HBP are tentatively consid- ered to be heme-transporting proteins, but their phy- siological roles are not yet certain. We also determined the dissociation rate of heme from Fe(III) PAS-B by adding an excess of the His64- Tyr ⁄ Val68Phe apomyoglobin mutant [18]. The forma- tion of Fe(III)-bound myoglobin was monitored by following the increase in A 410 (Fig. 6). The spectral change was also composed of fast (32%) and slow (68%) phases. The rate of the major slow change, 3.0 · 10 )4 s )1 , is one order of magnitude lower than those of other hemoproteins (Table 3). Site-directed mutagenesis His is probably the ligand trans to CO in the PAS-B Fe(II)–CO complex. To identify which His is the axial ligand, we examined the conserved His residues in sequence alignments of PAS-B and PAS-A of NPAS2, Table 2. Resonance Raman spectra of Fe(III) and Fe(II) complexes of PAS-B. Proteins m 4 m 3 State Fe(III) 1373 1468 ⁄ 1502 6cHS ⁄ 6cLS Fe(II) 1359 1470 ⁄ 1492 5cHS ⁄ 6cLS Fe(II)–CO 1372 1467 ⁄ 1498 5cHS ⁄ 6cLS Fig. 3. Resonance Raman spectra (excited at 413 cm )1 ) of the Fe(II)–CO complex of isolated PAS-B in the low (left) and high (right) fre- quency regions. The lower spectra are of the Fe(II)– 12 C 16 O complexes, the middle spectra are of the Fe(II)– 13 C 18 O complexes, and the upper spectra are difference spectra between those of the 12 C 16 O and 13 C 18 O complexes. Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 R. Koudo et al. 4156 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS PAS-B of hypoxia-inducible factor 2a (HIF2a), and the heme-binding PAS domains of BJ FixL and Ec DOS (Fig. S2 in Supplementary material). However, the sequence alignments indicated that, except for His302 in PAS-B of NPAS2, the His residues are not well conserved in the heme-binding PAS domains. Optical absorption and resonance Raman spectral ana- lyses suggested that PAS-B Fe(III) is a 6-co-ordinated complex similar to PAS-A. In PAS-A NPAS2, His119 and Cys170 should be the axial ligands of the Fe(III) complex, whereas His119 and His171 should be the axial ligands for the Fe(II) complex [31]. We examined the effects of mutating six His residues in PAS-A cor- responding to those between His119 and His171 and those spanning the Hb-sheet. Thus, we generated the following mutants: His335Ala, His266Ala, His289Ala, His300Ala, His302Ala, and His329Ala. As summarized in Table 1, only the His335Ala mutant had an optical absorption spectrum different from the wild-type. For example, the spectrum of the Fe(III) His302Ala mutant (data not shown) was essentially the same as that of the Fe(III) wild-type (Fig. 1A), whereas that of the Fe(III) His335Ala mutant (Fig. 1B) was distinct and indicated a 5-co-ordinated high-spin Fe(III) com- plex. Therefore, the results suggest that His335 is one of the axial ligands of heme for both the Fe(III) and Fe(II) PAS-B proteins. Discussion In this study, we characterized the isolated heme- bound PAS-B domain of NPAS2 and identified His335 as one of the axial ligands. We found that the isolated PAS-B domain from NPAS2 forms a large multimer (larger than a hexamer; see Experimental procedures), even though SDS ⁄ PAGE indicates that the protein is more than 95% homogeneous (data not shown). Although the PAS-B domain of the intact NPAS2 pro- tein may play a critical role in heterodimer formation with BMALl, the multimer found in this study appears to be an artifact due to the truncation. Nevertheless, optical absorption spectra of the isolated PAS-B domain indicate one species for the Fe(III), Fe(II), and Fe(II)–CO complexes. Resonance Raman spectra indi- cate an apparent mixture of 5-co-ordinated high-spin A B C Fig. 5. Changes in the optical absorption spectra accompanying the association of CO-heme (0.5 l M) with heme-free PAS-B (3 lM) upon mixing in a stopped-flow spectrometer (A). The spectral chan- ges at 420 nm are shown in (B), and the correlation between k obs and the concentration of isolated heme-free PAS-B is shown in (C). The spectral change was composed of fast (73%) and slow (27%) phases, and the k obs values were taken from the fast phase. Fig. 4. Inverse correlations between m Fe-C vs. m C-O in resonance Raman spectra. R. Koudo et al. Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS 4157 and 6-co-ordinated low-spin complexes in the Fe(III) and Fe(II) states. Two phases were found for heme association and dissociation processes, which may reflect heterogeneity of the oligomeric states. Dioum et al. [14] first reported heme-binding and spectroscopic characteristics of the isolated PAS-B domain as well as those of the bHLH-PAS-A and bHLH-PAS-A-PAS-B domains. They found that absorption peaks of Fe(III) PAS-B are located at 426, 530 and 561 nm, and those of Fe(II)–CO PAS-B are located at 426, 530 and 561 nm. These spectral max- ima are different from those that we found (Table 1). This discrepancy may be due, in part, to differences in the method used to prepare the isolated domains. Dioum et al. prepared the isolated domains by dena- turation of an insoluble suspension of E. coli cells overexpressing the protein and then subsequently refolding the protein in the presence of heme. In con- trast, our method does not use denaturation–refolding procedures. Furthermore, our PAS-B protein contains amino acids 241–416, whereas that of Dioum et al.is composed of residues 160–346, which contain part of the PAS-A domain and lack part of the C-terminus of PAS-B (Fig. 7). These differences in protein prepar- ation and domain architecture may result in differences in spectroscopic parameters. We also attempted to overexpress and isolate PAS-B with different amino- acid residues (i.e. residues 160–346, 218–416, or 218– 346; Fig. 7), but we found that they had very low heme-binding affinities, were much less stable, and had lower expression than the PAS-B protein containing amino acids 241–416 (our unpublished observations). Recent crystal and solution structures of PAS proteins and analysis sequence homologies have shown that residues between amino acids 347 and 354 of mouse NPAS2, which were absent in the studies by Dioum et al. make up part of the core of the PAS-B domain [27,28]. Therefore, the lack of these residues in the study by Dioum et al. may have led to instability of their protein [14]. Dioum et al. [14] also examined heme dissociation from the bHLH-PAS-A-PAS-B domain. However, because the protein they examined has two heme-bind- ing sites, it is difficult to obtain independent values for Table 3. Association and dissociation rate constants for heme bind- ing to the isolated PAS-B domain and other heme proteins. Note that k on values were obtained for the Fe(II)–CO complex, whereas k off values were obtained for the Fe(III) complex. SOUL, a hexa- meric heme-binding protein expressed in the retina and pineal gland; p22HBP, a heme-binding protein isolated from mammalian liver; Sw Mb, sperm whale metmyoglobin. Proteins k on (M )1 Æs )1 ) k off (s )1 ) Reference PAS-B 7.7 · 10 5 (fast: 73%) 3.2 · 10 )3 (fast: 32%) This work <10 5 (slow: 27%) 3.0 · 10 )4 (slow: 68%)) SOUL 1.9 · 10 6 6.1 · 10 )3 [21] p22HBP 1.0 · 10 8 4.4 · 10 )3 [21] Sw Mb 7.6 · 10 7 8.4 · 10 )7 [17, 18] A B Fig. 6. Changes in the optical absorption spectra accompanying the dissociation of heme from isolated PAS-B and association with the H64Y ⁄ V68F apomyoglobin mutant (A). The formation of Fe(II)–myo- globin was monitored by measuring the increase in A 410 in the mix- ture of Fe(III)–PAS-B and H64Y ⁄ V68F apomyoglobin (B). Fig. 7. Constructs of PAS-B domains generated in this study. The PAS-B construct containing residues 241–416 had appropriate heme-binding affinity, whereas the PAS-B constructs consisting of amino acids 160–346, 218–416, and 218–346 had low heme-binding affinity and were much less stable than PAS-B containing residues 241–416. Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 R. Koudo et al. 4158 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS heme binding to each PAS domain. The present study is the first report of heme binding and dissociation kinetic values of the isolated PAS-B domain. Recent structural studies of heme-bound PAS pro- teins suggest that ligand binding or a change in the heme redox state causes profound structural changes in the heme environment [22,23]. These structural changes in the heme-bound PAS domain are trans- mitted to the functional domain to regulate catalysis or DNA binding for transcription. Structural changes in the PAS domain of phototropins induced by light have also been reported [24,25]. PAS domains are probably very flexible in solution and change their conformation in response to external signals, allowing them to transmit the signal to downstream transducer proteins [26]. Interestingly, it has been suggested that PAS-A, a heme-binding PAS domain in NPAS2, has His119 and Cys170 as axial ligands in the Fe(III) complex and that ligand switching occurs from Cys170 to His171 upon the reduction of heme [31]. Therefore, it is possible that axial ligand switching of the heme in PAS-B also occurs upon a change in redox state [23] because the His335 mutation affected the Fe(III) form but not the Fe(II) form. Because Fe(II)–CO heme was used to evaluate heme binding and Fe(III) heme was used to study heme dissociation, the large discrepancy between the heme-binding rate constant ( 3s )1 ) and the heme dissociation rate constant (3 · 10 )4 s )1 ; Table 3) sug- gest that axial ligand switching may occur upon a change in redox state. Also, His residues that we did not examine by site-directed mutagenesis could be additional axial ligands for heme in PAS-B. His300 of PAS-B in NPAS2 is conserved in the PAS proteins examined (Fig. S2, Supplementary material). However, the corresponding His of Ec DOS, His83, is not the axial ligand; rather, the axial ligand is His77. Therefore, it is possible that co-ordination of heme by PAS-B and PAS-A of NPAS2 is different from that in Ec DOS. Based on amino-acid alignments (Fig. S2, Supple- mentary material), it appears that His335 of PAS-B in NPAS2 is located at a turn between the Hb- and Ib-sheets. This His is not conserved in the heme-bind- ing PAS proteins. If the PAS-B domain functions only in the heme binding, then it can be speculated that the regulation of transcription by NPAS2 may be modula- ted not only by CO binding but also by the redox state of the heme iron. In this regard, structural changes dependent on oxygen binding were observed at the same turn between the Hb-sheets and Ib-sheets of Ec DOS [32]. For BJ FixL, it has been suggested that CO binding regulates intermolecular interactions through the Hb and Ib sheets [33]. NMR analysis of PAS-B of HIF2a has also suggested that the Hb-sheets and Ib-sheets interact with ARNT in heterodimer forma- tion [28]. Therefore, the turn between Hb-sheets and Ib-sheets appears to play a critical role in various func- tions of PAS proteins, including the interaction of NPAS2 with BMAL1. The PAS domain is critical for the ability of PAS proteins to bind other proteins [27,28]. The small chemical compound-binding sites and the flexibility of the PAS domain have been examined by NMR spectr- oscopy [29,30]. However, the specific role of the PAS-B domain of NPAS2 remains elusive. In separate studies, we have found that the heme-binding affinity of the isolated PAS-A domain is much higher than that of the isolated PAS-B domain (our unpublished results). We speculate therefore that the heme in the PAS-A domain plays a more important role than the PAS-B domain in the regulation of transcription by CO. In addition, the possible redox-dependent ligand switch- ing of the PAS-B domain could modulate heterodimer formation with BMAL1, leading to altered transcrip- tion. Although CO binding to the NPAS2–BMAL1 hetero- dimer abolishes its ability to promote transcription, the binding of CN, NO, or O 2 to the heterodimer could promote heme-dependent transcription, but whe- ther PAS-B is involved in the regulation of transcrip- tion by these ligands remains to be determined. Further studies are needed to address the specific role of the hemes in PAS-B and PAS-B in heterodimer formation with BMAL1, DNA binding, and transcrip- tional inhibition by CO [14]. Experimental procedures Materials Mouse brain was obtained from C57BL ⁄ 6 mice. An mRNA purification kit was purchased from Amersham Biosciences (Uppsala, Sweden), and an RT-PCR kit was purchased from Roche Diagostics Japan (Tokyo, Japan). Oligonucleo- tides were synthesized at the Nihon Gene Research Labor- atory (Sendai, Japan). The cloning vector, pBluescript SK II(+), was purchased from Toyobo (Osaka, Japan), and the expression vector, pET28a(+), was from Novagen (Darmstadt, Germany). E. coli competent cells XL1-blue for cloning were purchased from Novagen, and BL21- CodonPlus(DE3)-RIL cells for protein expression were from Stratagene (La Jolla, CA, USA). Restriction and modifying enzymes for DNA recombination were pur- chased from Takara Shuzo Co. (Otsu, Japan), Toyobo, New England Biolabs (Beverly, MA, USA), and Roche R. Koudo et al. Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS 4159 Diagnostics Japan. All other chemicals were purchased from Wako Pure Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Construction of NPAS2 PAS-B expression plasmid The His-tagged NPAS2 PAS-B expression plasmid was cre- ated by subcloning into the pET28a(+) expression vector. The cDNAs encoding the full-length mouse NPAS2 PAS-B domain (residues 241–416) was generated by RT-PCR using mouse brain RNA. The primers for RT-PCR were 5¢- CGGGATCCCATATGTGTGTTAGCTGACG-3¢ and 5¢- ACGCGTCGACTTAGTGGGAACTCCTTGAG-3¢. The sequences of the products were confirmed using a DSQ- 2000 L automatic sequencer (Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) and subcloned into the NdeI and SalI sites of the E. coli expression vector, pET28a(+), which introduces a His 6 tag at the N-terminus of expressed proteins. To create the His266Ala, His289Ala, His300Ala, His302Ala, His329Ala, and His335Ala mutants of NPAS2 PAS-B, PCR-based mutagenesis was performed using the QuikChange mutagenesis kit from Stratagene using pET28a(+) containing wild-type NPAS2 PAS-B cDNA as a template. The primers used for mutations were as fol- lows: 5¢-ATTTCTGGATGCCAGAGCTCCTCCAATC-3¢ and 5¢-GATTGGAGGAGCTCTGGCATCCAGAAAT-3¢ for the His266Ala mutant, 5¢-GGCTACGACTACTACGC CATTGATGACC-3¢ and 5¢-GGTCATCAATGGCGTAG TAGTCGTAGCC-3¢ for the His289Ala mutant, 5¢-CTGG CCAGGTGCGCCCAGCATCTGATG-3¢ and 5¢-CATCA GATGCTGGGCGCACCTGGCCAG-3¢ for the His300Ala mutant, 5¢-GTGCCACCAGGCTCTGATGCAGTTTGG-3¢ and 5¢-CCAAACTGCATCAGAGCCTGGTGGCAC-3¢ for the His302Ala mutant, 5¢-GGTTGCAAACCGCCTACTA CATCACCTAC-3¢ and 5¢-GTAGGTGATGTAGTAGGC GGTTTGCAACC-3¢ for the His329Ala mutant, and 5¢- CTACATCACCTACGCCCAATGGAACTCC-3¢ and 5¢- GGAGTTCCATTGGGCGTAGGTGATGTAG-3¢ for the His335Ala mutant. The insertion of these mutations was confirmed by sequencing. Protein expression and purification His-tagged NPAS2 PAS-B was expressed in E. coli BL21- CodonPlus(DE3)-RIL cells. When the A 600 reached 0.6, protein expression was induced by adjusting the culture to 0.05 mm isopropyl b-d-thiogalactopyranoside and incuba- ting for 20–24 h. The E. coil cells expressing NPAS2 PAS-B were suspended in buffer A (50 mm sodium phosphate, pH 7.8, 50 mm NaCl, 1 mm EDTA, 1 mm dithiothreitol, 1mm phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 2 lgÆmL )1 aprotinin, 2 lgÆmL )1 leupeptin, 2 lgÆmL )1 pepstatin, and 2 mm 2-mercaptoethanol) and were crushed by pulsed sonication for 2 min (three times with a 2-min interval between each pulse) on ice using a UD-201 ultrasonic disruptor (Tomy Seiko, Tokyo, Japan). Apo-PAS-B in crushed cells was reconstituted with heme by incubating it with buffer A con- taining 100 lm heme. After centrifugation at 142 000 g for 35 min at 4 °C, ammonium sulfate was added to the result- ing supernatant up to 50% saturation. Precipitates were collected and then dissolved in buffer A. The solution was passed through a Sephadex G-25 column (4 · 20 cm) pre- equilibrated with buffer A. The eluted solution was applied to a Ni ⁄ nitrilotriacetate ⁄ agarose column pre-equilibrated with buffer B (50 mm sodium phosphate, pH 7.8, 50 mm NaCl, and 2 mm 2-mercaptoethanol). The column was washed with sequential steps of buffer B containing 20 and 50 mm imidazole. The NPAS2 PAS-B protein was then eluted with buffer A containing 100 mm imidazole. The protein fractions were pooled and concentrated. The buffer in the collected protein was exchanged with 100 mm Tris ⁄ HCl (pH 8.0) using a HiTrap desalting column (Amer- sham Biosciences). The purified protein was quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at )80 °C. Protein concen- trations were determined using the CBB dye binding method (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan), and heme content was determined by the pyridine hemochromogen method [16]. Removal of His tag by digestion with thrombin His-tagged NPAS2 PAS-B was incubated with 2 eq heme for 3 h at 0 °C in 100 mm Tris ⁄ HCl buffer (pH 8.0). Excess heme was then removed using a Bio-Gel P-6 column (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) under the same buffer con- ditions. Thrombin protease [10 UÆ (mg NPAS2 PAS-B protein) )1 ] was added to the heme-saturated His-tagged NPAS2 PAS-B and incubated for 4 h at 16 °C. The solu- tion was then applied to a Ni ⁄ nitrilotriacetate column pre-equilibrated with 100 mm Tris ⁄ HCl (pH 8.0). The flow- through fractions were collected as purified NPAS2 PAS-B lacking the His tag. Size exclusion column chromatography We used size-exclusion chromatography, Superdex 75, for evaluation of the oligomeric state of the purified protein. Apparent molecular masses determined for both heme-bound and heme-free PAS-B proteins were higher than 120 kDa. Optical absorption spectra Optical absorption spectra were collected under aerobic conditions using a Shimadzu UV-2500 and a Shimadzu Multi Spec 1500 spectrophotometer maintained at 25 °C. To ensure that the temperature of the solution was appro- priate, the reaction mixture was incubated for 10 min Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 R. Koudo et al. 4160 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS before spectroscopic measurements. Experiments were per- formed at least three times for each complex. Heme quantification To quantify heme, 10 lm protein was treated with 30% (v ⁄ v) pyridine in 0.1 m NaOH, after which a few grains of sodium dithionite were added. The heme concentration was calculated from the difference in A 556 and A 540 and using an absorption coefficient of 22.1 mm )1 Æcm )1 [16]. Resonance Raman measurements The Fe(III)–PAS-B complex (25 lm in 100 mm Tris ⁄ HCl, pH 8.0) was placed in an airtight spinning cell with a rubber septum and reduced by the addition of sodium dithionite (10 mm final concentration). 12 C 16 Oor 13 C 18 O (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Andover, MA, USA) gas was introduced into the Raman cell with an airtight syr- inge. Raman scattering was excited at 413.1 nm with a Kr ion laser (BeamLok 2060; Spectra-Physics, Mountain View, CA, USA). The excitation light was focused into the cell at a laser power of 5 mW for the Fe(III) and Fe(II) com- plexes. For the Fe(II)–CO complexes, to avoid photolysis, the laser power was 0.1–0.2 mW. Raman spectra were detected with a N 2 -cooled CCD camera (Spec10: 400BLN; Roper Scientific, Inc., Trenton, NJ, USA) attached to a sin- gle polychromator (SPEX750M; Jobin Yvon, Longjumeau, France). Raman shifts were calibrated with indene, acetone, CCl 4 , and an aqueous solution of ferrocyanide. Stopped-flow measurements Stopped-flow absorbance measurements for obtaining heme association rate constants were conducted using an RSP- 1000 stopped-flow apparatus (Unisoku, Osaka, Japan) maintained at 25 °C. Association of CO-heme with heme- free PAS-B was monitored at 420 nm. The reaction was ini- tiated by mixing with excess apoprotein. Data were fitted using the data analysis program Igor-Pro (Wavemetrics, Inc., Oswego, OR, USA) [17]. Heme dissociation experiments All heme dissociation experiments were carried out in 1-cm path length, 1-mL volume cuvettes containing 800 lL of reaction mixture at 25 °C. For most experi- ments, this mixture consisted of 0.15 m potassium phos- phate (pH 7.0), 0.45 m sucrose, 30 lm apomyoglobin His64Tyr ⁄ Val68Phe, and 3.0 lm stock PAS-B holoprotein solution. The pH values of these reaction mixtures never deviated more than 0.02 pH unit from that of the original solution. 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Biochemistry 44, 4627–4635. 34 Yoshimura T, Sagami I, Sasakura Y & Shimizu T (2003) Relationships between heme incorporation, tetra- mer formation, and catalysis of a heme-regulated phos- phodiesterase from Escherichia coli: a study of deletion and site-directed mutants. J Biol Chem 278, 53105– 53111. Supplementary material The following material is available online. Fig. S1. Spectral changes caused by adding heme to apo-PAS-B. The spectral change was composed of two phases. It is difficult to estimate the exact dissociation constants from the two phases. We tentatively estima- ted the apparent spectral dissociation constant to be  2 lm. Fig. S2. Sequence alignments of PAS-B and PAS-A of NPAS2, PAS-B of HIF2a, a heme-binding PAS domain of BJ FixL and PAS-A of Ec DOS. Amino acids at 266, 289, 300, 302, 329, and 335 with bold H of PAS-B of NPAS2 were mutated to Ala in this study. The secondary structure is based on the solution structure of HIF2a PAS-B domain [28]. Spectra of PAS-B of NPAS2 R. Koudo et al. 4162 FEBS Journal 272 (2005) 4153–4162 ª 2005 FEBS . Spectroscopic characterization of the isolated heme-bound PAS- B domain of neuronal PAS domain protein 2 associated with circadian rhythms Ryoji. complexes. Spectra of PAS- B of NPAS2 R. Koudo et al. 4156 FEBS Journal 27 2 (20 05) 4153–41 62 ª 20 05 FEBS PAS- B of hypoxia-inducible factor 2a (HIF2a), and the heme-binding