IMAGING AND RADIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH -FUNDAMENTALS AND CUTTING EDGE APPLICATIONS potx

IMAGING AND RADIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN INTERDISCIPLINARY FUNDAMENTALS AND CUTTING EDGE APPLICATIONS RESEARCH Edited by Faycal Kharfi IMAGING AND RADIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH - FUNDAMENTALS AND CUTTING EDGE APPLICATIONS Edited by Faycal Kharfi Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3426 Edited by Faycal Kharfi Contributors Selma Kadioglu, Faycal Kharfi, Artur Canella Avelar, Walter Motta Ferreira, Maria Angela B.C. Menezes, Samuel Opoku, William Kwadwo Antwi, Stephanie Ruby Sarblah, Hamidatou Alghem Lylia, Mariluce Gonçalves Fonseca Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published March, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications, Edited by Faycal Kharfi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-1033-0 Contents Preface VII Section 1 Medical and GPR Imaging Techniques: Principles, Applications and Safe Utilizations 1 Chapter 1 Principles and Applications of Nuclear Medical Imaging: A Survey on Recent Developments 3 Faycal Kharfi Chapter 2 Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging 31 Mariluce Gonçalves Fonseca Chapter 3 Assessment of Safety Standards of Magnetic Resonance Imaging at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in Accra, Ghana 55 Samuel Opoku, William Antwi and Stephanie Ruby Sarblah Chapter 4 Mathematics and Physics of Computed Tomography (CT): Demonstrations and Practical Examples 81 Faycal Kharfi Chapter 5 Transparent 2d/3d Half Bird’s-Eye View of Ground Penetrating Radar Data Set in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage 107 Selma Kadioglu Section 2 Radioanalytical Techniques: Cases Studies and Specific Applications of NAA 139 Chapter 6 Concepts, Instrumentation and Techniques of Neutron Activation Analysis 141 Lylia Hamidatou, Hocine Slamene, Tarik Akhal and Boussaad Zouranen Chapter 7 Nuclear Analytical Techniques in Animal Sciences: New Approaches and Outcomes 179 A.C. Avelar, W.M. Ferreira and M.A.B.C. Menezes ContentsVI Preface The last quarter of the last century has witnessed major advancements that have brought imaging and radioanalytical techniques to a paramount status in life sciences and industry. Generally speaking, the scope of radiation imaging and radioanalytics covers data acquisi‐ tion, data processing, and data analysis, involving theories, methods, systems and applica‐ tions. While detection and post-processing techniques become increasingly sophisticated, traditional and emerging modalities play more and more critical roles in medical and indus‐ trial domains. The overall goal of this book is to promote research and development of imaging and radioanalytical techniques by publishing high-quality chapters in this rapidly growing interdisciplinary field. This book is intended to serve as a text for students and a reference for practicing physicists and physicians. Emphasis is given to the broad prospective, particularly for topics impor‐ tant to medical and radar imaging and radioanalytics, with basic coverage provided in such supporting areas as computed tomography , nuclear medical imaging , neutron activation analysis, and applications. Thus, the purpose of the book is to provide a tutorial overview on the subject of imaging and radioanalytical techniques including: Computed Tomography (CT), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Positron Emission Tomog‐ raphy (PET), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging Meth‐ od, and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). We expect the book to be useful for practicing scientists for gaining an understanding of what can and cannot done all these imaging and radioanalytical techniques. Toward this end, we have tried to strike a balance among purely mathematical and physical issues, topics dealing with how to generate data and data proc‐ essing and analysis for different applications cases. Our hope is that the style of presentation used will also make the bock useful for a begin‐ ning graduate course on the subject. The survey on we have included in chapter 1 should help the reader to understand the principles of nuclear imaging techniques, to be informed on the actual technologic advances in the fabrication of more sophisticated machines and finally to appreciate the powerful aspect of these techniques through the presentation of some examples of recent applications developed at famous laboratories and medical imag‐ ing centers around the world. The book is organized in two sections including in total seven chapters which cover a wide variety of very interesting topics. In the first section there are five chapters on different med‐ ical and radar imaging techniques and their applications. In the first chapter Faycal Kharfi presents basis and applications of nuclear imaging techniques aimed more specifically to graduate students. In the second chapter, Mariluce Gonçalves Fonseca describes Spin Echo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) fundamentals and applications with the presentation of fascinating examples. Chapter 3 by Samuel Opoku et al. summarizes the assessment of safe‐ ty standards of MRI. Kharfi Faycal (chapter 4) provides a comprehensive overview of math‐ ematical and physical principles of CT and image reconstruction. In chapter 5, Selma Kadioglu provides a fascinating overview on ground penetrating radar method and its ap‐ plication for the visualization of micro-fractures in historical statues. Second section of this book focuses on radioanalytical techniques and exclusively on neutron activation analysis method. Two chapters (6 and 7) are devoted to this technique and its applications in differ‐ ent domains such as environment, animal sciences, biomedicine and geology. In chapter 6, Lylia Hamidatou et al. discuss concepts, instrumentation and applications of NAA with a very interesting illustrations and examples. An overview on recent NAA developments and practical applications performed at the author’s laboratory is presented in this chapter. Chapter 7 by Artur Canella Avelar and Walter Motta Ferreira is dedicated to Nuclear Ana‐ lytical Techniques application in Animal Sciences. The objective of the application presented in this last chapter is to assess uranium content in rock phosphates and rabbit muscles re‐ ceiving this uranium by Neutron Activation Analysis and this for public health concern. The lists of references by no means constitute a complete bibliography on the studied topics. No value judgments should be implied by our including or excluding a particular works that maybe judged as excellent references. Some chapters of this book provide a description of innovative equipments and instruments fabricated by international companies and specif‐ ic applications developed at worldwide laboratories. We did our best to mention the source of this kind of information each time it is judged necessary. The information collected and presented in this book are to be only used for an education and research purpose and cannot be considered anyway as an advertisement for a product or a service. The authors do not endorse any equipment or material cited in this book. We have attempted to provide a broad overview of the potential of imaging and radioana‐ lytical methods covering the fields of medical imaging, radar imaging and multielement analysis. It is evident that in this book we have omitted some other important methods and related areas of application. Nevertheless we hope that the readers enjoy this edition and will be stimulated to read further. The editor wants to thank all the authors participating to this book by their high level and valuable chapters. Thanks are due to Prof. M. Maamache, Dean of the Faculty of Science (UFAS), for giving me the chance to teach in the field of biomedical imaging and engineer‐ ing and thus to be involved in such passionate field of science. I would to thank Prof. A. Boucenna who was my supervisor and advisor during many years of my scientific carrier. I am also grateful to the INTECH book Manager Ms. Iva Simcic for her assistance in the different edition phases of this book. Finally, I wish to thank my wife for her help and encouragement during the preparation and edition of the book. Dr. Faycal Kharfi Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Ferhat Abbas-UFAS Sétif Algeria Preface VIII Section 1 Medical and GPR Imaging Techniques: Principles, Applications and Safe Utilizations [...]... 23 24 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications (a) CT Ictal SPECT Inter-ictal SPECT (b) (c) Figure 16 SPECT and PET applications in Neurology These techniques are indicated in the diagnosis of Regional brain abnormalities (Cerebral perfusion) in and in vitro leukocyte marking (99mTc) (a) Epilepsy: SPECT can be very helpful in the... thin (3/8th) depending on the intended application It is available in solo or in combination with a scanner The Infinia Hawkeye 4 SPECT/CT from GE 17 18 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications Healthcare builds upon its performance with a wealth of innovations, from enabling low dosage and improved acquisition times to enhancing... performing SPECT reconstruction, and over the past 10 years there has been a shift from filtered backprojection to iterative reconstruction in most clinics [23-26] The 13 14 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications Coïncidence lines Detectors corona Coïncidence lines Detectors (a) (b) (c) Figure 8 Principle of PET imaging and 2D and. .. developments in image analysis and the possible impact of some important current technological progression on nuclear 4 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications medical imaging The survey is limited to developments for hospitals, mainly within the product range of some famous and emerging international companies 2 Principles of... Development of SPECT and PET systems much more efficient enable major advances in the clinical use of these techniques with very widespread applications field Additional develop‐ ment may include research on more efficient scintillators, the use of more adequate recording 15 16 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications geometries,... dimensions; 2 Nature of registration basis: Extrinsic, Intrinsic or Non-image based (calibrated coordinate systems); 19 20 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications 3 Nature of transformation: rigid, affine, projective, or curved; 4 Doman of transformation: local, global or interaction; 5 Interaction: interactive, semi-automatic or automatic;... chest, pelvis, skull 9 10 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications 4 Dynamic acquisition as a function of time: a number of successive static images used to reconstruct a video to study some interesting dynamic biological processes Interesting applications are: kidney and bone phase’s vascular scans and scintigraphy of the heart... medicine in the field of oncology Pushed forward by the scientific and commercial success of these PET-CT, the industry developed the SPECT- 21 22 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications CT, a technology similar to the exams conventional (= non-PET) nuclear medicine Here too, the SPECT functional information is supplemented by information... correcting the attenuation, localize lesions and to optimize therapeutic procedures All these developments make one PET fully operational tool that has its place in medical imaging 11 12 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications Figure 7 Different kinds of collimators used with SPECT imaging system (O: object, I: image) Positron emitters... Source: CEM, Rennes 25 26 Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in Interdisciplinary Research - Fundamentals and Cutting Edge Applications Figure 18 During radiotherapy planning FDG-PET-CT has been shown to be useful to better delineate the biologically active tumor volume and to distinguish between viable tumor tissue and non-specific changes due to previous surgi‐ cal and/ or radio therapeutic treatments . IMAGING AND RADIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN INTERDISCIPLINARY FUNDAMENTALS AND CUTTING EDGE APPLICATIONS RESEARCH Edited by Faycal Kharfi IMAGING AND RADIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES. AND RADIOANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH - FUNDAMENTALS AND CUTTING EDGE APPLICATIONS Edited by Faycal Kharfi Imaging and Radioanalytical Techniques in