XAY D U N G V A SQ DUNG BAN MO TA NGHE TRONG TU VAN HUONG NGHIEP CHO HOC SINH PHO THONG TS Pham Van Son Bg Gido due va Ddo tao T6M TAT De giup hpc sinh phd' thdng cd du kie'n thdc vd tdm ly sdn sdng vdo hpc cdc trudng day nghe, trung cd'p chuyin nghiep, cao ddng, dai hpc hodc tham gia lao ddng xd hdi, ngdnh gido due cdn phdi gdn ke't chat che he thd'ng gido due phd thdng vd he thd'ng gido due nghe nghiep Cdn phdi ddy manh cdng tac hudng nghiep day nghe d trudng phd' thdng Xdy ditng vd sd dung Bdn md td nghe hoqt ddng tu vd'n hudng nghiep nhdm tuyen truyen dinh hudng nghe cho hpc sinh thdng Gido vien, cdn bd tu vdn cdc nhd trudng phdi ndm duac y nghTa, phUPng phdp vd npi dung cua bdn md td nghe Ngodi cdc bdn md td nghe chung, cdc ca sd gido due cdn phdi xdy diflig bdn md td cdc nghe cua dia phuang nham giup hpc sinh hieu bii't sdu rdng ve nghe, xu hudng viec ldm de lua chpn nghe nghiip tuang laiphU hap vdi bdn thdn hpc sinh Tir khoa: Bdn md td nghe (hoa dS nghe); tu vdn hudng nghiep (tu vdn nghe); hpc sinh phd thdng trung hpc Ngdy nhan bdi: 9/4/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 20/5/2012 I Ban mo ta nghe He thong giao due phd thOng chua thuc su gSn ket vdi he thO'ng day nghe va he thS'ng giao due dai hpc d^ lam tC't chiic nang chu^n bi cho hpc sinh ph6 thong CO diy 6u kien thiic va tam ly sSn sang di vao cac trudng day nghe, trung cap chuyen nghiep, cao dang va dai hpc Vi the', phan lu6ng hpc sinh sau trung hpc vao he thong trucmg nghe dang gap rS'l nhi^u kho khan D6 gdn ke't giao due ph6 thong vdi giao due nghl nghiep c^n tang cucmg hudtig nghiep day ngh^ ph6 th6ng, gidi thieu cho hpc sinh cac nghe thong qua ban mo ta ngh^ Khdi niem: Bdn mo td nghe (hay Hoa dd nghe) la mot ban m6 ta khach quan nhung diem quan trpng nhS^t cua nghe Trong hoa 66 ngh^ bao gom TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' (159), - 2012 57 cic ndi dung chi ydu cia lao d^ng nhu: ddi tupng lao ddng, miJC dich lao ddng, cdng cu lao d^ng, didu kiftn lao d^ng, cic yftu ciu ddi vdi nghd Nhttng dac didm niy dupc thd hiftn mdt cich ngin gpn, cd dpng, nhttng chi tiftu vd ciu tnic yftu ciu cia nghd, ciu tnic tim ly cia hoat dOng nghd d i dupc khii quit hda Bin md ti nghd vtta li can cd vtta li phucing tiftn dd ddi chidu vdi nang luc cua hpc sinh tu vin hudng nghiftp (tu vin nghd - TVHN) Muc dich sut dung cua bdn md td nghi tit rdng, vdi hinh thdc thdng tin nghd, bin md ti nghd cung cip nhttng dac didm, tinh chit, chdc nang, nhiftm vu nghd, tidn luong, tridn vpng cua nghd ddng thdi, cung cip cic thdng tin cin thiftt vd cic nghd vi nhdm nghd, xu hudng nghd nghiftp Vdi Hnh vuc tu vin nghd, bin md ti nghd cung cJp nhttng yftu ciu vd phim chii, nang luc cin thidt gidp cin bd tu vin cd co sd ddi chidu vdi ting hpc sinh dd xic djnh su phi hpp nghd Vdi linh vuc luydn chpn nghd, bin md ta nghd cung cSp cic thdng tin, bao gdm cic yft'u td; Yftu ciu vd thd lire; Yftu ciu vd nang lire; Yftu ciu vd thii dp nghd nghiftp; Thj trudng lao ddng v.v dd cin bd nhin su tuydn chpn ngudi lao ddng cho cic boat ddng nghd, cic vi trf cdng viftc Ban md ta nghd cdn li tii liftu hiiu fch gidp giio viftn, nha giio due, phu huynh va hpc sinh mud'n tim hidu vd nghd nghidp phuc vu cho cdng tac tu vin, lira chpn nghd tuong lai Yeu cdu ddi vdi bdn md td nghi: ban md ta nghd phai dim bao; - Dft dang ddi chift'u vi so sinh vdi nhiing dac didm vd phim chit, nang lire cia ngudi cd nhu ciu chpn nghd - Tii lieu cd diy d i cic thdng tin cin thifti dd'i vdi viftc lua chpn nghd - Tii liftu phii ngin gpn, mang linh khic hoa Hpa dd nghd khdng phai la mdt bai gidi ihiftu vd nghd, trinh biy dii ddng til ca cic yft'u td cd liftn quan de'n nghd nhu: Qui trinh hinh thinh va phit tridn nghd; Nhtmg didu hip din, ly thd cia nghd; Ndi dung ky thuat, md la thidt bj Nhttng yft'u id trftn se dupc trinh bay li mi bin phan tich vi md la cua mdi nghd II Phuong phap xiy dung ban md ta nghe Phuang phdp nghiin ctiu nghi vd chuyen mdn De nghiftn cdu nghd vi chuyen mdn, trudc hftt cin xay dimg mdt tai liftu long hop, dd, md ta vi phan tich tit ca cac thdng lin vd nghd Day la cic ngudn tu lieu lam co sd cho phuang phap nghien cdu nghd va chuyftn mdn a) Ngudn tu lieu de nghien cidi nghi vd chuyen mdn 58 TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd (159), - 2012 - Cic van ban: danh muc nghd dio tao cua Nhi nudc, cia cic nginh da ban hanh Cic nghj djnh, thdng tu, hudng din cia Chi'nh phi, liftn Bd, Bd vd cic mat: Kft hoach, chi tiftu dio tao, quy dinh vd cdng nghft, co sd vat chit, cic djnh mdc lao ddng, tidn luong, vft sinh, an loin lao ddng, cjid dd bdi dudng ddc hai, cic quy djnh vd vat tu Cic tii liftu hd so sin xuit: hai nhi miy, xf nghiftp, liftn doanh tu nhan vi cic tii liftu vd tuyftn Uuydn, thd'ng kft chi dao da luu trtt! - Cic cdng trinh cia cic co quan nghiftn cdu, eic chuyftn gia, cic bin ghi chdp cia cac nghft nhin da phan tich vi nhan xdt - Cic san phim lao ddng da dupc phin tich dinh gii d cic mdc dd khic b) Mdt sd phuang phdp nghien ciiu nghi vd chuyin mdn Di xay dung dupe ban md ti nghd, ngudi ta thudng s i dung cic phuong phip thupc nhdm phuang phap thu nhan thdng tin, tu liftu vi nhdm phuong phip phan tich md ti vd nghd Thdng thudng, ngudi la phii kftt hpp mdt sd phuong phip vi viftc s i dung kftt hpp liy thupe vao muc dich tim hidu cic chi sd, cic yft'u td khac cia mdi nghd Dd li: * Phucmg phdp phdn tich tu lieu Bao gdm viftc phan tieh eic van ban, cic cPng trinh nghiftn cdu, cic chuyftn khio, cic bio cio khoa hpc, cic bii bao, cic bien ban, cac van ban cua cac co sd san xuit vd: cdng nghft, vat tu, thdi gian, vd quan ly, id chdc, vd y le', vd an toin lao dpng * Phuang phdp thu thdp y kien vd cac npi dung nftu trftn cua: Cic cin bd quin ly, chi dao cic cip; C3,c chuyftn gia vd cac linh vuc ky thuat, cdng nghft, kinh te, y lft', xa hpi Cic cdng nhan, nhan viftn true tift'p sin xuit; (lac ddi lupng khic cd liftn quan tdi nghd vi chuyftn mPn dao tao Khach hang, ngudi s i dung, quin ly, cic co quan phip ly, y tft', hanh chinh Hinh thdc thu thap y kift'n bang dim thoai trao ddi tnic tid'p, bang cic phidu bdi * Phuang phdp Enquete - thu nhan thdng lin qua he thd'ng tri Idi cic cau hdi trftn phieu didu tra * Phuang phdp quan sdt qud trinh Idm viic Ngudi nghiftn cdu quan sat, ghi chdp va nhan xel nhan viftn lim viftc theo mdt kd hoach da du kift'n vd cac mat: s i dung cdng cu, vat tu, giao tie'p, dng xi Ngoai viftc thu nhan thdng lin cdn xac djnh dupc cac yft'u id tam ly, cac phim chit nghd dal vdi ngudi Phuong pliap quan sil yftu ciu cd nhttng phuang lien ky thuat, dung cu de dinh gia chinh xac Ngoai phuang phip quan sil tu nhien, ngudi ta cdn tie'n hinh phuong phap quan sit cd chd y qua trinh lao ddng, san xuit * Phuang phdp thttc nghiim dupc s i dung chi ye'u dd xac djnh cic nang lue, cic phim chit ngiid dat ddi vdi ngudi bay xic djnh ci'u true lam TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd (159), 6-2012 59 ly cia boat d^ng nghd, Trong phuong phip thuc nghiftm, nguM ta sur dung cic cdng cu, ngoii cic test, cic thidt bi dd nSng luc chung c i a ngudi, ngudi ta cdn s i dttng cic thidt bj ky thuit chuyftn biftt, Cic thift't bi niy duoc sir dung cho mQt nhdm nghd, thim chf cho mOt nghd, cic chuyftn gia cd trinh dd thuc hiftn Phdn loqi nghi vA chuyin mdn li mdt yftu ciu rit cin thidt dd phuc vti cdng tic tu vin hudng nghiftp cho hpc sinh Phin loai nghd vi chuyftn mdn nhim sip dat hop ly danh muc nghd theo cic dac didm vd tfnh chit vi chdc nang cia cdng viftc Phin loai nghd vi chuyftn mdn gidp hpc sinh cd khii niftm budc diu vd djnh hudng nghd, gidp giio viftn, cin bft tu vin cd can cii dd ddi chidu gitta cic yft'u td xu hudng nghd vi cic nhdm nghd tuong ihig Tdy theo muc dich, cd nhiiu cdch phdn loqi: a) Theo tinh chit cia quan hft lao ddng, ngudi ta da chia cic chuyftn mdn thinh kidu chfnh: Ngudi - Tu nhiftn; Ngudi - Ky thuat; Ngudi - Nghft thuat; Ngudi - Hft thd'ng ky hiftu; Ngudi - Ngudi (E.A.Klimov - Nga) b) Theo chdc nang cia chuyftn mdn (Theo Hoa Ky) cd: - Chdc nang x i ly sd liftu (t(5ng hpp, phdi hpp, phan tfch, suu tap ti'nh toin, ghi chdp, so sinh, dpc don gian, khdng xu ly sd liftu) - Chdc nang quan hft lift'p xdc (huin luyftn, trao ddi, hudng din quan sit, giii trf, thuydt phtic, Iftnh, phuc ling, khdng cd quan hft tidp xuc) - Chdc nang quan hft vdi cdng cu vi ddi tupng lao ddng (lap dat hiftu chinh), s i dung dung cu chinh xic, kidm tra thao tic sin xuit, didu khidn cic phuang liftn truydn tii, thao tic, quan sil thifti bi, dieu chinh mav, khdng s i dune thifti bj) J B Cdn cd tinh chdt cdng viec yd ddc diem cua hoqt ddng sdn xudt - kinh doanh, cd cdc nhdm nghi: - Nghd giao tift'p bang trf tuft - Cac nghd van phdng va giao djch thuong mai - Cac nghd djch vu - Cac nghd nginh ndng nghiftp, lam nghiftp, thiy san - Cac nghd x i ly cdng nghft - Cac nghd gia cdng kim loai va cic loai vat liftu khic - Cac nghd thi cdng - Cac nghd khic 60 TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd (159), - 2012 Cac nhdm nghd lai dupc chia cic nhdm nhd Viftc phin loai cic kidu nhdm nghd trftn thudng liy thudc vio muc dfch s i dung vi tiy thudc vio he thd'ng tu liftu tra cdu kdm theo (Ttt didn nghd, sd lay nghd ) Dd dip dng td't cdng tic tu vin hudng nghiftp cho hpc sinh, viftc phan loai nghd thudng Itw y tdi cic dac didm: - Hpc sinh cdn dang hpc van hda chua tham gia boat ddng nghd - Hpc sinh cdn han ehft vd kift'n thdc nghd nghiftp c) Phan loai theo nhdm rdng vi theo dac didm cia boat ddng nghd la phi hpp, bao gdm kidu: - Nhdm nghd mang ti'nh chai giao lidp sir vu, giao tift'p vdi nhidu ngudi, giao lift'p qua cPng vice Bao gdm cac nghd doanh nghiftp, nhan viftn bin hang, cic tift'p viftn giao djch budn bin tai nhi hing, khich san Cic nhan vien Bim diftn, Hai quan Thud vu, Quang cio, Giao dich cdng cpng - Nhdm nghd mang U'nh chat giao liftp vd tri tuft, ttong dd cd giao lift'p bdi dudng ni thdc cho ngudi khac Gdm cac nghd: boat dpng quan ly kinh lft', nghd day hpc, eae nhi giao diic, cic can bp, nhan viftn lam cPng tie ky thuat cac nganh cPng nghiftp, ndng nghiep, xay dung giao thdng Cac can bp, nhan vien lim viec nganh phap ly, van hda, kinh Id Cac ngudi lim nghd tu do, nha bio, luat su, nhi van, djch thuat, bic si - Nhdm nghd bao gdm hoat dpng linh vtre khoa hpc, ky thuat Gdm cic nghd nghien cdu, thuc nghiem, quan ly, chi dao cac bp mon khoa hpc, ky thuat, khoa hpc vi xa hdi (Cd the gdp nhdm nghe vdi nhdm nghd 3, mang Iftn nhdm nghd vd boat dpng linh vuc khoa hpc, ky thuat) - Nhdm nghe mang tinh chai thuc binh vd ky thuat vi dieu khien eae co ciu nginh co, diftn Bao gdm: Can bd, nhan viftn lam nhiftm vu che tao, sin xuat eae nganh ky thuat cdng nghiep, ndng nghiftp Cic cin bp, nhan viftn theo ddi, didu khidn hft thdng CO ca'u boat ddng cia cic cP sd nghiftn cdu, san xuai, didu khidn ttt xa Dieu khidn cac phuang tiftn giao thdng van tii de chuyftn chd ngudi, Ihiei bj - Nhdm nghe mang tinh chit tu trttu lupng va lao dpng sang lao, bao gdm cic nghd va chuyen mdn sang lac my thuat, nghe thuat, my thuat dng dung, nghe thuat dng dung, kien true su, linh vuc trifti hpc, thin hpc - Nhdm nghe lao dpng cd tfnh chit dPn diftu, nhung hoal dpng sin xuit mang lai kfti qua cu thd Bao gdm cic nlidm nghd nhu cdng nhan thi cdng cac cdng trinh xay dung, cic cPng trinh vd giao thdng van lai, cdng nhan lim viftc TAP CHl TAM Lt HOC, Sd (159), 6-2012 61 cic diy truydn sin xuit Cdng nhin didu khidn cic phuong tiftn b