Nhận thức và ứng xử của cha mẹ đối với rối nhiễu cảm xúc ở học sinh trung học cơ sở

NHAN THQC V A L/NG XLJ CUA CHA ME DOI VOI ROI NHI^U C A M XUC HOC SINH TRUNG HOC CO SO PGS.TS Nguyen Thj Minh Hang Khoa Tdm ly hgc, Dgi hgc Khoa hgc xd hot vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Qud'c gia Hd Npi I TOM T A T Nghien ciiu ve nhgn thifc vd ifhg xif cua cha me dd'i vdi rdi nhiiu cdm xiic d hgc sinh trung hgc ca sd da cho thdy, cha me nhdn thitc tuang dd'i tdt ve cdc ddu hieu ca bdn cita rdi nliiSu cdm xiic vd cdc dgc diem tdm ly dS ddn de'n rdi nhiiu cdm xiic Cha me cho rdng, khd khdn hgc lap vd dp life hgc tap dnh hifdng Idn nhdt de'n ddi sdng cdm xiic cita Phdn Idn cha me dd ifng xif theo nhifng cdch thifc khd thi, de thuc hien, khdng cdn nhieu thdi gian vd khd liieu qud de tim hieu van de cua vd hd Irff Tuy vdy, vdn cd mot ty le ddng ke cha me cd nhdn thifc chifa diing ve rdi nhieu cdm xiic vd Ung xif chua phii hop cd bieu hien bdt thudng ve cdm xiic Til khoa: Rdi nhiiu cdm xiic; Nhgn thifc ve rdi nftieu cdm xuc; Cha me; Hgc sinh trung hgc ca sd Ngdy nhdn bdi: 5/9/2014; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/9/2014 Dat van de Hgc sinh trung hgc cd sd (THCS) la liia tudi vi nidn dang d giai doan phat triin ma cae nha tam ly hgc cho rang dl xay khung hoang C!ac em gap rat nhilu khd khan ve hgc tap, vd cac quan he hgc dudng, quan he xa hdi, ve tam ly ca nhan, dd khd lam chu cam xuc ciia ban than la mgt khd khan rat dae trung liia tu6i Nhijng nghien ciiu g^n day eho tha'y, bdi canh kinh te - xa hgi biS'n d6i nhanh va phiie tap hien nay, nhiing khd khan vdn dae trung cho liia tudi hgc sinh THCS lai cang them phuc tap Thuc te dd da lam cho khdng it hgc sinh liia tuoi vi nidn mac cac rdi nhilu tam ly ndi ehung, rd'i nhilu cam xiic (lo au, stress, thu minh, ne tranh xa hdi, sg giao tie'p, sg di hgc va nang hdn cd the la tr^m cam) ndi rieng Na'u nhu cac rd'i nhilu hanh vi dl nhan biel, dd dugc quan tam hdn thi cac rd'i nhilu cam xuc lai khd nhan bie't hem, it nhan dugc su quan tam cua ngudi Idn, dd ed cha me va giao vien Nhilu ly thuyet tam ly hge cung nhu thuc te da chiing minh rang, neu ngudi Idn, dae bidt la cha me ed kid'n thiic va ky nang tdt ve phdng ngiia thi 50 TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd'10 (187), 10-2014 cd thd han chd dugc rit nhidu rdi nhidu Vi vay, nghien cdu vd nhan thdc cua cha me vd rdi nhidu cam xuc d hgc sinh THCS nham cd co sd hd trg cho hg kidn thiic va ky nang phdng ngiia rd'i nhidu cho la ra't can thie't Theo quan diem cua chiing tdi, rd'i nhidu cam xuc la cac bieu hien bat thudng va bit dn vd phuong dien cam xuc, gay khd chiu va lam anh hudng ddn cugc sd'ng cua ca nhan, thudng bidu hidn bang cac da'u hieu vd nhan thiic, hanh vi, cam xuc va cac trieu chiing vd co thd, nhung khdng kem theo cac trieu chiing loan thin Thuat ngtt "Rd'i nhidu cam xiic" dugc chiing tdi sir dung vdi ham y ma bac sT Nguydn Khac Vien (1999) da chi ra, bao gdm khdng chi cac trieu chiing benh ly m i ca nhung dau hieu bSt thudng, ba't dn va cd anh hudng den hoat ddng sdng binh thudng cua ca nhan Theo dd, rd'i loan cam xuc va rdi nhidu cam xuc cd ciing cac bidu hien gidng nhau, nhung khac vd mirc dd bidu hien va mde dd anh hudng de'n cudc sdng ciia ca nhan mang nd Sii dung khai niem rd'i nhidu cam xuc dd nghien ciiu ca nhttng bidu hidn bit thudng, ba't dn d hgc sinh ma hien tai chua ddn miic lam sang, nhimg cd thd tidn tridn benh ly ndu khdng dugc hd trg kjp thdi ttt cha me va chuyen gia tam ly Didu mang lai gia tri du bao, phdng ngtta chd khdng chi la tri lieu da cd benh Nhan thiic va ling xir ciia cha me vd rd'i nhidu cam xuc hgc sinh THCS se dugc lim ro thdng qua phuong dien sau day: 1) nhan thdc vd bidu hien cua rd'i nhidu cam xuc; 2) nhan thiic ve cac dac didm tam ly ca nhan ciia hgc sinh de din ddn rd'i nhidu cam xiic; 3) nhan thdc vd eac ydu td anh hudng ddn rd'i nhidu cam xuc ciia hgc sinh; 4) irng xii cua cha me cd nhiing da'u hieu bit thudng vd cam xuc; 5) danh gia ve su cin thidt cua chucfng trinh phdng ngira rd'i nhidu cam xiic truiing hgc va nhttng dd xua't ciia cha me viec phdng ngiia rd'i nhidu cam xiic cho hgc sinh THCS Khach the va phucfng phap nghien cum Khdeh the nghien ciiu bao gdm 151 phy huynh, dd cd 32 ngudi (21,2%) d Ha Ngi; 51 ngudi (33,8%) d Hai Phong; 68 ngudi (45%) d Ninh Binh Cd 46 ngudi (30,5%) la nam gidi va 105 ngudi (69,5%) la ni~t gidi Phan bd dd tudi ciia khach the nghidn cdu nhu sau: 20 - 30 tudi: 4%; td > 30 - 40 tudi: 59%; > 40 - 50 tudi: 31%; > 50 - 60 tudi: 2% va tren 60 tudi: 4% Phucmg phdp nghien cim chii ydu la didu tra bang bang hdi va phdng vin sau Cd phucfng an danh gia muc anh hudng ciia cac yen td dugc nghien ciiu ddn rd'i nhidu cam xiic la rdt dnh hudng, tuang ddi dnh hudng va hdu nhu klidng dnh hudng Cd phucfng an danh gia dng xu cua cha me cd bieu hien cam xiic bit thudng la thuc hien thudng xuyen, thuc hien tuang ddi thudng xuyen va hdu nhu khdng thuc hien Cac sd lieu nghiSn ciru da dugc xu ly bang TAP CHlTAM LV HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10-2014 phan mem SPSS 16.0 Cac gia trj danh gia bang didm trung binh cd cac mttc nhu sau: * Nhan thdc vd mde anh hudng ciia mgt sd ye'u to den rdi nhidu cam xiic - It anh hudng: DTB ttt 1,0 - 1,66; - Tucfng ddi anh hudng: DTB tir 1,67 - 2,33; - Rit anh hudng: DTB ttt 2,34 - 3,0 * iTng xii ciia cha me cd dau hidu ba't thudng vd cam xiic - Hiu nhu khdng thuc hien: DTB ttt 1,0 - 1,66; - Dugc thuc hien tucfng ddi thudng xuyen: DTB ttt 1,67 - 2,33; - Dugc thyc hien thudng xuyen: DTB ttt 2,34 - 3,0 Ket qua nghien ciiu 3.1 Nhgn thiic cia cha me ve bieu Men rdi nhieu cdm xiic Cd thd ndi, bidu hien ciia rdi nhidu cam xuc rat da dang, cd nhttng diu hieu de nhan bidt, nhung cung cd nhidu da'u hieu an giau hay bj che khuit, tham chi cd nhirng da'u hieu lam ngudi ta nhim lin vdi cac benh co the Chang han, dau diu hay dau bung thudng bi nhim vdi cac benh nhu "suy nhugc thin kinh" hay benh vd tieu lida Dac biet, ddi vdi Ida tudi vj nien, nhttng dau hieu nhu dau diu, met moi hay it ndi ddi bi ngudi Idn danh ddng vdi nhttng dac diem tam ly binh thudng ciia Ida tudi Do vay, vide cha me nhan thdc diing cac bidu hien ciia rdi nhidu cam xuc la vd cung quan trgng de phdng ngiia sdm va hd trg kjp thdi cho em minh Bdng 1: Nhdn thire ciia cha me ve bieu hien cita rdi nhieu cam xitc (%) Diing Khdng dung Budn ba 85,9 14,1 Ngai giao tiep, khong mudn di ngoai 82,8 17,2 It noi 77,5 22,5 Trd nen hay khdc 62,9 37,1 An it, khong ngon mieng Cac bleu hien TT 53 47 ft ngu 65,6 34,4 Noi nhieu hon binh thudng 41,7 58,3 Trd nen lam li, kho bao 76,7 24,3 52 TAP CHI TAM V> HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014 10 Hay cau gat 11 An nhidu hem binh thudng Lam di lam lai nhidu l^n hanh d6ng nao dd 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Dau bung, dau da day it van ddng Tang van ddng Kho ngdi yen mot chd Mai tap tmng Kei qua hoc tap giam siit Thudng xuyen khoi nha Thudng xuyen nhan tin, len mang 77,4 20,5 16,4 60,3 46,4 31,5 43 80,8 84,9 28,8 34,2 22,6 79,5 83,6 39,7 53,6 68,5 57 19,2 15,1 71,2 65,8 Bang so lieu tren day cho biet budn bd la mdt dau hieu bit thudng vd cam xuc ma cha me dd nhan nha't (85,9% cha me chgn) Tie'p ddn la nhiing diu hieu khac nhu ke't qud hgc tap siit kem (84,9%), nggi giao tie'p, khdng mudn di ngodi (82,8%), mdt tap trung (80,8%) Tit ca cac da'u hieu tren ddu li cac bidu hien ciia rd'i nhidu cam xuc, dd budn ba hay phdng cam xuc tram la mdt nhiing da'u hieu cua trim cam; ket qua hgc tap sut kem la mdt diu hieu dac trung ciia lo au d giai doan lam sang va tram cam chii ydu (Major Depression) ma ban chat la cam xiic da anh hudng den ket qua ciia hoat dgng; ngai giao tie'p, khdng mud'n di ngoai la da'u hieu cua tram cam; mil tap trung vtta la diu hieu cua lo au vda la da'u hidu cua trim cam Nhu vay, ta't ca 10 diu hieu dugc cha me lya chgn nhidu nhit ddu dung la cac da'u hieu cOa rd'i nhidu cam xuc (theo cac tieu chi cua rdi loan sic DSM-IV va ICD-10 va nhttng ngudi khac) Cac dau hieu rdi nhidu cam xuc dugc nhan bidt lien quan den nhidu phuang dien khac nhau: cam xuc, hanh vi, nhan thdc, sinh hoat Cde ddu hieu hdnh vi; ngai giao tidp, khdng mudn ngoai, it noi, it ngii, trd nen hay khdc, lam di lam lai nhidu lin mdt hanh dgng nao dd; Cde ddu hieu cdm tiic; budn ba, hay cau git; Cdc ddu hieu nhgn thtic; mit tap trung, kdt qua hgc tap sut kem; Cdc ddu hieu ve sinh hogt; ft ngu, an it va khdng ngon mieng Tuy nhien, cac bieu hien vd hanh vi dugc cac cha me nhan biet nhidu nha:t Dac didm nhan thitc tren day ciia cha me la hoan toan hgp ly bdi tren thuc td, cac bieu hien vd hanh vi la dd nhan nhit, cdn cac bidu hien vd cam xuc khd nhan biet hon, cac diu hieu sinh hoat thudng ra't dd nhim lin vdi cac benh co the Trong dau hieu diu tien cd ty le cha me lua chgn cao ttt 80,8 - 85,9% thi cd hai diu hidu lien quan ddn nhan thuc, dd la kdt qui hoc tap Slit kem va mit tap trung Phai chang, didu chdng td cha me TAP CHf TAM LVHOCSd 10 (187), 10-2014 53 quan tam nhieu de'n viec hgc tap ciia con, vi the, nhutig gi lien quan de'n hgc tap ihi dugc nhan biet ro hdn? C!ac ke't qua cung cho thSy cd tii 25 - 30% so' cha me khdng nhan nhiing dau hieu quan trgng ndi tren la bilu hien rd'i nhilu cam xiic Ngoai ra, cha me cdn nham lan mgt so bilu hien khac, dac bi6t la nhung bilu hien liSn quan den vi6c an, ngu va cac dau hieu cd the Chang han, lan lugt cd 47% va 83,6% cha me cho rdng dn il, khdng ngon mieng va dn nhieu han binh thudng khdng phai la cac dau hieu rdi nhilu cam xiic Tren thuc te', nhiing hanh vi an ud'ng khac thudng la nhiing da'u hieu xua't hien d^u tien chiing ta lo lang, bat an hay bi mgt cii sd'c tam ly nao dd, dd, nhUng bieu hidn khac vl cd thi, cam xiic va hanh vi va hoat ddng lao ddng, hgc tap hay sinh hoat thudng xua't hien mudn hdn Nhu da ndi d tren, cac da'u hidu vl co the cung it dugc nhan bie't hdn: ed 79,5% cha me khdng cho rang, dau bung, dau dg ddy la dau hieu rd'i nhilu cam xuc Vdi ty le ft hdn, nhung cung la mdt so' lugng dang ke cd 37,1% va 34,4% sd cha me khdng nhan cac dau hieu nhu trd nen hay khdc va // ngii la dau hieu rd'i nhilu cam xuc Ngugc lai, cd mgt so' da'u hieu khdng phai la bieu hien ban cha't eua rd'i nhilu cam xiic thi lai dugc nhieu cha me lua chgn: cd 28,8% va 34,2% sd cha me cho rang hay di khdi nhd va thudng xuyen nhdn tin, len mgng la bilu hidn rd'i nhilu cam xiic Hai loai hanh vi thuc cha't khdng phai la cae bilu hien rd'i nhilu cam xuc Ke't qua nghien ciiu cho thay dilm trung binh (DTB) nhan thiic cua cha me d Hai Phdng la 1,0, dd, DTB cua cha me cf Ha Ngi la 1,59 va DTB eua cha me a Ninh Binh la 1,53 Kilm dinh ANOVA cho ke't qua: Sig = 0,000 < p = 0,05 cho phep khang dinh phu huynh Ha Ndi va Ninh Binh cd nhan thiic lot hdn vl cac da'u hieu rd'i nhilu cam xiic so vdi phu huynh b Hai Phdng Khdng ed su khae biet ve gidi tinh ciia cha me nhan thiic vl cae da'u hieu rdi nhilu cam xuc a hgc sinh THCS; khdng cd su khac biet cd y nghia theo Irinh hgc van cua cha me (Sig = 0,217 > p = 0,05) Tdm lai, phan Idn cha me dugc dilu tra da ed nhan thiic kha td't vl bilu hien rd'i nhilu cam xiic, dd, nhiJng bieu hien vl hanh vi dugc nhilu cha me nhan bie't nha't, cdn nhiing bieu hien vl co thi va cac bieu hien sinh hoat hang nhu an, ngu thi ft dugc nhan bie't hdn Khoang mdt phan ba sd' cha me dugc hoi cdn nh^m lan mdt so da'u hieu khac ma ban cha't khdng phai la bieu hien rd'i nhilu cam xiic 3.2 Nhgn thu'c cua cha me ve cdc dgc diem tdm ly cd nhdn de ddn den rdi nhiiu cdm xdc Dae dilm tam ly ca nhan dugc xem la mdt nhiing yeu td cd anh hudng Idn den rd'i nhilu tam ly ndi chung va rdi nhilu cam xiic ndi rieng Ph^n Idn eac nha tam ly hoc lam sang eho rang, cd nhiing dac diem tam ly ca nhan la 54 TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd' 10(187), 10-2014 "yeu td' bao ve" dd'i vdi roi nhilu tam ly, mdt so khac lai la cac "ye'u to' nguy co" lam ca nhan nhay cam hdn vdi tac nhan gay stress Theo quan diem cua nhilu nha tam ly hgc lam sang va chiing tdi d6ng tinh vdi quan diem nay, phan Idn cac rd'i nhilu tam ly (trong dd cd rd'i nhilu cam xiic) bi gay bdi tac ddng cua cac kich thfch gay cang thang diln mgt thdi gian dai lam suy ye'u cac chiic nang tam ly binh thudng cua ca nhan vay nhan thiic cua phu huynh dang cd la hgc sinh THCS vl va'n de nhu the' nao? Ke't qua nghien ciiu the hien bang sd lidu dudi day Bdng 2: Nhgn thtic cua cha me ve cdc dgc diem ldm ly de ddn de'n rdi nhieu cdm xuc (%) Dac diem tam iy Dung Khong dijng Tinh that thudng, dd thay ddi 68,2 31,8 Vui ve, yeu ddi 8,6 Ua hoat d6ng 11,3 Dung Khong dung Sdng noi tam 62,3 37,7 914 Tulap 15,2 84,8 88,7 Manh dan, tu tin 9,3 90,7 Dac didm tam ly It tam SU vdi ngudi khac 64,9 35,1 It hoat ddng 56,3 43,7 Da nghi 52,3 47,7 Hay tam su vdi ngudi khac 10,6 89,4 Kem ty tin, nhiit nhat 75,5 24,5 Bi quan 53,6 46,4 Lac quan 5,3 94,7 Phil thudc vac ngudi khac 49,0 51,0 Qua nhay cam 73,5 26,5 So'ng hudng ngoai 8,6 914 Detin 33,1 66,9 C^u loan 23,2 76,8 Theo dinh gia ciia cha me thi dac didm tam ly ca nhan dd din de'n rdi nhidu cam xuc nha't la kem tir tin, nhiit nhdt (cd 75,5% sd cha me lya chgn) Day li mdt dac didm tam ly lam cho tre vj nien tu han chd co hdi thiet lap va tri cac mdi quan he xa hdi va han chd dang kd co hgi hien thyc hda ban than hgc tap va cac hoat ddng khic Trong dd, lien he xa hdi tich cue va cdng hgc tap lai la nhimg didu kien hdt sdc quan trgng cd tiid lim giam stress, tang tam trang tich cue va sy yeu ddi NhQng tre nhiit nhat, thidu ty tin cung thudng cd xu hudng sdng hudng ndi It chia se vdi ngudi khac, ma day lai chi'nh la nhung yeu td nguy co cd the din den rdi nhidu cam xuc Nhttng ngudi ty ti, danh gia thip ban thin cd xu hudng it giao tie'p, thu minh TAP CHI'TAM LYHpC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014 55 nen cd It cac lien he xa hdi, ma thie'u hut lien he xa hdi la mdt nhiing nguyen nhan gSy tr^m cam (Lewinsohn & Cdng su, 1979) Dac diem tam ly ca nhan tie'p theo ma nhilu phu huynh lua chgn la qud nhgy cdm (73,5%) Trong cac tai lieu ve tam ly hgc lam sang va tam benh ly thi qua nhay cam la mdt dac diem tam ly ca nhan dugc nhac de'n dau tien nhu la mdt yeu to' nguy cd tiem in cd anh hucmg true tie'p de'n rd'i nhilu cam xuc Qua nhay cam cd thi lam cho ca nhan nhan thtic sai lech vl cac kfch thich ben ngoai, ve ban than, lam cho ea nhan suy diln va van vao minh nhiJng ldi ndi, hanh ddng cua ngudi khac ma thudng la ft hoac khdng lien quan de'n ban than (Beck, 1972, 1975, Beck A.T., Emery G., & Greenberg R.L., 2005; Ellis A & Abrams M., 2008) Vdi each phan iing nhu vay, dan dan cd the lam hinh d ca nhan kilu tu tieu cue, nghia la chi nhin thay mat tieu cue ciia va'n de ma bo qua nhiing mat/ylu td' ti'ch cue Nhiing dac diem tam ly ea nhan tilp theo duge nhilu phu huynh lua chgn la: tinh tinh thdt thudng, di thay ddi (68,2%), it tdm sii vdi ngudi khdc (64,9%), sd'ng ndi ldm (62,3%) Cd the ndi, tinh tinh thdt thudng, di thay ddi la mdt dac dilm tam ly dac trung b liia tudi vi nien, bilu hien o su thay doi nhanh chdng va lien tue tii trang thai cam xiic sang trang thai cam xiic Nhieu trang thai di kem vdi nhiing hanh vi cd ti'nh chat thdi diem, khdng duge du bao trudc ma thudng dugc ggi bang nhiing tii nhu "hanh vi xd'c noi, thie'u suy nghi" That vay, trang thai cam xiic dl thay d6i viia la nguyen nhan viia la hau qua cua sU thieu/kem kilm soat ban than cua vi nien Cd thi chinh vi su bieu hien cam xiic ro ret ben ngoai nhu vay ma cha me dl nhan tha'y va lien he dae diem ca nhan vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiic Tinh tinh tha't thudng, dl thay d6i d vi nien ddng vai trd nhu mdt ylu td' nguy co (di kem vdi cac nguy cd khac) cd the dl lam sinh nhung cam xiic tieu cue Ben eanh dd, sdng npi tdm va it ldm su vdi ngUdi khdc la hai dac dilm cd lien quan mat thie't vdi nhau, dd nhieu trudng hgp thi dac dilm thii hai la he qua ciia dae dilm thii nhat Nhiing ngudi sd'ng ndi tam thudng cd xu hudng il chia se vdi ngudi khac va thudng don nen cam xiic ben Dd la mdt nguy co tilm in dl din de'n rd'i nhilu cam xiic Ngoai ra, nhiing dae diem ca nhan khac dl dan de'n rd'i nhilu cam xiic dugc khoang mdt phin hai so' cha me lua chgn g6m cd: it hogt dpng (56,3%), bi quan (53,8%), da nghi (52,3%) Day diing la nhiing dac dilm tam ly ddng vai trd la yeu to' nguy eo ddi vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie Nhu vay, phan Idn cha me hgc sinh da cd nhan thiic diing vl cac dac diem iam ly cd thi la nguy cd din din rd'i nhilu cam xiic cua hgc sinh THCS Tuy nhien, ben canh da so' cflng cdn kha nhieu cac bac phu huynh chua nhan thiic day dii ve van dl Co khoang 25 - 75% sd phu huynh chua nhan 56 TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC Sd' 10 (187), 10 - 2014 thiic diing vi cac dac diem ca nhan md'i lidn he vdi cac cam xiic tieu cue va T6'I nhilu cam xiic Chang han, ca b dac dilm tam ly dl din den rdi nhilu cam xuc cd nhilu cha me lua chgn nha't la "Kem tu tin, nhiit nhdt", ^'Qud nhgy cdm" hay "Tinh linh that ihudng, di thay ddi" cflng cd khoang tii 25% so' cha me khdng cdng nhan dilu Dd'i vdi nhiing dae diem khac nhu "It tdm su vdi ngudi khdc", "Sdng npi tdm" edn cd tii 35,1 - 37,7% so ngudi khdng nhan thtic dugc day la nhung ylu td tilm ^n dl lam sinh cam xiie tieu cue Tham chi, cd mdt sd' lugng Idn phu huynh cd nhan thiic chua diy du cho rang cac dac dilm nhu bi quan hay it hoat ddng khdng phal la cac ylu to' nguy cd vdi ty le lan lugt la 46,4%; 43,7% so ngudi khdng lua chgn Hoac chi ed 23,2% sd' cha me cho rSng, "Cdu loan" la mdt dae diem tam ly dl din den rd'i nhilu cam xiic Trong Idii dd, mgt so' nha tam ly hgc nhu Lewinsohn (1979), Beck (1975) cho rang ciu toan la mdt ye'u id nguy cd tilm In, bdi nhflng ngudi cd tinh ciu toan thudng khdng hai long vdi bat cii viec gi/dllu gi thudc vl ban than minh va cflng ft hai long, tham chi ludn ludn khd chiu vdi nhiing viec lam hay nhflng gi thudc vl ngudi khac, vl thi gidi xung quanh Dd that su la mgt nhflng nguy co lam xua't hien cam xiic lieu cue, bat an, khd chiu Cflng dl dang nhin tha'y ed mdt so' dae diem tam ly mang tfnh bao ve dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie nhu Igc quan, vui ve yeu ddi, sd'ng hudng ngogi, mgnh dgn, tu tin, hay tdm su vdi ngifdi khdc, tia hogt ddng nhung vin cd khoang tii 5,3 - 11,3% sd cha me cho day la nhflng dae diem tam ly dl din din rd'i nhilu cam xiic Dilu phan anh su nhan thiic chua day du va ed mau thuIn nhan thiic vl cac dac diem tam ly ca nhan dl din de'n rd'i nhilu cam xiic Trong danh sach cac dac dilm tam ly ma chung ldi neu tren cd mdt sd dac diem tam ly cin sU phan tfch danh gia sau sic hon mdi ed thi nhan bilt chiing la ylu td' bao ve hay ylu to nguy cd dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie va ihudng thi chiing la nhung dac diem mang ti'nh nude ddi mdi quan he vdi nguy cd rd'i nhilu cam xiic (phu Ihugc vao tCmg tinh hud'ng va ea nhan cu thi), chlng han It/ lap hay di lin Chinh vi thi ma ty le phu huynh chon va khdng chpn chiing la nguy cd gan nhu ngang 3.3 Ddnh gid cua cha me ve cdc yeu td dnh hudng den rdi nhieu cdm xuc cua hgc sinh Ly luan vl tu6i vi nien cho ring, cf giai doan liia tuoi nay, mdi Irudng eiia tre ehii yeu la cac md'i quan he gia dinh, quan he vdi ban va cac quan he lien quan de'n hge tap Quan he vdi ban va hge tap la hai hoai ddng ehu dao cua hoc sinh THCS Do vay, ehiing tdi mud'n tim hieu danh gia cua cha me vl miic dd anh hudng cua cac md'i quan he va viec hge lap din ddi sd'ng cam xiic ciJa tre TAP CHlTAM LV HOC, Sd' 10 (187), 10 - 2014 57 Bdng 3: Ddnh gid cua cha me ve miic dp dnh hudng cua cdc mdi c/uan he vd viec hgc tap de'n rdi nhiiu cdm xuc d tre TT Cac yen td Rat anh huiing Mile (%) It anh Khdng anh hudng STB SD 0,63 huiing Quan he ban be 68,7 23,3 8,0 2,6 Quan he vdi cha me 40,7 40,0 19,3 2,2 0,75 Quan he vdi anh/chi em 35,3 47,3 17,3 2,2 0,71 Quan he vdi nhiing ngudi khac gia dinh 25,3 54,0 20,7 2,0 0,68 Quan he vdi thay/c6 giao 44,7 38,0 17,3 2,3 0,74 Quan he vdi ban cdng gidi 38,7 43,3 18,0 2,2 0,73 Quan he vdi ban khac gidi 64,0 30,0 6,0 2,6 0,61 Khd khan hoc tap 84,7 10,0 5,3 2,8 0,52 Ap luc hoc tap 87,3 10,0 2,7 2,9 0,43 10 Dac diem tam ly cua mdi em 70,0 23,3 6,7 2,6 0,61 Ghi chu; * UTB; diem trung binh; SD; lech chudn Bang sd lieu tren cho thay cd 87,3% sd phu huynh cho ring, ap lyc hgc tap rit anh hudng de'n ddi sd'ng cam xuc ciia hgc sinh THCS 84,7% sd phu huynh tin ring, khd khan hgc tap anh hudng manh ddn cam xiic cua tre Nhu vay, theo danh gia ciia cha me thi khd khan hgc tap va ap luc hoc tap la hai ydu td anh hudng manh nhat ddn ddi sd'ng cam xuc cia hgc sinh "THCS vdi DTB lin lugt la 2,9 va 2,8 Mdt phy huynh cho bidt; 'Tdi thdy chau hgc ed ngdy, cd tudn, khdng ed thdi gian ldm viec gi cd md chdu vdn bi thdylcd gido d lap ndi Id chua tie'n bg Ke't qud hgc tap hgc ky lgi cdn siit di Ve nhd chdu ddm hay cdu gdt vdi bd me vd em Hdi han chuyen d It^, cd ldc thi chdu khdng ndi, cd luc chi ven ven hai tit ''hinh thudng" Hdi them thi chdu gdt len Gdn ddy chdu it noi vd thinh thodng keu dau ddu Ddi luc cdn qudt vd ddnh em" (0\\ N.T.T., Ha Ndi) Nhiing ydu td tidp theo sau day, mac du cd cudng dd ydu hon mdt chiit nhung vin anh hudng manh ddn ddi sd'ng cam xuc cua hgc sinh THCS, dd la ddc diem tdm ly cd nhdn (DTB = 2,6) va ciuan he vdi bgn (DTB = 2,6) Phin Idn cha me ddu cho ring, vdi lua tudi vi nidn thi anh hudng ciia ban manh hon anh hudng cua cha me "Chiing nd nghe bgn hdn nghe minh Do vdy, hdm 58 TAPCHiTAMiyHOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014 ndo thdy be ve nhd hay gdt gdng, ldm li, "ndu chao" dien thogi Id y nhif cd chuyen gi vdi bgn" (Anh T.T.A., Ha Ndi) Dilu cflng phii hgp vdi dac diem tam ly Iiia tu6i, ma dd'i vdi cac em vi nien thi nhu cau vl ban rit Idn va quan he vdi ban la mdt hoat ddng chu dao (cung vdi hgc tap) Tuy nhien, theo danh gia cua cha me, quan he vdi ban thi quan he vdi ban khac gidi cd anh huong manh hdn so vdi quan he vdi ban ciing gidi (DTB lin lugt la 2,6 va 2,2) Kilm djnh One Sample Test cho tha'y cd du cd scf dl nhan dinh nhu vay (Sig = 0,000 < p = 0,01) Them vao dd, dae dilm tam ly ciia hgc sinh tudi day thi vd'n dac trung boi tfnh tha't ihudng, dl thay doi, cam xiic manh, nhung khdng 6n dinh cung la mdt ye'u to' nguy cd dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiie Cd de'n 70% sd' cha me dugc hoi cho ring dac diem tam ly liia mdi rat anh huong den ddi sd'ng cam xiic ciia hgc sinh THCS Nhu vay, theo danh gia cua cha me thi tit ca cac md'i quan he cua hgc sinh THCS cung nhu viec hgc tap va dac dilm tam ly ca nhan ciia tre cd anh hucmg Idn din ddi sd'ng cam xiic cua eae em Chilu hudng eiia su anh hiidng la tfch cue hay tieu cue phu thudc vao su cdng hay tha't bai quan he, hgc tap cflng nhu miic kilm soat cac xung nang tam ly liia tudi Tuy nhien, miic dd anh hudng ciia tCmg ylu td' tren la khdng nhu Trong dd, dang chu y la chi cd 40,7% sd' cha me cho ring md'i quan he vdi cha me cd anh hucmg rit Idn de'n rd'i nhilu cam xuc cua con, dd cd den 19,3% sd' cha me phii nhan su anh hudng Dua vao kit qua nghien ciiu (theo DTB), danh gia cua cha me vl cac ylu td' anh huong din rd'i nhilu cam xuc ciia hgc sinh THCS cd ihl duge phan cic miic sau: - Cdc ye'u id dnh hiidng mgnh: khd khan irong hgc tap, ap lue hge tap, dac dilm tim ly ca nhan, quan he vdi ban, quan he vdi ban khac gidi - Cdc yeu id tuang ddi dnh hudng: quan he vdi cha me, quan he vdi thiy/ed giao, quan he vdi anh/ehj/em, quan he vdi nhfltig ngudi khac gia dinh, quan he vdi ban cung gidi - Cdc ye'u td il dnh hifdng: khdng cd yeu td nao dugc danh gia la it anh hucmg 3.4 Ifng xu cda cha me co nhiing ddu hieu bdi thudng ve cdm xdc 3.4.1 V'ng xucua cha me Nhilu nghien ciiu cho ring iing xu eua cha me dd'i vdi cd anh hudng Idn de'n each thiic iing phd ciia dd'i vdi rd'i nhilu cam xiic Cac cd xu hudng bat chude phan iing cua cha me cac tinh hud'ng cd su de dga tCr ben ngoli gay nhiing trang thai cam xiic nhu stress, lo au, lo hai, nhiing cdn hoang sg Hon nfla, nlu cha me ed kien thiic va ky nang iing phd td't vdi rdi TAPCHf TAM l y HOC, Sd' 10 (187), 10-2014 59 nhieu cam xiic thi cd the ngan ngiia hoac lam giam cac bilu hien rd'i nhilu cam xiic cai Bdng 4: Ifng xu cua cha me cd ddu hieu bdt thudng ve cdm xdc Mlicd6(%) Thinh Khong Thirong xuyen thoang bao gicr STB SD 52,3 1,7 0,78 49,0 4,0 2,4 0,57 TT Cach ung xii Khong de y lam d6l bi^u hien cua 19,5 28,2 Hoi ban, chia se de tim hieu nguyen nhan 47,0 Ch6 doi ttr chia se 16,8 55,0 28,2 1.5 0,66 Dong vien, khich le 53,7 43,6 27 2,5 0,55 Cho hoac dua di choi ben ngoai 33,5 61,1 5,4 2,3 0,56 Cham soc hon den viec an/ngu cua 45,0 51,0 4,0 2,4 0,57 Tim hieu qua bao chi, internet ve nhihig bieu hien bat thircmg ciia 20,8 49,7 29,5 1,9 071 Hoi thong tin qua ban be ctia 26,2 59,1 147 2,1 0,63 Li6n lac/gap gO giao vien ciia de tim hidu 10,1 51,0 38,9 2,4 0,67 10 Khong lam gl ca vi nghT rang moi chuyen se qua 3,4 18,8 77,8 1,3 0,51 11 Khong lam gi ca vl la bieu hien binh thucmg cua liia tu6i 27 18,6 847 1,2 0,45 12 Tim den cac chuyen gia tu va'n tam ly 5,4 57,0 37,6 1,6 0,57 13 Cho di kham benh vien 6,0 60,4 33,6 17 0,57 14 Di chiia, nha tha de cSu nguyen 4J 28,9 66,4 1,4 0,58 15 Dl Cling bai, xem boi 2,7 10,1 87,2 1,2 0,43 16 Khong biet lam gi ca 4,0 10,1 85,9 1,2 0,48 17 Dong vien tbam gia cac hoat dong the thao 32,2 56,4 11,4 2,2 0,63 60 TAP CHI TAM L? HOC, Sd 10 (187), 10 - 2014 18 Dong vien tham gia cac hoat dOng linh nguyan 16,1 67.1 16,8 2,0 0.58 19 Giam tai viec hoc tap ciia 24,8 577 14,5 1,9 0,65 Ghi cha • * Dd doi diem d iihifiig hem ifng xif khdng hieu qua Nhin chung, cha me cd each dng xu tuong dd'i hieu qua dd'i vdi cac van dd cam xuc cua minh Cha me thudng thuc hidn cac hanh vi khac nhau, dd 53,7% sd cha me thudng xuyen dgng vien, khich le (DTB = 2,5); 47% sd cha me lidi hanlchia st^ vdi de tim hieu nguyen nhdn (DTB = 2,4); 45% sd cha me chdm sdc hdn de'n viec dnlngii eiia eon (DTB = 2,4); hen Igelgdp gd gido vien cua de tim hieu (DTB = 2,4) Day cung la nhdng each thdc dd lam nha't va cd thd thirc hien lap tdc, nen ducjc cha me sir dung thudng xuyen nha't Trong nhidu trudng hcDrp thi ddng vidn va hdi han/chia se tam tu vdi la nhimg each thdc hieu qua, bdi tre se cam nhan duoc sir quan tam va tinh yeu thuong ma cha me danh cho minh Nhimg each thdc irng xijr du(?c thuc hien d mirc tuong ddi thudng xuyen la eho eon hodc dua di chai a ngodi (DTB = 2,3); ddng vien tham gia cdc hogt ddng tlie thao (DTB = 2,2); ddng vien tham gia cde hogt ddng tinh nguyen (DTB = 2,0) Kdt qua nghien ciiu d phan 3.2 cho tha'y ap luc hoc tap la ydu td duoc cha me diinh gia la anh hudng Idn nha't ddn rd'i nhidu cam xtic cua hoc sinh, nhung d day, gidm tdi viec hgc cho lai khdng phiii la viec lam uu tien ciia cha me (DTB = 1,9) Nhiing hanh vi dng xir khac cung duoc thuc hien d mirc dp tuong ddi thudng xuyen la Itdl thdng lin qua bgn be ciia (DTB = 2,1); tim hieu qua bdo chi, internet ve nhifng bieu hien hdt thudng cda (DTB = 1,7); cho di khdm a benh vien (DTB = 1,7) Nhiing each thdc ilng xir it hieu qua hon, tham chi la khdng diing ne'u xet tit gdc dd phdng ngiia va lam giiim di bidu hien rd'i nhidu cam xuc cm thi cung it dugc sir dung hon (did dgi tu chia se, khimg ldm gi cd vi nghi mgi chuyen se qua, di cung bdil.xeni bdi, khdng ldm gi ed vi dd Id bieu hien binh thudng cita lira tudi ) Dang tide rang, nhQng each thuc ma cha me khdng lua chon cd ca viec tim den cdc chuyen gia tu vdn tdm ly dd ducJC hd tro Didu cung phan anli mdt thuc td la d nude ta, ea d nhihig phd Idn nhu Ha Ndi va Hai Phdng thi dich vu hd tro tam ly chua duoc phd bien Nhu vSy, phin Idn cha me da dng xir theo nhihig each thuc kha thi, dd thuc hien, khdng can nhidu thai gian va kha hieu qua dd tim hidu va'n dd ciia vii hd tro Tuy vay, kdt qua nghien cdu cung cho tha'y chi cd khoang td 30% - 50% sd cha me dugc hdi da thudng xuyen dng xir theo nhirng each thdc ma thdi Theo dd, phu huynh Ha Ndi va Ninh Binh cd each img xu vdi cam xuc ciia phii hgp hon so vdi each ung xir ciia phu huynh d Hai Phdng (Sig = TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(187), 10-2014 0,000 < p = 0,05) Ket qua nghiSn cihi cflng cho bidt, cd su khac biet cd y nghia giiia trinh dd hoc vSri ciia cha me va each ling xii cd cam xuc bat thudng Theo dd, cha me cd trinh dd hgc vlin dai hgc va tren dai hoc cd each thdc ting xu vdi cac vdn p = 0,05) Tdm lai, phan Idn cha me dugc