Tổng quan các nghiên cứu về hiếu thảo

TONG QUAN CAC NGHIEN CLJU VE HIEU THAO Bai Viet la mdt phan ket qua nghien ciru cija de tai cap Bd nam 2017 - 2018: Tte/ (fo cua nien doi vdi ngirdi gia va moi quan he ciia to vdt dng ba- Vien Tam ly hoc chd tri; PGS.TS Le Van Hao lam chO nhiem ThS Mai Van H5i Vien Tdm ly hpc T M TAT Bdi viit ndy nhdm ldm ro npi dung cua mpt si nghien ciiu ve hieu thdo Thdng qua phuang phdp nghien cim tdi lieu, bdi viit chi nhom npi dung nghien cim ve hiiu thdo hien nay, Id- I) hudng nghien dm ldm ro npi ham vd biiu hien cua hieu thdo (hiiu thdo Id npi dung quan trpng mil quan he giiia ong bd, cha me vdi cdi thi hien a su kinh trpng, vdng Idi vd chdm soc, phung dudng cha me, dng bd): 2) hudng nghien cuu khdng dinh gid tri, y nghia ciia hieu thdo vdi cupc sdng (hieu thd Id gid tri quan trpng cdc gid tri gia dinh, cd tdc dpng tich cite tdi site khde tdm thdn cdng nhu su hdi long vdi cupc song cita nguoi cao tuoi): 3} hudng nghien ciiu ch nhiing thay doi cda hieu thdo thuc tien cupc song (cha me gid tu chii, dpc la han ve kinh te, su quan tdm cua cdi vai cha me the hien a su lien lac, thdu cdm nhieu han la hd.tra ve vdt chdt, nguai cao tuoi la nhdm de roi vdo co dan); 4) hudng nghien eitu so sdnh giUa cdc the hS, quoc gia, niem tin vd thuc te vi hiiu thdo Tit k qud tong quan, bdi bdo gaiy mpt so npi dung cho nghien dm tiep theo Tir khoa: Hieu thdo: Nghien dm ve hieu thdo Ngdy nhdn bdi: 4/9/2018; Ngdy duyet dang bdi- 25/4/2019 Md dau Trong cac mdi quan bp gia dinh d Viet Nam va mdt sd qudc gia khu vyc Ddng A (Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc ), hiiu thao dupe cpi nhu mdt "dap" - dap hilii - va la mdt nhung gia tri quan trpng va thieng lieng bac nhit ddi vdi mdi ngudi Dda tre tii sinh da dupe day vl "cdng cha", "nghia me" va lam "trdn chu bilu mdi la dao cpn" Mdt si nha nghien cim nude da khing djnh bilu thao la ndi dung quan trpng eua Nhp giao - he tu tudng cd anh hudng sau dam tdi Viet Nam Phan Ngpc (2004) chp ring, "khdng mdt diu vlt nap cua van hda Viet Nam ma khdng mang mdt bilu hien cd thi xem la ed tinh chit Nho giao" (din theo Le Van Hao 20161 72 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (242), 5-2019 Tuy vay, hieu thao dudng nhu la ehil dl chua duoc nghien eiiu nhilu so vdi cac phu de khac thudc ITnh vyc gia djnh, ca tai cac nude A Ddng Mat khae, de cd the tien hanh nghien cira vl bilu thao cac mdi quan he gia dinh mpt each chinh xac va diy dli, tilp ndi va bd sung cho nhung ndi dung cdn chua duae lam sang to thi viec tiln hanh danh gia tdng quan cac nghien cira va ngpai nude vl bilu thao la cin thilt Chinh vi vay, bai bap se tap trang danh gia cac nghien ciiu da cdng bd vl ldng bilu thap tren nhilu khia canh khac nhaii cua cudc sdng nhim chi nhung ndi dung da dupe quan tam tim hieu va khing djnh ket qua khoa hpc, nhiing ndi dung cin tilp tuc nghien cira dl hiiu sau ban chit ciing nhu thuc tiln sinh dpng cua chii "hiiu" ddi sdng hang Phycng phap nghien ciiu Nghien cuu dupe tbyc hien bing phuong phap tdng quan tai lieu DO lieu dupe tim kilm, lya chpn gdm saeh, tap chi khoa hpc (ca ban in va ban di$n hi) Cac bai bao dien tu dupe tim tren ea sd dii lieu tin cay cua google scholar, researchgate va EBSCOhost Tir khda tim kilm tai lieu gdm cac thuat ngit: "hieu thao", "nghien ciiu ve hieu thao", "filial piety" va "study of filial piety" Tieu cbl lua chpn la eae bai bap khpa hpc, ban diy du, trpng dd cd trinh bay phuong phap nghien ciiu de xac djnh chit lupng cua bai bap, nlu la cac bai tap chi nude ngpai thi chi chpn ngdn ngO tieng Anh, mdt ngdn ngii phd biln hiSn va nghien eitu ITnh vyc tam ly hpc Ket qua la da tim dupe 21 bai ed ndi dung lien quan den chil de, cd bai bang fieng Viet va 16 bai tieng Anh Cac bai bao dupe tdm tat vdi cac ndi dung ca ban: cac thdng tin dinh danh (ten tae gia, ten bai, ten tap chi, nam xuat ban); phuang phap nghien cuu; npi dung/ket qua nghien cira chinh va ghi chu Dya vap ban tdm tit, nhung ma npi dung chinh ve bilu thao dupe phat hien gdm nhdm nhu sau: Nhdm ndi dung phan anh ban chit khai niem, bieu hien eua hiiu thao DSy la nhdm ndi dung rd net nhat, hiu hit cac tai lieu dupe lua chpn deu de cap den; Nhdm ndi dung khing djnh y nghia, gia tri tich eye ciia hieu thao trpng ddi sdng va eae mdi quan he gia dinh, 7/21 tai lieu dl cap den ndi dung nay; Nhdm ndi dung dl cap din nhitng thay doi, bilu hien eua hiiu thao tbyc tiln phat triln xa hdi, 3/21 tai lidu dl cap ndi dung nay; Nhdm ndi dung tbi hien sy so saiih hieu thao giOa cac thi he, eae qudc gia khac nhau, 7/21 tai lieu de cap den nhdm Trong qua trinh phan tich tilp theo, tae gia quay trd lai cac bai bao, chuong saeh va dung bd ma dl tim kilm cac dO lieu cu the TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, 86 (242), - 2019 '73 Ket qua nghien cuu 3.1 Nhirng nghien cuu Idm ro nguSn gdc, npi ham vd biiu hien cua hieu thdo Ve nguon gdc Nhilu nghien cdu da khing djnh hiiu thao la mdt phin cua tu tuim| Khdng giao xuit phat tu Trung QuIc va lan Ida sang cac nudc/vung lanh tho chau A khac nhu Dai Loan, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc va cac nude khu vyc Dong Nam A Dao bilu gin bd vdi gia tri tap thi xa hdi, noi eae ca nhan co mdi quan be chat che; sy hda thuan la mdt gia trj quan trpng va muc tieu ca nhan phai gin bd, tae ddng tdi muc ticu cua ea nhdm (Triandis, 1989, 2001; din theo Kanti va cdng su, 2017) Hiiu thao la mdt khai niem cua Khdng giao quy dinh thai dp va hanh vi eua thi he tre ddi vdi cha me phai theo khudn phep (Peizhen Sun va cdng sy, 2016) Trong qua trinh nghien cdu ting quan tai lieu, chung tdi nhati thay, hieu thao cdn dupe nhin nhan nhu mdt gia tri phd quat, tin tai d nhilu niti van hda, nhilu tu tudng tdn giao khac Gary G Hamilton (1990) cho ring: "Cac khai niem phu he, thua kl va bilu thao (patriarchy, patrimonialism and filial piety) khdng phai xuat phat tit cac nghien eiiu eua Trang Qudc Ca ba khai niem cd ngudn gdc La-tinh va Hy Lap, de cap den dac diem cua van hda vung Dja Trang Hai, nd trd khai niem khoa hpc trpng cac phan tich van hda phuang Tay va cac nha Han hpe da vay mupn cac thuat ngir nay" (Hamilton, 1990, tr 78) Tdn kinh cha me eung la mpt mudi dieu ran trpng dao Dp Thai, sau dd nd tiep tuc dupe tilp ndi Kinh Tan ude: "Tdn kinh cha me cd thi giup ban sdng Iau hon va khdng vang Idi cha me la mpt tdi Idn" (https://en.wikipedia org/wiki/Honour thy father and thy mother) Tdm lai, mpt vai nghien eiiu tren cho ta thay cai nhin rpng md va da chieu hem ve dap bilu mac du viec dua kit luan se la vdi vang; ddng thdi hudng nghien cuu la nhirng gpi y cho viee tiep tyc cd nhiing nghien ciiu sau hon ve hieu thao nhu mdt gia trj phd quat qua trinh phat trien cua nhan loai Ve quan niem vd bieu hien Hiiu thao quy djnh trach nhiem cua cac vien gia dinh nhu trach nhiem cua cha me la phai nudi ning, day dd cai eho din chung Uudng Va trudng thanh, bdn phan cua cai la phai cham sde kinh trpng cha me minh Hiiu thao thi bien d viec cpn chau phai cd trach tib" cham sde va kinh trpng cha me, dng ba (Hwang, 1999) Dilu da biln th'^'b nilm tin, gia trj quan trpng d nhilu qudc gia (Chung, 2003; Kanti, 2017) ^ Nghien cuu vl hiiu thae d Viet Nam va Han Qudc, Duong Thi Nh t A va Gyesook Yoo eho ring, xa hdi Viet Nam, tu xa xua bilu thao Iu"'' d 74 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (242) 2019 danh gia eao, la tieu chuSn cao nhit dl dupe cpi la ngudi ngpan, la CP sd nIn tang cua su nhan due d eon ngudi Hiiu thao la phai kinh hong va hd hp, cham sde cha me, dng ba mpt each tan trpng cupc sdng hang Khi cha me lam dieu chua dung, cai phai tim each thuylt phuc mdt each dung din va ll phep Ldng bilu thap cua cpn cai khdng chi thi hien cita me cdn sdng ma cdn thi hien ca cha me, dng ba da qua ddi, nhu phai td chdc tang ll, thd cling cha me, td tienthat chu dao Ngudi khdng thuc hien tdt nhirng viec bj coi la bit hiiu d Han Qudc, bilu thao, tilng Han Qudc la "hyodo", dupe djnh nghia nhu su phye vu, hp trp cha me va dp la trach nhiem ty nhien ciia ngudi (Duong Thi Nhat Anh va Gyesook Yoo, 2016) Dao hieu la mdt nguyen tae dao due quan trpng, la cit Idi cua luan ly gia dinh, nhin manh vao nghia vu, sy hy sinh, phuc tiing eua cpn cai vdi cha me, dng ba, td tien (Le Ngpc Van, 2011, tr 103) Hieu dl la gdc cua dap due ngudi, da hieu va de thi cac due khac eung deu ed dupe khdng chi trpng gia dinh ma ca ngoai xa hdi Con ngudi hieu dl la lam vira ldng cha me, khdng nlian xet, danh gia hanh vi cha me, phung sy cha me luc sdng eung nhu luc qua ddi, bilu cdn thi hien d viec lam cha me vinh hiln, ty hao, khdng lam tin hai danh gia dinh, hiiu la phai sinh dl ndi ddi (Le Ngpc Van, 2011, tr 153) Ndi ham cua nd la nhiing yeu cau cho ca trai va gai viec kinh trpng, giiip va cham sde cha me gia, phyng dudng cha me gia khdng chi vat chat ma ca tinh than, cd bdn phan phai lo ma chay, thd eung td tien chu dao (Ho, Xie, Liang va Zeng, 2012 - din theo Peizhen Sun va cdng sy, 2016) Nhu vay, dilm qua mdt sd nghien ctiu tren, cd the thay, bilu thao la khia canh quan trpng mdi quan giiia cac the he trpng gia dinh, Iii mdt gia tri phd bien cac nen van hda, dam bao sy phat trien ben vung gia dinh qua eae thi he khae Dao hieu dupe bilu hien rd net va sau dam d cac nude chSu A tir sy kinh trpng, yeu quy, cham sde cha me, dng ba den trach nhiem giOa cac thi he vdi nhau, la tieu cbuan dap due, la yeu td tam linh the hien bin phan thd ciing, huong khdi chu dao cho dng ba, td tien Viec lam rd ndi ham ciia khai niSm hiiu thap ciing la co sd dl tiep tuc xem xet, danh gia cac npi dung, hudng nghien eiiu tiep thep 3.2 Nhirng nghiin ciru khdng dinh y nghia, niem tin doi v&i gid tri eia hiiu thao Cdc nghien eitu khdng dinh hiiu thdo la gid tri quan trpng, co thu hang cao cdc gid tri gia dinh Nghidn curu vl mdi quan he giira cha me va cai ngudi Viet Nam dang sing d iiude ngoai, Mai Van Hai (2016) da khing ditih, sd 11 menh dl (item) vl cac bilu hien mdi quan he nay, item cd kit qua cao nhdt (thang mirc dp) diu la nhiing ndi dung lien quan din dao bilu, gdm: "Hiiu thap, cham TAP CHi TAMLy HOC, Sd (242), 5-2019 75 sde cha me la bdn phan cua cai, dilu dd khdng thi thay ddi" (DTB 46) va "Con cai phai kinh trong, biit on cha me" (DTB = 4,71) Nhu vay, dti hieu thao chi la mdt nhieu gia tri gia dinh trayen thdng ma tae gia quan tam so sanh giua hai nhdm khach tbi sdng va ngoai nude, nhung gia tri hieu thao ludn dupe khing dinh rd net, dupe danh gia cao d ca bat nhdm Qua viee khao sat 200 gia dinh d Ha Ndi, tae gia Ngd Tuin Dung (1996) cho ring, hong djnh hudng giao due (cd van hda eao, cd nghe nghi?p chuyen mdn, cd bilu vdi bd me, dng ba, lam nhilu tien va cd dja vi xa hpi)^thi "ed bilu vdi bd me, dng ba" cd ty le dupe cac gia dinh ling hd ego nhdt (96,2%) Mdt khap sat khac eua Nguyin Phuang Thao (1996) vl nguyen nhan nhat thiet phai cd hai cho bill, ed hai ly ea ban la "cd ngudi nuang tya luc tadt gia" (72,3%) va "cd ngudi ndi doi, thd cilng" (53,2%) diu lien quan din hieu thao Le Van Hao (2014) da nghien cira vl bilu thao va kit qua cho thay, cac bae cha me diu muln minh phai cd tinh ddc lap nhung eung phai vang Idi cha me va nhiing ngudi Idn khae Tuy nhien, "tre em phai vang Idi cha me va ngudi Idn khae" dupe danh gia cap han rit nhilu SP vdi "cin khuyen khich ed tinh ddc lap" Ty \k sd ngudi dng hd/ddng y vdi quan dilm tre "phai vang Idi" (87,5%i) cao ban so vdi "tinh ddc lap" (68,4%) tdi 20% Tilp tuc nghien ciiu vl bdn phan hieu thao cua vdi cha me, Le Van Hao (2016) chi ca hai nhdm cha me va deu danh gia cao nhat la sy "kinh trpng" (DTB = 4,88/5) va thap nhat la "vang Idi" (DTB = 4,07) trpng bieu hien hieu thao (bao gdm cham sde, giup dd tai chinh, kinh trpng, vang Idi, lam cho cha me vui long va tri quan he giao tiep) Nhu vay, cd the thay, thieu nien van ludn kinh trpng cha me minh nhung dieu dp khdng cd nghia lit bp phai vang Idi, hp cd thi dpc lap han trpng ta va hanh ddng cua minh Cdc nghien eitu khdng dinh gid tri tich cue dig hiiu thdo quo su ky vpng, sue khde tdm thdn, sit hdi ldng vai cupc song Dahua Wang va cdng su (2010) da tim bilu vl mirc dp ky vpng vl bin phan hieu thao cua ngudi tre vdi ngudi gia tai Trung Qudc Kit qua chi dii ngudi gia khac ve tadi tae, gidi tinh, trinh dp hpc vin, vung sinh sdng nhung khdng khac vl sy ky vpng bilu thap d thi he tre Mdi quan he tae ddng tich eye eua bilu thao vdi sy bai ldng cudc sdng eung dupe Peizhen va cdng sy chi nghien cuu tren sinh vien tai Trang Qudc Bing eae thang vl bilu thao (filial piety scale), thang vl su hai hda mdi quan he lien ca nhan (Interpersonal Relationship Harmony Scale) va thang vl su hai Idng vdi cupc sdng (satisfaction with life scale), cac lac gia edn chi mdi lien he giua hieu thao va sy hai Idng thdng qua cac mdi quan he hda thuan aia dinh (Peizhen va cdng sy, 2016) ^ 76 TAP CHiTAM Ly HOC, Sd (242), 5-2019 Dao hieu khdng chi dupe xem xet moi quan he vdi sy hai ldng cupc sdng ma cdn dupe xem xet tren binh dien siic khde tam thin ctia ngudi cao tadi Trang Qudc dang sdng tai Chicago (My) Mengting Li va epng su (2018) da xem xet dap bilu tir cac khia canh nhu: sy danh gia, tdn trpng, hanh phiic, cham sde, tjhao ddn, vang Idi va hd trp tai chinh Kit qua ctia nghien ciiu chi ring, nhung ngudi cd dilm sd nhan dupe thip ban vl hiiufliaothi nguy co tang len vl cac trieu chung trim cam Chou Fan H va cdng sy (2018) da tiln hanh danh gia ting quan cac nghien cim mdi quan he giiia bilu thap vdi tram cam d ngudi eao tudi Tren co sd xem xet danh gia nghien curu ve mli quan he ndi tren, cac tae gia chi hieu thao cd mdi quan he km tinh vdi tram cam d ngudi cao tudi, ndi each khac, Idng hieu thao d eon chau dupe ngudi cao tudi tiep nhan, tri giac ed tae dung lam giam tram cam d ngudi eao tadi Nghien ciru ve hgn che cim hieu thdo Tren quan dilm khach quan khoa hpc, ben canh nhiing gia trj to Idn cua hiiu thap trpng viec dieu chinh hanh vi, gin bd, cham sde lan giiia cac tbi he, vSn ed nhtrng quan diem chi mat ban che cua quan niem ve hieu thao Mat tich eye, hieu thap cd thi tang cudng gian tiep giira cac the he va vi the cd tae ddng tich eye den hanh phuc ciia hp (Liu Ng., Weatherall va Loong, 2000) Tuy nhien, hieu thao lam giam sy linh boat ciia nhan thuc, ban che sy ty the Men Cling nhu gay trd ngai sy phat triln ca nhan (Ho, 1996); hieu thao khien ngudi trd nen ngoan ngoan, phuc tung (Yeh va Bedford, 2003) (din theo Peizhen Sun, 2016) Tdm lai, cac nghien ciiu ndi tren da cd nhiing danh gia khach quan, nhilu chilu ca tich cue va tieu eye, cati%ictilpva gian tiep ve dao hieu va nhin chung diu nhin manh, khing djnh gia tij to Idn eua hiiu thao cac mdi quan h$ gia dinh Dilu dd da dupe cac nghien eiiu khing djnh rd net va nhin chung, bilu thao vin ludn la gia tij dao ddc, nilm tin quan trpng ti-png xa hdi, dac biet la d Viet Nam va cac nude chju anh hudng cua Nhp giao Cac ndi dung ndi tren da cho thiy dupe ban chit, bilu hien cOng nhu gia trj to ldm ctia dao hiiu ddi vdi cac mdi quan he ca nhan eung nhu cac mdi quan he gia dinh Viec Iam ro cac npi dung ca ban la co sd nIn tang dl bai bao tiep tuc xem xet, danh gia bilu hien eua hiiu thao thuc tiln van ddng khdng ngimg cua xa hdi 3.3 Nhang nghien ciru chi nhUng thay ddi, bieu hien eia hieu thao thirc tien cupc song Hiiu thao, mpt net dac trung van hda da lac ddng sau sic den niem tin va ung xii ctia cpn ngudi phuang Ddng va eung cd sy thay ddi nhu cac gia trj van hda, dap diic khac TAP CHI'TAM Ly HOC, Sd (242), 5-2019 77 Nghien eitu tai Trung Qudc: Trong chuong saeh de cap den nhung g gia sdng mdt minh d ndng thdn Trnng Qudc, Hong Zhang (2004) ™^" ' ^j theo sd lieu thdng kd tren binh dien qudc gia, cangcd nhieu ban g gia sdng tach biet vdi cai vdi ty le tu 30 - 50% (dan theo Chen, i^ , Goldstein, Ku va Ikels, 1990; Gui, 1988; Jia, 1988; Shi, 1994; Utiger, m^h Hien luong din din hai each nhin khac nhau, ti-ong mdt so n^""' , ring hien tuong la su sup dd cua dao bilu truyen thdng tbi quan dietn Knac lai eho ring, dd la su thay ddi tich eye cac mdi quan he gia dinh tneo hudng cang dan chu bon (Guo, 1997; Xu, 1996; Yan, 1997) Hi?n Wpmg dupe ly giai d gdc dp kinh tl nhu qua tiinh phat trien cua dd thj hpa thuc diy cai cua ngudi cao tuoi tim din cac vung dd thi de lam viec vdt thu nhap cao ban khiin ngudi gia phai sdng mdt minh (Leung, 1997; Wet, 1997); mat khac, ddng co quan trpng thuc diy ngudi gia sdng mpt minh la ban than hp eung cam thiy hp ed thi ty lp chp minh dupe (Aimei Jia, 1988);_ben canh do, sdng hd gia dinh vdi ba tbi he khiin ngudi gia qua cang thang, sdng mpt minh hp cam thiy ty dp ban (khdng phai lo cho chau, giiip da lam kinh te, khiu vj khac giua ngudi gia va ngudi tre tihu ngudi gia phai an thiic an mIm ) COng qua nghidn eitu nay, tae gia nhan manh rang, ly