CLINICAL NEUROIMAGING: CASES AND KEY POINTS doc

[...]... nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal Spinal nerves contain motor and sensory fibers, and have muscular and cutaneous branches AUTONOMIC NERVES The autonomic nervous system implements hypothalamic and brainstem control of body functions (see Fig 2-3) SYMPATHETIC NERVES Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in the thoracic and upper lumbar spine The sympathetic nervous system... Retina (ganglion cells) Trochlear Rotundum (Maxillary) VI VII CNS NUCLEUS PERIPHERAL STRUCTURE INNERVATED Pterygopalatine, submandibular Skin of external ear Lacrimal glands, glands of nasal mucosa, salivary glands Muscles of facial expression, digastric (posterior belly), and stapedius Hair cells in organ of Corti Hair cells in vestibular labyrinth IX Glossopharyngeal Somatic sensory Viscerosensory... (inferior salivatory nucleus), and dorsal motor nucleus of the facial nerve MENINGEAL LAYERS There are three primary meningeal layers 1 Dura: Thick outer layer with a protective function Outer periosteal and inner meningeal layer Falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli 2 Arachnoid: Has potential space—the subdural space between dura and arachnoid 3 Pia: Innermost layer—between pia and arachnoid is the subarachnoid... The cerebellum is involved in planning and fine tuning movement The cerebellum influences contralateral motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and brainstem DIENCEPHALON The diencephalon consists of the thalamus and the hypothalamus BRAIN SURFACE ANATOMY The brain is divided into frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions (see Fig 2-10) The frontal lobe and parietal lobe are divided by the central... initiation of movement, and are divided into the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus (see Fig 2-13) The posterior limb of the internal capsule contains motor fibers from descending white matter tracts Thalamus: The thalamus is a relay center for motor and sensory nuclei (see Fig 2-9) VENTRICLES Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis through interactions with the pituitary gland and limbic system... (CSF) protects the brain from physical shocks and acts as a medium for chemical communications CSF is produced primarily in the choroid CHAPTER 2 • NEUROANATOMY BASICS FIG 2-9 A and B The thalamus and its cortical connections SOURCE: White JS USMLE Road Map Neuroscience Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill; 2002 19 20 PART 1 • INTRODUCTION FIG 2-10 A and B Motor and sensory areas of the cerebral cortex C Cortical... Medulla: Cranial nerves IX, X, and XII Pyramidal decussation ᭺ 15 ᭺ 13 ᭺ ᭺ 12 10 14 8 11 9 ᭺ ᭺ ᭺ C FIG 2-6 Axial and sagittal MRI scans depict the normal anatomy of the brainstem 1 Cerebral peduncle 2 Substantia nigra 3 Red nucleus 4 Mamillary body 5 Optic tract 6 Superior colliculus 7 Central canal 8 Pons 9 Medulla 10 Tectum-superior and inferior colliculi 11 Pituitary gland 12 Optic chiasm 13 Fornix... superior, inferior, rectus, inferior oblique, and levator palpebrae muscles Constrictor muscles of iris, ciliary muscle Superior oblique muscle Skin and mucous membranes of the head, muscle receptors, meninges Jaw muscles, tensor tympani, tensor palati, and digastric (anterior belly) Lateral rectus muscle Taste (anterior two-thirds of tongue), palate Ovale (Mandibular) Abducens Intermediate Olfactory... tumors and strokes Gadolinium circulation through the brain is tracked through its first pass through the circulation At this concentration, gadolinium has a T2 shortening effect This can be used to measure cerebral blood flow, blood volume, and mean transit time, values that are useful in the evaluation of stroke and tumor patients DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING B Diffusion weighted imaging measures random... techniques and clinical applications Radiographics 2000;20:1787–1806 This page intentionally left blank Chapter 2 NEUROANATOMY BASICS A basic working knowledge of neuroanatomy is necessary to interpret neuroimaging studies CELLULAR ANATOMY Neurons and glial cells are the basic cellular units of the nervous system (see Fig 2-1) Neurons are the functional units, while glial cells provide structural and metabolic .