Báo cáo khoa học: So sánh truyện cổ tích Việt Hàn pot

so SANH TRUYEN CO TICH VIET - HAN LUU IHI HONG VIET F iet Nam va Han Qudc la hai nude cd nhieu diem tuang ddng ve ljch sir, van hda, van hgc trong dd cd van hge dan gian ndi chung, truyen ed tich ndi rieng. Ben canh nhting diem tuong ddng, chae chan kho tang truyen ed tich eua Viet Nam va Han Qudc cung cd nhtrng net khae biet lam nen ban sac ddc dao cua mdi dan tdc. The nhung eho den nay, vide gidi thieu truyen cd tich Viet Nam d Han Qude va Iruyen cd tich Han Qudc d Viet Nam chua nhidu, vide nghien ciru so sanh truyen ed tich ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han van cdn dang di nhting budc dau tien. Nhieu phuang dien ndi dung va nghe thuat cua truyen cd tich Viet Nam va Han Qudc van can dugc tiep luc nghien ciru trong bdi canh giao luu Viet - Han hien nay. Tiep tyc hudng nghien ciru chung ma cae nha khoa hge di trudc da khai md, bai viet nay di vao Sr^ sdnh truyin co tich ngicdi Viet (Viet Nam) vd truyin co tich ngicdi Hdn (Han Quae), de thuan tien trong khi trinh bay, tae gia xin dugc rut ggn la So sdnh truyen co tich Viet - Hdn. 1. Sy tirong dong ciia truyen co tich nguoi Viet va truyen co tich nguoi Han LL Sir tuang dong ve npi dung Dil d bat eir dan tdc, qude gia nao thi truyen ed tich van la mdt trong nhirng the loai tieu bieu trong loai binh ty sy dan gian vdi ngi dung chii yeu la phan anh sinh hoat mgi mat cua con ngudi. Truyen ed tich cua Thac sy, Trudng Dai hoc Da Lat ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cd rat nhieu diem tuong ddng vd ndi dung, tir viec giai thich cac hien tugng tu nhien eho den sy bao luu cac gia tri van hda nhu tin ngudng, phong tyc. Id hgi hoae cac ndi dung xa hdi - nhan sinh. + Tin ngudng, phong tue, li hpi Cac truyen cd tich giai thich cac hien tugng ty nhien trdn ca sd gat bd dan ban chat than ky, phi thudng cua tu duy than thoai nhung van giO lai each suy nghT va cam nhan nguyen thuy. Cd rat nhidu loai vat khae nhau dugc ndi tdi trong truyen cd tich cua Viet Nam va Han Qudc. Nhieu sy tich ve cac cay cd, vat nudi, vat hoang da phan anh mdt sd dac diem cua loai vat, the bien nhan thirc cua dan gian ve the gidi ty nhien. Vii try ddi vdi ngudi nguyen thuy ludn chira dyng nhirng bi an va qua to ldn, vi the con ngudi cd nhu cau kham pha, giai thich the gidi xung quanh va tim hieu mdi quan he cua con ngudi vdi thd gidi. Do dieu kien sdng va nhu cau ty nhan thirc bang su hieu biet cd han, bang thd gidi quan than thoai nen khi giai thieh ve ngudn gdc loai vat dan gian thudng ndi tdi bat banh ciia con ngudi. Cac nhan vat ngudi da boa than thanh loai vat va dya vao tieng keu hay net dac trung eua loai vat dd ma dan gian ggi la sy lich eon ng, cay kia Ngudi Viet cd truyen cd tich de giai thich nguon gdc ciia cac loai vat nhu truyen Sir tich chim hit co, Su tich chim tu hii, Su tich chim quoc, Su tich chim da da, 58 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6(100) 6-2009 Nghien citu khoa hqc Su tich con nhdi. Su tich con khi, Su tich ed he, Su tich con sam, Su tich con dd trdng, Su tich con muoi. Cdn ngudi Han cd truydn Chim Pul- kiic, Nguon goc chim Pa-khu-ky, Hdn eon muoi. Do tinh chat ciia the loai nen khi giai thich vd ngudn gdc loai vat ciing nhu cac bien tugng ty nhien, dan gian thudng dat trong mdi lien quan chat che vdi hoat ddng cua con ngudi. Dan gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc deu sang tao nen nhirng cau chuyen ma qua dd ta thay dugc ve dep ^y nhidn ciia mdi qudc gia dan tdc vdi nhting niii cao, sdng rdng, bidn Idn. Ngudi Viet cd hang loat sy tich vd mii, deo, sdng, sudi, ao, hd va chi can nhd ten cac truyen cd tich nay la chiing ta se bidt dugc ten niii, tdn sdng, ten hd gan vdi nhtrng viing mien dan cu ngudi Viet sinh sdng. Dd la Su tich niii Ngu-hdnh, Su tich dd Vong-phu, Su tich da Bd-rdu, Sic tich ho Ba- bi, Su tich ddm Nhdt-dg va bai Tic nhiin, Su tich ddm Mice, Su tich song Nhd-be, Tgi sao sdng T6-lich va song Thiin-phii hep lgi?. Nhtrng tac phim nay da the hidn niem ty hao va tinh yeu thidn nhien dit nudc, vd dep dd hda quyen vdi tinh cam con ngudi cang tao cho cd tich ve dep vira lung linh vira gan gui. Cach ly giai ciia ngudi Viet ve cac hien tugng ty nhien gin vdi ve dep van hda truydn thdng ciia dan tdc mang tinh giao due cao, lieu bidu la cac truydn: Su tich trau, cau vd vol, Su tich cdy huyit du. Ngudi Han ed Su tich hdn da Mong Su, Su tich hdn da hinh eon hd, Su tich ngpn mil Ok Nan. Ngoai ra, cac hien tugng nhu chdm sao Bac Dau, mat irang, mat trdi, nude bidn man cung dugc dan gian Han Qudc ly giai rit thu vj: Chuyin bdy anh em chdm sao Bdc Ddu, Mat trdng vd mat trdi, Tgi sao nudc biin man Cd the ndi, Idp truyen luong ddi phd bien ma ca ngudi Viet Nam va Han Qudc luu giir lai dugc la nhung truyen giai Ihich bien tugng ty nhien qua dd con ngudi tir the be nay den the he khae truyen lai cho nhau nhtrng hieu biet ve the gidi ly nhien phong phu, da dang. Va tir dd con ngudi tim ra con dudng de chinh phye ty nhien va sir dyng nd mdt each phii hgp, giiip ich cho cugc sdng con ngudi mdl each thiet thyc. Dan gian bai nudc deu cd quan niem van vat huu linh, van vat luong giao bdi cude sdng ludn gan bd vdi thien nhien, vdi mudn loai. Vdi nhtrng rirng niii menh mdng, sdng sudi day dac va bien ca rdng Idn da tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho con ngudi tdn tai, phat tridn ddng thdi cac tin ngirdng dan gian cimg tir dd ma ra ddi. Dan gian tin rang linh bdn khdng chi cd trong con ngirdi ma cdn tdn tai trong cac thd lyc thien nhien va loai vat, dd vat. Vi thd. trong truyen cd tich ciia ngudi Vict va ngudi Han deu cd nhirng cude ddi thoai rit sinh ddng gitra ngudi vdi cac loai vat thd hien sy bidu bidt, cam thdng, chia se gitra mudn loai vdi nhau. Ngudi Viet cd truyen Ngicdi hpc tro vd con ho, Tdm Cam, Hai CO gdi vd cue bicdu, Co Chip Ngudi Han cd truyen Ldi phdn xu ciia tho, Cdi bicdu biit hdt, Bd vd, bd vdng, Ldi gido hudn ciia chim Nhiing tin ngudng thd cay, thd da, thd thin sdng, thin niii, thd ddng vat cung cd vai trd quan trgng chi phdi den ddi sdng vat chat va tinh thin cua con ngudi. Ngudi Viet da ndi tdi tin ngudng thd da trong truyen Nguyin Khoa Ddng, thd thin cay nhu truyen Su tich con sam. Ngoai ra, dan gian cdn cd nidm tin vao cac than sdng bdi sdng sudi la ca sd sinh sdng cua con ngudi. Truyen Ldy bdy nhu Cao Biin day non luy ndi tdi luc NGHIEN ecru OdNG B^C fl, s6 6(100) 6-2009 59 Nghien citu khoa hqc chgn huyet dat tdt nhung qua dd ngudi Viet tang cd tich cua ca ngudi Viet lan ngudi ciing mudn ndi tdi tin ngudng thd than sdng. Han. Ngudi Viet eiing phan nao tin vao "Trdi", Mdi mgt cgng ddng ngudi. do nen san vao Nggc Hoang thugng de {Npf nhu chua xuat hay la do nghe nghiep sinh sdng, se tao cham), hy vgng dugc trdi giiip dd mdi khi nen nhtrng phong tyc cua cdng ddng ngudi gap khd khan. Tir nhtrng ngudi dan vdi cude dd. Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu cd nhtrng sdng gian di, chan tbanb, md rdng tam ldng phong tyc an udng, ciing gid, lap dan cimg yeu Ihuong, giiip dd mgi ngudi den nhting te, phong tue chgn dat tdt, phan chia thira ke bac quan vuang sdng hgp Idng dan, dugc tai san, kdt nghTa anh em, hdn nhan phu he dan tin ydu cting la hgp dao trdi se duge trdi Ciing vdi phong tyc la cae Id hdi cua dan thuang va che chd. gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc dugc Vd tin ngudng dan gian, ta cd the thay phan anh qua truyen ed tich, tieu bieu cd hdi dugc phan nao trong kho tang truyen cd tich xuan, hdi "vd gia" eiing Phat. eua Han Qudc. Thdng qua nhtrng truyen + Cdc quan he xd hpi - nhdn sinh duac gidi thieu trong tap Truyin c6 Han Gia dinh la ea sd cua xa hdi phong kien Qudc chiing ta hidu them vd tin ngudng thd ndng nghiep Viet Nam eiing nhu Han Qudc. thin niii, thd Hanunim (Nggc Hoang thugng Tinh anh em rudt thjt trd thanh ddi tugng dd) cua ngudi Han. Dan gian tin rang ciia nhieu truyen dan gian cua ca hai nudc. Hanunim ed sire manh va quyen lyc tdi cao, Trong truydn cd tich cua ngudi Viet va thiu hidu mgi ndi khd, nhirng tim Idng, ngudi Han, quan he anh em dugc the hien rd nhtrng khat khao cua con ngudi. Mdi khi rai net qua nhirng mau thuan, xung dot ve su vao canh khd dau, bit hanh, khdng ldi thoat, phan chia, thira ke tai san khi cha me mat di ngudi dan thudng clu khin Hanunim, mong (truyen Cdy khi cua ngudi Viet va truyen dugc ciru giup, ban thudng: Chuyin bdy anh Hung Pu vd Nan Pu eua ngudi Han). em chdm sao Bdc Ddu, Mat trdng vd mat Quan he gitra me ghe - con chdng, gitra trdi, Liia ciia trdi, Cd chip miia dong, Chdo me chdng - nang dau cung la mdt trong giun ddt. Nidm tin cua ngudi Han vao than nhirng quan he gia dinh da duge de cap trong niii da dugc phan anh qua truyen Man qud truyen cd tich cua bai nudc. Ndi dung ciia cua than niii. cac Iruyen xoay quanh sy dd kj, ghen ghet Ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han ddu de cao eua ngudi di ghe ddi vdi con chdng, ngudi chir hidu, ca nggi nhirng tim ldng hieu thao me chdng ddi vdi nang dau. ciia con cai ddi vdi cha me, dng ba, ciia the Ben canh dd dan gian cung nhan manh he con chau ddi vdi td tien, vi thd tin ngudng mdi quan he khdng the thieu trong mdi gia thd cung td tien cua hai dan tdc Viet Nam va dinh, mdi xa hdi dd la tinh yeu ddi lira, tinh Han Qude vin edn dugc luu gitr va cd vj tri, cam vg chdng. Ngudi Viet ed truyen Ndng vai trd quan trgng ddn ngay nay. Ciing vdi Xudn Huong, ngudi Han cd truyen Choon tin ngudng dan gian, cac ydu td Nho giao, Hyang-Huang miia xudn deu cd ngi dung Phat giao, Dao giao chi phdi sy sang tao gidng nhau ndi vd tinh yeu thuy chung, son truyen ed tich va ciing dugc luu lai trong kho sat ciia ddi trai tai gai sac. 60 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6(100) 6-2009 Nghien ciiu khoa hoc Qua day ta thay mdt trong nhtrng van de truyen cd tich bay de cap den la mdi quan he gitra ngudi vdi ngudi ma ndi bat la nhung xung dot trong gia dinh gitra anh va em, con cai va di ghe theo kidu ngudi tren ke dudi. Mau thuan trong gia dinh chu yeu xoay quanh van de ciia cai, quyen lyc, dja vj. Tac gia dan gian la ngudi binh dan, ngheo khd, vj tri xa hdi thap kem ndn cting de hieu vi sao hg ludn dirng vd nhirng ngudi ngheo, yeu the. Truyen ed tich quan tam den sd phan cua nhieu ldp ngudi trong xa hdi trudc bet la nhirng ngudi ngheo, chju nhieu thiet thdi ludn mudn thoat khdi eai trat ty rang budc, tap tyc khdng binh dang, vd ly trong gia dinh phy quyen. Sy len an, td cao nhtrng nhan vat be tren, ngudi anh, ngudi me ke chinh la sy phan khang lai nhtrng bat edng, chdng lai sy phan biet ddi xir trgng trudng khinh thir, coi trgng con de ban con chdng vdn tdn tai trong xa hdi phong kien. 1.2. Su tuong dong ve nghe thuat + Cdch dgt tin truyin Khi sang tac truyen cd tich, dan gian hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc thudng dat ten truyen theo ldi dan gian, de hieu, de nhd. Khi mudn giai thich mdt bien tugng ty nhien nao dd bay nhtrng dac diem ciia cac loai vat, dan gian lly ngay ten ggi cua cac bien tugng tu nhidn, cac dac diem loai vat de dat ten cho truyen cd tich. Ngudi Viet cd cac truyen tieu bidu: Su tich chim da da, Su tich con sam, Su tich ong ddu rau, Sir tich con dd trdng, Su tich ho Ba-bi, Su tich da Vpng-phu, Goc tich edi ndt dudi co con trau. Sic tich cdi chdn sau con cho Con day la cac truy?n cua ngudi Han: Tgi sao lan co mid ngdn, Ngudi duac "Khen vi bica dn ", Bi mat vi ve ngodi eiia cdc. Tgi sao ngicdi ddn ong bi biin thanh con trau, Tgi sao nudc biin man Nhiing tam guong ve Idng hieu thao. linh that tha duge nggi ca va tran Irgng vi the ten ciia cae nhan vat chinh dugc lay de dat cho cac truyen ke: Tdm Cam, Thgeh Sanh, Ndng Xudn Hicang, Quan Am Thi Kinh (ngudi Viet) va cae truyen Shim Ch 'ong ngudi eon gdi hiiu thdo, Cong chua Pyonggang vd anh ngoc Ondal, Choon Hyang-Huang tniia xudn, Ndng tiin 6c, Chii ri cdc (ngudi Han). Den vdi Iruyen cd tich Viet - Han. chiing ta Ihay cd nhieu truyen lay hinh dang ben ngoai ciia nhan vat, tinh each cua nhan vat lam ten iruyen. Dd la cac truyen Ngicdi lay cdc, Ldy chong di, Ngicdi lay ich, Ndi ddi nhu Cupi, Em be thong minh, Gdi ngoan dgy chong, Chdng Ngoc duac kien ciia ngudi Viet va truyen Chdng ri cdc, Ndng 6c sin, Viin quan dien r6, D6i va ch6ng uang budng. Ngicdi va thong minh cua ngudi Han. Ngoai ra, dan gian cdn lay nhtrng vat quan trgng cd quan be nhieu vdi chii de va cac nhiin vai trong Iruyen cung dugc chgn lam ten cho tac pham nhu Iruyen Cdy tre trdm ddt (ngudi Viet), Cdy gay ciia nhicng con Tokkaebi (ngudi Han). Tim hidu sy tuong ddng ve each dat ten Iruyen cd tich ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han ta cang thiy sy gin gui Irong quan niem ve thd gidi ty nhien, ve xa hdi va con ngudi, dac biet la vd nghe Ihuat truyen cd tich. + Cdc kiiu nhdn vgt Nhan vat trong truyen cd tich ciia dan gian hai nudc rit phong phu, da dang, cd nhidu kidu nhan vat khae nhau: quan lai, ngudi giau, ngudi anh, di ghe, me chdng; ngudi em, nhan vat md cdi. nhan vat mang ldi, nhan vat ngirdi con dau. Nhan vat Ihudng dugc chia thanh hai tuyen: nhan vat NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl, s6 6(100) 6-2009 61 Ngh ien citu khoa hqc chinh didn va nhan vat phan dien phii hgp vdi motif va col truyen. Cac loai nhan vat nay khae nhau vd canh ngd, pham chat, lai nang va ket cue sd phan. Truyen cd tich hap dan ngudi dgc bdi truydn da chieu rgi anh sang lac quan tin ludng vao cugc sdng. (J day cugc dau tranh gitia cai thien va eai ac ral quyet liet nhung bao gid cai thien ciing chien thang. Vdi dae diem diing hinh thire ky ao lam phuang thire chuyen tai ngi dung, eac truyen cd tich ed sire hap dan mgi lira tudi, mgi the he. Ngudi dgc se ciing eac nhan vai cua truyen phieu didu trong the gidi vira hu vira thyc, cd ca cai thap hen, cai cao thugng, ed ca nhirng cai sinh hoat thudng ngay, an oan, ghen tudng, dd ky, Ige lira. + Cdc kiiu truyin, dgc diim cot truyin vd yiu to thdn ky Ndi bat trong truyen cd lich Viet - Han la cac kieu truyen: Cdy khi, Co gdi lay chong hodng tic, A Chicc chdng Ngicu, kidu truydn vd nhan vat mang Idt, kieu truyen ve sy thdng minh. Do dac tinh ude Id va tugng trung nen cdt truyen cua truyen ed tich hai nude cdn kha dan gian, trong dd con ngudi xuat hien mang tinh phidni chi. Mac dii vay, thdng qua cdt truyen ngudi ta ed the hinh dung duge mdt each ca ban nhat con ngudi va xa hdi duong thdi. Truyen cd tich cua hai dan tdc deu duge xay dyng theo mgt true thdi gian va khdng gian, cd trinh ty dau cudi, trudc sau, vide gi xay ra trudc kd trudc, vide gi xay ra sau kd sau. Khdng gian va thdi thdi gian qua khir, khdng xae djnh. Cdt truyen eua cac truyen cd tich hai nudc Viet - Han ca ban ddu cd dly du cae thanh phan: trinh bay, khai doan (thit nut), phat trien, dinh diem (cao trao) va kdt thuc (md mil). Md dau truyen, dan gian danh nhtrng Idi ngan ggn de gidi Ihieu ve nhan vat chinh cua truyen ve than the, gia canh, tinh net sau dd la mdt chudi nhtrng hanh ddng ciia nhan vat, tieu bieu ed truyen Ndng Xudn Hicang ciia ngudi Viet va Choon Hyang - Hicang miia xudn cua ngudi Han. Trong truyen cd tich hai nudc chiing ta thay yeu td than ky gdp phan tao ndn gia Irj ciia truyen, tao cho tae pham mdt ve dep lung linh, huyen ao, vira hu vira thyc. Ldi giai quyet the hien thai do, quan diem ciia dan gian qua viee sir dyng yeu td than ky nhu truyen Ai mua hdnh toi hay Id Ip nudc than ciia ngudi Viet, truyen Cdi Ip thdn cua ngudi Han. Yeu td than ky the hien sy phat trien d mdt chirng mye nhat djnh eua tu duy nghe ihuat ciia dan gian. + Nhicng motif chu yiu Ciing vdi ydu td than ky la cac motif da tao nen sy hap dan cua truyen cd tich, la thanh td tao nen cac kieu cdt truyen cd tich Viet - Han.^Cac motif giup ngudi dge de dang tim thay sy tuang ddng trong truyen cd tich hai nudc. Chiing tdi chi neu mdt sd motif ehu yeu ciing xuat bien trong truyen cd lich ngudi Viet va truyen cd tich ngudi Han: su kit hon, su tricng phgt, sic tha thu, va motif vi trdi. 2. Su- khae biet cua truyen co tich nguoi Viet va truyen co tich nguoi Han 2.L Sir khdc biet ve npi dung + Sic khdc biit vi tin ngudng, phong tue, li hpi Ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu tdn tai tin ngudng thd dgng vat nhung ngudi Viet thd thudng ludng {Sic tich dam Mice) cdn ngudi Han cd tyc thd huau va gac huau bdi nd la bidu tugng ciia su sinh sdi hay sy hdi sinh {Chang don cui vd nang tien, Ngudi duac "khai vi bua dn "). Truyen cd tich cua 62 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl, SO 6(100) 6-2009 Nghien citu khoa hqc ngudi Viet khdng de cap tdi tin ngudng thd huau nhu truyen ciia ngudi Han. Ngudi Viet cd tin ngudng thd than nghd nhu than nghe diic ddng dugc ndi tdi trong truyen Khong Lo due chudng hay ld*su tich trdu vdng Ho Tdy va truyen Ngicdi tha due vd anh hpc nghi, trong khi tin ngudng thd than nghe khdng dugc ngudi Han nhac ldi trong nhirng Iruyen cd lich ma chung ldi nghien ciru. Didm khae biet trong tin ngudng ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cdn the hidn d ehd: trong van hoa Han Qude, tin ngudng ban dja Shaman dugc the hidn dam net. Ngudi dan thd cac thin linh ma tren tat ca la "Hanunim". Trong 81 truyen cd tich ciia ngudi Han cd tam truyen ndi tdi tin ngudng thd Hanunim, nhung trong 201 truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet ebi cd hai truyen ndi ve tin ngudng nay. Qua cac truyen cd tich eiia ngirdi Viet, chiing ta thiy sy anh hirdng ciia tam giao Nho, Phat, Dao duge thd bien ro net trong dd ndi bat ban la Phat giao, cdn d truyen cd tich Han Qudc, Nho giao dugc the hidn dam net ban, tit nhien la chi trong pham vi de tai ma chiing tdi khao sat. Ngudi Viet cd phong tue an trau the hien tinh nghTa thlm thidt gitra ngirdi vdi ngudi, la bidu tugng ciia tinh ydu, sy gan bd va boa hgp ma ngudi Han khdng cd phong tyc nay. Triu cau gin chat vdi phong tue tap quan lau ddi ciia Viet Nam, gin vdi tinh each con ngudi Viet Nam thuy chung. nhan nghTa {Su tich trau. cau vd vol, Tdm Cam ) Ao md ba. cai sdng lua va cai ydm lua didu ciing vdi chide khan nhieu kdt hgp vdi nhau thanh mdt bd trang phuc dy hdi that dep, Ihd hien sy dju dang cua cac cd gai ngudi Viet da dugc ndi tdi trong truyen Tdm Cam. Ve dep the bien trong trang phuc nay chi cd d Viet Nam, mang dam ban sac dan tdc Viet Nam, that khae ve dep cua trang phuc Han Qudc. Khae vdi phong tyc lam banh chung banh day cua ngudi Viet vao ngay mimg mdt let Nguyen dan, ngudi Han dang cung td lien mdn ttok-kuk va cho rang an llok-kuk cd nghTa "an" mdl nam khae, phong tue nay dugc ndi tdi trong truyen cd tich Tiing keu cua chim gdy. Ngoai ra, van hda ngudi Viet cdn cd sy khae biet vdi van hda ngudi Han thdng qua mdt sd phong tue khae. Ngudi Viet cd phong tyc diic kim nguu (trau bang vang hay la bing kim khi) dd ydm cac mii sdng va phong luc nay cd tir thdi Bac thudc, da dugc phan anh qua truyen Khong Lo diie chuong hay Id su tich trdu vdng Ho Tdy. Ddi vdi ngudi Han. qua mdt sd tai lieu vd van hda, dat nudc, con ngudi Han Qudc Cac tac gia cd ndi vd phong tue due chudng ddng cd tir thdi Tam qudc nhirng cac iruyen cd lich ma chiing tdi nghien ciru cung khdng ndi tdi nghe diic ddng truyen Ihdng nay. Ld hdi Viet Nam kha phong phii dugc phan anh ro net trong cac truyen cd tich. Didm khae biet ve le hdi ciia ngudi Viet va ngirdi Han thdng qua cac truyen cd tich ma chung ta dd dang nhan thay nhat dd la le hdi dugc cd tich ngudi Viet phan anh ro net ban, dd cap tdi nhidu Id hgi ban, truyen cd tich Han Qudc rit it ndi tdi van hda le hdi mac dil ngudi Han ciing cd rat nhieu le hdi gan vdi ddi sdng tinh than nhan dan. Le hdi ciia ngudi Viet mang dau an cua tin ngudng tdn giao. dac biet la Phat giao dam net ban ngudi Han. Qua le bdi ma chiing ta thay dugc net dep rieng trong van hda Viet Nam. Han Qudc. NQHI£N cdru OONG B^C A. S6 6(ioo) 6-2009 63 Nghien ciiu khoa hqc + Su khdc biit ve quan hi gia dinh vd xd hpi Qua nhiing truyen cd tich, mdi quan he gan bd tran day tinh ydu thuang gitra me chdng va nang dau dugc ngudi Han phan anh rd net, sinh ddng qua eac truyen Liia ciia trdi, Chdo giun ddt. Nhung trong 201 truyen ed tich cua ngudi Viet duge gidi thieu d Kho tdng truyin co tich Viet Nam thi chi cd truyen Quan Am Thi Kinh ndi vd sy bat hda giiia me chdng va nang dau edn quan he tdt dep, hai chieu thi khdng duge nhan manh, khdng dugc phan anh rd nhu cac Iruyen ed tich ciia ngudi Han. Sang tao truyen ed tich, ngudi Viet khdng tap trung xay dyng nhtrng nhan vat ngudi con hy sinh than minh de ciru cha nhu cae truyen ciia ngudi Han ma chu yeu phe phan sy xau xa cua nhirng ngudi con bat hieu, tir dd khuyen ran con ngudi sdng diing vdi dao lam con, nhtrng thanh vien di nguge vdi dao ly ciia tinh mau tir se bj dan gian len an manh me va phai nhan nhtrng hinh phat nang ne. Tieu bieu cd eac truyen Su tich khdn tang, Cha me nuoi con bi ho lai ldng, con nuoi cha me ki thdng ki ngdy, Dica con trdi ddnh hay la truyin tiic gd chon me. Khi eai ac xen vao cude sdng gia dinh se pha vd mdi quan he than tinh, rudt thjt, gia dinh bj xao trgn anh hudng tdi xa hgi, khien xa hdi cang them rdi ren, phirc tap. Neu nhu ngudi Viet xay dung nhtrng nhan vat dien hinh eiia sy bat hieu vdi eha me thi ngudi Han lai quan tam den sy hidu thao cua con cai. Tir dd, quan he cha con mang dam nghia tinh va cam dgng sau sac dugc ndi tdi trong truyen Shim Ch 'ong ngicdi con gdi hiiu thdo, Cd chip miia dong. Truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet ciing lay dao dire va tinh cam lam chinh yeu nhung qua nhtrng mdi quan he Irong gia dinh nhat la quan he cha me va con cai thi yeu Id dao dire va nhtrng quan niem Nho giao ehi phdi den quan he do d trong gia dinh ciia ngudi Viet khdng sau dam nhu ddi vdi cac gia dinh ngudi Han. Qua truyen cd tich, chiing ta thay quan he giira anh va em trong gia dinh ngudi Viet dien ra gay gat va khae nghiet ban quan he anh em trong gia dinh ngudi Han. Ngudi Viei cd quan nidm: cai thien va cai ac khd cd the dung hda, nd ludn tdn tai va ddi lap vdi nhau nhung cai ae se bj tieu diet. Truyen Cdy khi cua ngudi Viet nhan manh den vide "khuyen thidn trirng ac" cai thien ludn dugc hudng nhtrng dieu tdt dep nhat cdn eai ac se bj tidu diet tan gdc cdn truyen Hung Pu vd Non Pu cua ngudi Han thi lai giao due con ngudi Idng vj tha, biet nhan Idi, sira ldi, can dieu hoa mdi quan he trong gia dinh. Trong truyen ed tich cua ngudi Han, mdi quan he anh em ludn dugc phat tridn theo chieu hudng tich eye the hien su dieu hda cac mdi quan he trong gia dinh ciing nhu trong xa hdi. Ngoai ra, mau thuan gitra ngudi vg va ngudi chdng, giiia ndng dan vdi dja chii, nha giau duge phan anh trong nhiing truyen ciia ngudi Viet ro net va gay gat ban trong cac truyen cua ngudi Han. 2.2. Stf khdc biet ve nghe thuat Trong nhiing truyen ciing kieu (type) truydn, nhan vat dugc ngudi Viet va ngudi Han xay dyng mang nhiing net khae biet ve each ggi ten nhan vat, gidi tinh ciia nhan vat, than phan, dja vj cua nhan vat, hanh ddng va tinh each nhan vat, tieu bidu cd truyen Su tich chim da da, Ndng Xudn Hicang, A Chicc chdng Nguu (ngudi Viet) va Chitn Pul-kuc, Choon Hyang - Hicang miia xudn, Kyon-u 64 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6(100) 6-2009 Nghien citu khoa hqc ngudi chdn gia siic vd Chik-nyo ngicdi tha dit (ngudi Han). Mdt sd truyen ciia ngudi Viet, thdi gian dugc mieu ta dai ban vdi nhidu su vide, dien bien va nhan vat cung boat ddng trong mdt khdng gian rdng ban so vdi khdng gian va thdi gian Irong cac truyen cua ngudi Han. Truyen Thgeh Sanh, Tdm Cam la hai truyen tieu bieu cua ngudi Viet ed khdng gian rdng, thai gian trai dai cho nen truyen ed nhieu sy kien, bien cd xay ra ddi vdi nhan vat. Trong truyen ctia ngudi Viet, nhan vat hda than phai nhd den sire manh sieu nhien ciia nhan vat sieu thyc nhu Nggc Hoang, than tien. Dire Phat Bd Tat, linh hdn linh thieng cua ngudi chet tbi cac nhan vat trong truyen cua ngudi Han vi linh bdn mang ban nen ly minh hda than, khdng ed sy can thiep ciia cac luc lugng sieu nhien. Yeu td than ky trong cac truydn ciia ngudi Viet cdn the hidn qua viec xay dyng nhan vat mang nhtrng dac diem ky la: nhan vat cd chin ndt rudi dd {Vua Heo), dac diem ay giiip cho nhan vat cd sire khde, tai nang ban ngudi. Nhung hau nhu cac truyen cd tich ciia ngudi Han ma ehimg tdi nghien ciru khdng cd truyen nao xay dyng nhan vat vdi nhirng dac diem mang tinh than ky nhu mdt sd nhan vat trong truyen cd tich eiia ngirdi Viet. Truyen Ngudi bdn muoi rong vd con ma xuang edng chdn, Co gdi cdo, Mat trdng vd . mat trdi cua ngudi Han cd nhtrng chi tiet khae ban vdi tri tudng tugng eua ngudi Viet. Kdt Ihiic truyen, ngirdi Viet thudng nhan manh: cai thien dugc hudng mgi dieu tdt dep cdn cai ac se bj trirng trj thich dang hay cai ac dil dugc tha thir thi nd cung khdng the tdn tai dugc trong cude sdng, nd phai chap nhan kdt cue bi Iham luang img vdi nhtrng viec lam, hanh ddng gay ra. Truyen cd tich ciia ngudi Han lai ed mdt hudng ket thuc bang sy khoan nhugng, sy ldn tai va chung sdng ciia hai tuyen nhan vat ddi lap. Nhirng nhan vat tham lam, gian ac cudi ciing nhan ra Idi lam, biet hdi ban va cd dieu kien sua chira Idi lam cua minh trd thanh mdt thanh vidn ciia cdng ddng, sdng tdt ban va dugc mgi ngudi yeu men, gan bd, chia se + Cdc motif chii yiu Cac motif trong truyen cd tich hai nudc rat phong phii, da dang. Cd nhtrng motif chi cd d truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet ma khdng cd trong Iruyen cd tich cua ngudi Han nhu motif trdu cau, ngicdi cam, chdng trai khoi. Ben canh dd, ciing ed nhtrng motif ciing xuat hien trong truyen cd tich hai dan tdc nhung chiing lai mang net khae nhau ve tan sd xuat bien. nguyen nhan, y nghTa va hinh thirc bieu bien, lieu bieu cd \nai\{ diet yiu qiidi, chdng ngoc. 3. Nguyen nhan, y nghTa ciia su tuong dong, khae biet Trirdc bet hai nudc Viet Nam, Han Qudc ciing nam trong viing van boa Ddng A, ciing anh hirdng mdt ngudn van hda chung - van hda Trung Hoa - la ly do thir nhat lao nen nhtrng diem tuong ddng ve ndi dung va nghe thuat cua van hgc dan gian ndi chung, truyen cd tich ndi rieng. Ngudi Viet va ngudi Han mang tinh each, pham chat chung ciia ngudi phuang Ddng, sdng coi trgng tinh nghTa, xa hdi cung dugc xem nhu mdt gia dinh md rdng, vdi mdt che do phong kien d phuang Ddng tdn tai hang nghin nam trong ljch sii. Do dd, Viet Nam va Han Qudc cd nhung hoan canh xa hdi nhu nhau, ciing tdn tai che do xa bdi phong kien, con ngudi ca nhan trd nen nhd be trude gia dinh, ddng hg, lang xa, qudc gia. Dd cd NGHIEN ecru 06NG BflC fl, so 6(100) 6-2009 65 Nghien citu khoa hqc the la nguyen nhan thir hai ciia sy tuong ddng van hge dan gian, trong dd ed cd tich. Ben canh do, ca hai nude eiing tdn tai va phat trien theo phuang thire san xuat chau A, sdng Irong dieu kien ty nhien uu ai va cd quan niem: thien - dja - nhan hgp nhat. Viet Nam va Han Qudc ngoai sy anh hudng sau sac cua Nho giao edn chju sy anh hudng cua Phat giao va Dao giao. Viet Nam va Han Qude nhidu thdi ky bj day day xeo bdi nan ngoai xam. Nhting yeu td dja ly, ljch sir, kinh te, tdn giao eiing gdp phan lam ndn diem tuong ddng van hgc dan gian, trong dd cd cd tich cua hai nudc. Trong Ijch sir, cd sy kien da trd thanh nen tang cho sy giao luu van hoa Viet - Han tir xa xua, dd la sy kidn nam 1226, Hoang tir Ly Long Tudng la con thir cua vua Ly Anh Tdng da ciing gia tdc vugt bien va trdi dat den quan Khang Linh, trd thanh ngudi dat nen mdng cho mdi giao luu van hda Viet Nam - Han Qude. Sy giao luu trong qua khir gitra hai dan tdc chae cung it nhieu dem lai sy tuong ddng dii chua cd dieu kien kidm ehirng mdt each chae chan. Ngoai ra, cdn cd sy tuong ddng ngau nhidn ma khdng phai do giao luu hay do ciing anh hudng cua ngudn van hda chung. Tim hidu sy tuang ddng cua truyen cd tich Viet - Han ciing la tim hieu ve van hda ciia nudc ban (Han Qudc) dd tir do thay dugc sy giao thoa gitia hai nen van hda. Sy giao thoa nay lam eho con ngudi hai nude gan nhau ban, hieu nhau hon. Day la nen tang, ca sd cho mdi quan he cua hai nudc phat trien ban ntra theo hudng tich eye. Ngay nay, nhu cau giao luu, tiep xue gitia nhan dan hai nudc tren nhieu ITnh vue cang ngay cang tang do dd rat can ed sy trao ddi ca con ngudi Ian tri tud. Va Viet Nam mudn ed sy hgp tac ben vtrng vdi Han Qudc thi sy hidu biet sau sac ve truyen thdng van hda ciia ngudi Han la dieu can thidt, tir dd Viet Nam va Han Qude se cd su hgp tac hiiu bieu trong tam nhin xa trdng rdng cung vdi tinh than phdi hgp chan thanh, tdn trgng va tin ludng lan nhau de thuc day mdi nudc phat trien phii hgp vdi xu the chung eiia thdi dai. van hda cua ngudi Viet mang nhieu tinh chat tinh edn van hda cua ngudi Han mang nhieu chat dpng hon la tinh. Trong tinh each ngudi Viet, ndi bat la tinh edng ddng lang xa va tinh dan chii nhung van hda Han Qudc lai mang net dac trung vdi chii nghia gia dinh. Nhtrng hoan canh Ijch sir va xa hdi vdi nhtrng bien ddng cd sy khae nhau, tren con dudng di chuyen qua khdng gian va thdi gian, nhiing truyen cd tich da thu hut them nhtrng sy kien mdi de bd sung vao lam cho ehiing ngay cang hoan chinh, phong phu va da dang. Trong qua trinh luu truyen, hien thyc xa hdi phong kien da tac ddng khdng il den ndi dung cdt truydn, lam cho truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet va ngudi Han cd sy thay ddi, khae nhau ve cdt truydn, them hoae bdt mdt sd motif. Ngoai ra, nhtrng khae biet ve van hda vat chat va tinh than eung gdp phan tao nen sy khae biet ve nhtrng motif thudc ve bieu tugng van hda. Ngoai ra, van hda Viet Nam ed truyen ca ban thudc pham trii van hda Ddng Nam A. van hda truyen thdng Han Qudc thudc pham tni van hda Ddng Bae A. Nhting khae biet nay tao nen ban sac rieng eua van hda mdi nudc. Ngudi Viet cd the hgc hdi tinh hoa van hoa ngudi Han va ngudi Han cd the hgc hdi tinh hoa van hda cua ngudi Viet de giai quyet nhirng van de rieng cua minh. Tinh each dan tgc ciing vdi nhu cau thudng thirc va sang tao cua hai dan NGHIEN ecru OdNG B^e fl. so 6(100) 6-2009 66 Nghien citu khoa hqc tdc dugc the hien bang nhidu each khae nhau de hudng tdi nhtrng gia trj nghe thuat. Hidu sau, bieu thau nhtrng gia trj dich Ihyc cua van hgc dan gian ciia ngudi Viet, chiing ta cang them ty bao ve con ngudi Viet Nam vdi ban ITnh ridng, ca tinh, dac tinh sang tao thich hgp rieng khdng gidng, khdng the hda trdn, nham lan vdi cac nen van hda khae. Ket luan Tuy vide nghien ciru so sanh iruyen cd tich Viet - Han mdi d mire do ban dau nhung cd the tam ket mdt sd van de so bd nhu sau: 1. Ve phuang dien ndi dung, Iruyen cd tich ciia ngudi Viet va ngudi Han deu luu gitr nhtrng net dep vd van hda, phan anh rd nhtrng tin ngudng, phong tyc, nhtrng Id hdi va ddi sdng vat chat eiia dan gian hai nudc. Truyen cd tich bai nude mang tinh giao dye cao va dugc the bien mdt each rd net, sinh ddng. Khi giai thich thien nhien, tac gia dan gian bao gid cung Idng vao trong dd ndi dung xa bdi - nhan sinh. Cac quan he trong gia dinh, xa hdi eung dugc phan anh rat sinh dgng, rd net nhu mdt ndi dung ca ban cua thd loai cd tich. Quan be ay that da dang va phirc tap bao gdm quan he vua tdi, cha con, chdng vg, ban be, anh em, thay trd, quan he gitra me chdng - nang dau, dja chu - ndng dan gin lidn vdi sy ddi lap giiia giau ngheo, xau tdt, thien ac. 2. Vd khia canh nghe thuat, khi sang tao tmyen cd tich, ca ngudi Viet va ngudi Han ludn dat ten iruyen mang tinh dd nhd, dd hidu va don gian. Khi xay dung nhan vat thi chu trgng den hanh ddng nhan vat, coi nhe ngi tam va ngoai hinh ciia nhan vat. The gidi nhan vat vdi nhidu kidu nhan vat khae nhau. mdi kieu nhan vat ben canh nhtrng dac diem chung cdn ed nhtrng dac diem rieng the bien sy sang tao tai tinh cua ngudi xua, dem tdi nhieu bat ngd, cam xue cho ngudi nghe. ngudi dgc. Cdi Iruyen don tuyen, cac he thdng sy kien dugc ke lai ggn gang, don gian ve sd lugng, lap Irung vao hanh ddng, linh each cua nhan vai. Cdt truyen dugc cau tao bang chudi hanh ddng ciia cac nhan vat va Ihudng cd md dau. dien bien. ket thiic. Thdi gian va khdng gian it lien quan den tinh each nhan vat. Yeu td than ky trong truyen cd tich ddng vai trd mdt thii phap quan trgng bd trg nhan vat chinh va thuc day cho cdt Iruyen phat trien. Nhieu motif ciing xuat hien trong truyen cd tich hai nudc, la san pham ciia tri tudng tugng, ciia sy quan sat cugc sdng xa hdi, lam ndi bat dac trung ciia the loai truyen cd lich ndi rieng, truyen cd dan gian ndi chung. 3. Mac dil truyen cd lich Viet Nam, Han Qudc cd nhieu net tuang ddng ve ndi dung song van cd nhung khae biel. Sy khae biet dd dugc the hien qua nhirng tin ngudng, phong tue. Id hdi mang ban sac rieng ciia mdi dan tdc. Cd tin ngudng, phong tue, le hdi chi cd trong ddi sdng tinh than ciia ngudi Viet ma khdng cd trong ddi sdng linb than ciia ngudi Han. Ddng thdi eae yeu td van hda vdi nhirng vj tri, y nghTa khae nhau, mang sac thai dam nhat khae nhau d mdi nudc da gdp phan tao nen nhtrng quan he gia dinh, xa hdi mang nhieu net khae biel. 4. So sanh truyen cd tich ngudi Viet vdi truyen cd tich ngudi Han, chiing la thay dugc net rieng trong nghe thuat ciia truyen cd tich hai nude ve xay dung nhan vat, thdi gian va khdng gian. yeu td than ky. ket Ibiic NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl, s6 6(100) 6-2009 67 [...]... nen vdn hod Trieu Tien Nxb Tre, TP.Hd Chi Minh 5 Dai hge Qude gia Ha Ngi-Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van -Khoa Dong Phuong bgc (2006), Tap hgp cdc bed gidng chuyen de Hdn Qudc hgc Ha Ngi 6 Dinh Gia Khanh (chii bien) (2001), Vdn hoe ddn gian Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Ha Ngi 7 Jeon Hye Kyung (2005), Nghien cuu so sdnh truyen cd Hdn Qudc vd Viet Nam thdng qua tim hieu su tich ddng vdt, Nxb Dai hgc...Nghien ciiu khoa hqc truyen va cac motif Euan hdi va sd menh ciing vdi yen td than ky thudng dugc sir dung, la nhtrng phuang tien nghe thuat hiru hieu de ngudi Viet md rdng khdng gian va thdi gian truydn ke, hd trg nhan vat va giup eho edt truydn phat trien den ket thue cd hau Trong ket thiic ay, ngudi Viet thudng cd sy thudng phat rach rdi, khdng cd sy khoan nhugng va chung sdng hda... eau hda md cua hdi nhap kinh te qudc te trd thanh trao Imi ehung cho the gidi Viet Nam, Han Qudc ddu hda minh vao ddng chay chung cua thdi dai, mang lai eho dat nudc su phat trien, phdn thjnh hon Qua so sanh truyen cd tich cua ngudi Viet va truyen cd tich ciia ngudi Han (qua tai lieu djeh), mac dii chua the khai quat het cac dac didm eua ed tich hai dan tdc nay, nhung budc diu tae gia cung da chi ra... tin Hai ngoai Han Quoc (2003), Hdn Qudc ddt nude - eon ngudi Nxb Thd Gidi, Ha Ngi 13 Nguyen Ba Thanh (1996), Tuang ddng vdn hod Viet Nam - Hdn Qudc, Nxb Van boaThong lin Ha Ngi NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 . chung, son truyen ed tich va ciing dugc luu lai trong kho sat ciia ddi trai tai gai sac. 60 NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl. SO 6(100) 6-2009 Nghien ciiu khoa. Nhdt-dg va bai Tic nhiin, Su tich ddm Mice, Su tich song Nhd-be, Tgi sao sdng T6-lich va song Thiin-phii hep lgi?. Nhtrng tac phim nay da the