Báo cáo khoa học: So sánh tự giác văn học của Thi Tăng Đinh Lê, Lý với thi tăng đường, tống pot

TRI^T HOC, S (225), T H A N G 2-2010 SO SANH "mClAC VAN HOC" CUA THI TANG DINH, LE, LY vAl THI TANG DUfiTNG, TONG TifiU Lfi HOA ^> * So sanh "tit gidc vdn hgc" ciia thi tdng Dinh, Li, Ly vdi thi tdng Dudng, Tdng, phdn tha nhdt ndy, trOdc hi't, bdi vii't di cap tdi "Nhdn duyin vdn hgc Phdt gido Viet Nam - Trung Quoc" Theo tde gid, tO giOa theky VII, quan hi giOa gidi Phdt gido Trung Quo'e vd Viet Nam ngdy cdng mat thii't Sit giao litu vdn hda Phdt gido ndy khong chi co ich cho viic hgc tap thd Dudng vd thuc ddy sU phdt triin vdn hgc co dien Viet Nam, md gop phdn ldm nin cong lao "vdn tri" (dimg vdn degiO nOdc) vd dia vi trgng yi'u cda thi tdng ba triiu Dinh, Le, Ly Nhan d u y e n v a n hoc Phat giao Viet N a m - Trung Quoc vao thdi ky Dfldng, Td'ng cua Trung Qud'c, Viet Nam dfldc goi la "An Nam" So vdi sfl phat trien Phat giao tai cae qud'e gia thuoe ban dao Trung Nam (Ddng Nam A) khac, trfldng hdp Viet Nam vd cung dac thu Khoang the ky thfi II TCN, Trung Qud'c da lap quan tai dat Linh Nam; thdi gian dd, cd tfidng nha Han la Trieu Da tfi lap vfidng qud'c Viet Nam, mud'n sat nhap cac nadc nhd lan can lai de do'i khang vdi dg' qud'e Trung Hoa, nhang lai hi diet vong nam 111 TCN Tfi dd ve sau, Trung Qud'e chinh thfie thd'ng tri Viet Nam khoang hdn 1000 nam, cho dg'n lap nfidc An Nam ddc lap d gifia the ky thfi X Phat giao dfidc truygn ba tfi An Do vao Giao Chi rat sdm, nhfing ehi ehinh thfie ed dfidc anh hadng rong Idn xa hoi Viet Nam sau phadng phap Thien Trung Qudc du nhap vao Khong ro mot hai dong Thien thdi ky d i u ci Viet Nam la Ty ni da lau chi (tfic la ddng Vo Ngdn Thong) cd phai la la'y Kinh va hoc 24 tap vdi To thfi ba cua phai Thien Trung Qud'c la Tao Dong (?- 606) hay khong, nhfing sfi phat trien cua ca hai ddng Thien ddu chiu anh hfidng sau sic eua van hda Trung Qud'c, didu khdng cd gi phai nghi ngd(l) Giai doan hfidng ve phia Ddng hinh he thd'ng tfi eua dan toe Viet Nam tfidng fing vdi thdi ky tfl T i n Han cho de'n Td'ng sd(2) va ci giai doan nay, giao lfiu gifla hai vflng da't Viet - Trung khdng chi gidi h a n ci linh vflc ton giao "Giao chau" thdi ky Luc trieu cua Trung Qud'e, p h i n dong tri thflc danh tieng Trung Nguygn di lanh n a n tai nfidc Sd, ma tao sfi thuc day manh me phong (*) Giao sU, Khoa Van hpc Trung Quoc, Dai hpc Quoc gia Dai Loan (1) Xem them: [Nhat] Nhom Ly Dao Diic Hing, Du V^n Cii dich Dong A Phat giao khai thuyet (Dai Bac: Hoa Vii xua't ban xa, 1985), The gidi.Phdt gido danh trQ dich tdng, quyen 56, chiidng 'That giao Viet Nam" (chiidng Xuyen Ban Bang Ve viet), tr.255-328 (2) Vu Hii6ng Dong "Nhiing giai doan phat trien va mot so' dac trUng ciia lich sfi tii txibng Viet Nam", Hgc bdo Dgi hgc Trinh Chdu (ban Khoct hgc Triet hgc xd hdi), so 3/2001, tr.72-77 s o S A N H "Ty-QlAC V A N H O C - C I J A T H I T A N G DINH, LE, LY trao van hoa, hoc thuat dia phfidng(3) Cho den gifla nha Dfldng, tham ehi vung d i t An Nam da ed ngfldi ten la Khfldng Cdng Phu dd tig'n sy va linh nhsln ehfle vu tridu dinh quan Sach Todn Dudng vdn cd ghi lai bai phu Bgch vdn chieu xudn hdi cua Khfldng Cdng Phu va Ddi triic ngon ciic gidn sdch Trong cac tri thfie An Nam, Khfidng Cdng Phu chinh la ngfidi d i u tidn ed tae pham dfidc ghi vao sfi sach Trung Qud'e(4) Nhfing vdi ndn thd ea coi sfi phong phu cua so Ifidng nhfi ddi Dfidng, qua Todn Dudng vdn, lai ehi tha'y chep mot "cfi nhan trieu Y Tdng" khdng ro ten tudi da vig't Tha An Nam sU thi (mot vi quan An Nam theo ddi nghigp thd) ma thdi(5) Tuy nhign, dd la nhin nhan tfi gde Trung Qud'e, chi la sfi thu thap tien kigu "long phfidng, vud't lan", chfi khdng ed nghia la ndn thd ea ban dia An Nam ehi la mot khoang khdng vang lang Vay tinh hinh phat trien thd ea ban dia An Nam sao? Can he gi vdi gidi tu sy Phat giao khdng? Do khd khan ve tfi lieu van ban nen de'n nay, moi nghien efiu mdi ehi dfing lai d mfic suy doin Lfl Sy Bing viet Viet Nam thdi ky Bac thugc tflng la'y ban Dudng thU cfl, mdi va Todn Dudng thi lam tfl lieu khao sat ehinh, tap trung nghign efiu "van hda hoc thuat An Nam ddi Dfidng"(6) Cdn Trinh Vinh Thfidng, trgn ed sd nghign efiu eua Lfl Sy Bing, da di vao ehi tidt hdn vd Tinh hinh phong trao thd ca nhd DUdng chuyen dich xuo'ng An Nam{l) Qua nghign cflu ve thd ca An Nam eua hai t i e gia nay, dai khai co the quy nap va suy luan miy diem sau day: Tha nhdt, van sy ndi tie'ng ddi Dfldng tflng l i n h nan ci An Nam tinh cd Vfldng Phuc Chi, Do Thim Ngdn va Tham Thuygn Ky, ho hoac day ehfl tai day, hoac lflu truydn tae pham, da anh hadng len sii hang thinh eua van hda hoe thuat An Nam(8); hdn (3) Toan bp sii lieu lien quan, co the xem: LQ Si Bang, Viet Nam thdi ki Bac thugc - Mot lich sQ cua quan he Trung Viet (Hudng Cang: Sci nghien ctfu Tan A Dai hpc Trung van Hong Kong), 1964, chiidng 3, tiet "Van phong va hpc thuat Giao Chau", tr - 1 (4) Nhflng van hien va ly giai lien quan den Khiidng Cong Phu, xem them: Trinh Vinh ThUdng Su trdi day cua vdn hgc chUHdn tgi An Nam, (Dai Bac: Dai Loan thUdng vu an thU quan, 1987), chiidng 4, thien "Tinh hinh phong trao thd ddi Diidng chuyen dich xuo'ng An Nam", tr.45-49 (5) Y Tong trieu eii tii Thich An Nam sii thi viet: "PhUdng Nam khong chon quan lai, la cai thua ciia Giao Chi ta Bi xam lang lien ba bo'n nam trdi, la cai nhuc eua Giao Chi ta Nha Nho thoi lui, ke vii lit thi nhieu len Quan dung day ea thien ha, chien tu6ng day vang ngpc Boc lot khien dan dau kho, Dinh phan de si huSng loc Quan Hiia Xudng oai phong, trung vii diing hdn het De'n thi gay gio van linh cU3i ngUa, Ngiing thi quay nau thit an Nhiing quan tan ac trcl ve, Ca ngan van gia dinh khoe than Tie'ng ihUdng dau dong lang x6m, Khi oan than mii cao Ai ma nghe dUdc tie'ng tran, Khong the khong xem mui ten vang Cang nghi cang chay nii6c mat, Xa xoi xanh ngat dong song Dinh" Bdc mgng toa ngon viet "Trieu Y Tong, An Nam khong diidc vo ve nfla, lao dong binh dich, C ke si tii nghe dUde chuyen hai nghin quan Hiia O chet b da't la, nen eo thd de cham biem, ngam nga, biet la ma't chflc, gay chuyen vi nUde minh vay" Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cuo'n 22, quyen 784 (6) Lfl Si Bang Viet Nam thdi ki Bdc thugc - Mot lich sQ ciia quan he Trung Viet (Hudng Cang; S5 nghien cflu Tan A Dai hpc Trung van Hong Kong), 1964, chfldng 3, tiet "Van phong va hoc thuat Giao Chau", tr.135-140 (7) Trinh Vinh Thfldng SU trdi day cda van hgc chQ Hdn tgi An Nam, (Dai Bac: Dai Loan thfldng vu an thfl quan, 1987), chfldng 4, tr.42-56 (8) Lay bai Lu ngu An Nam cua D6 Tham Ngon lam thi du, viet "Giao Chi thu phong hau, Han tri noan phuc thoi Trong dong sdn qua thuc, Chinh nguyet da hoa khai" (Giao Chi phong tue va hau dac thii Lanh cham troi a'm giuc t6i Gifla dong hoa qua chin, Thang hoa dai n3) "Tich vu sinh hon vu, Khinh sfldng chan loi Co hfldng du van li, Khach tfl boi tong lai" Co the thay dfldc tam tinh cua cfl khach Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cuon 3, quyen 62 (Bac Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cu, 1960), tr.734 25 TIEU LE HOA nfla, cac quan thfi sii hay hd ddng quan phdng thu An Nam, nhfl Cha Toai Ladng, Td'ng Chi Di, Ma Thong, Ma Thiic, Cao Bien deu ed sang tac(9) Tha hai, ngadi Dadng thich xadng hoa, ed dd'i phai ed dap Qua cie bai thd tang tiin ban An Nam, n h a Cung Phung Dinh phdp sU quy An Nam (Cung Phung Dinh Phap sa trd ve An Nam)(10) cua Dadng Cii Nguygn, Trung Sdn tdng sU Nhdt Nam{ll) ciia Tradng Tich, Tiin phdp sU An Nam Duy Gidm va Tiin Hodng NhU Tdn trd vi An Nam{12) ciia Gia Dao, v.v., ed thg suy doan so' ladng nha thd ban dia la khdng it, dd cd khdng it thi tang, n h a "sa Nhat Nam", "Dinh phap sa", "phap sa Duy Giam", v.v Tha ba, Sach Todn Dadng vdn chep mot "cut nhan trieu Y Tdng" khdng ro ten tuoi vie't Tha An Nam sU thi, dung thg thd cau nam chfi cd de quan xuyen cae noi dung nghi luan, cham big'm, giai biy, v.v., cho t h i y mot sfi bat d i u eua truyen thd'ng '^ngdn e h f (dung thd van dg ndi chi) sfi phat trien thd ca An Nam Hdn nfla, ngoai viec cac t i c pham ciia Dd Phu(13), Bach Cfl Di(14), Dadng Hanh(15), (9) Tflc la'y Cao Biln v i cac tho ca lien quan a An Nam lam thi du Bai Xu An Nam nhi ki Dai tU vie't: ' T i n g khu van ma thiidng thien son, Phong khfl van hoi khuynh k h i c gian Kim nhat hai mon nam di^n sfl, Mac giao hoan tfl phupng lam quan" (Tfl thuc van ngiia len nui trdi, Gio di may tdi choc lat Horn a cfla bien nhin ve phia nam, ChSng hen ma gio'ng nhu cl ciia quan PhUOng Lam) Ngoai co bai An Nam tong Tao biet sac quy trieu: "Van thuy thiidng mang nhat due thu, Da yen tham xfl cha co sSu Tri quan van ly triiu thien khfl, Vi thuyet chinh nam di ngu thu" (MSy nU3c menh mong mat trdi s i p ISn, Khoi md xa chim ngoi keu s l u BiS't ngUdi van dam ve lai nUdc, de noi viec di phia nam da nam thu) Xem: Todn Budng thi, cuon 18, quyen 598 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960), tr.6919-6922 (10) Dfldng Cfl Nguyen Cung Phung Binh phdp sii quy An Nam viet: "Co hfldng Nam Vi$t ngoai, Van ly bach van j)hong Kinh luan tfl thien khfl, Hfldng hoa nhap hai phung" (Ngoai co hfldng Nam Viet, Van U nui t r i n g may Kinh luan tfl ta di ve chan trdi, Hfldng hoa nhap vao vdi 26 ngon song) "Lo dao t h a n h phan tri§t, Than cac h6a t h a n h trung Tam dao Trfldng An mach, Giao chau hau da chung" Xem: Todn DUcfng thi, cu5'n 10, quyIn 333 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa t h u cue, 1960), tr.3722 (11) TrUdng Tich bai Sdn t r u n g tang Nhat Nam tSng viet: "Doc hudng song phong lao, Tiing mon be Ifldng nhai Phien kinh thUdng tieu digp, Quai nap lac d i n g hoa Trflu thach tan khai tinh, Xuy§n lam tfl chung t r i Thdi phung hai nam khach, Man ngfl va'n thiiy gia" (Nha kep gifla hai ngon nui, Cfla tung cai then dong Gici kinh tren la chuoi, Treo ao tang lam rdi hoa Due da lam gieng mdi, Xuyen rflng tfl t r i Khi gap khach Hai Nam, Dung tieng Man (tie'ng ngudi phUdng Nam) hoi nha ai) Xem: Todn Diidng thi, cuo'n 12, quyen 384 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thu cue, 1960, tr.4308 (12) Gia Dao bai To'ng An Nam Duy Gidm phdp sii viet: "Giang kinh xuan dien K, Hoa nhilu ngfl sang phi Nam Hai ki hdi do, Cflu sdn lam lao quy Xuc phong huong ton i n , Chiem vu khanh sinh y Van thiiy lo diiu de, Vang lai tieu tflc hi" (Giang kinh dign xuan, Hoa bay vong tren giUdng ngii Nam Hai ma'y iSn tdi Nui cu tudi gia quay ve d, Mfla tha'm Udt ao, Duong may heo hut Tin tflc qua lai it 6i" Bai To'ng Hodng Tri tdn phu An Nam viet: "Tri niiih t r i m ^m bien Phi doc khue giang hoa Dia viin lo xuyen hai, Xuan quy dong dao gia Hoa sdn nan tuyet, Chfldng thd ba't sinh tra Tri quyet thu lai \iM, Tudng phiing ki thfldng xa" ^ i n h ao chim nidu, Khong phai chi co mot khiic ca giang hoa Da't rong dUdng xuyen bien Xuan di dong mdi tdi nha Nui liia kho rdi tuyet, Da't cin kho tra Da quyg't tinh miia thu de'n, Ngay tuong phung ra't xa) Xem: Todn Diidng thi, cuo'n 17, quyin 572, 573 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thU cue, 1960), tr.6639-6665 (13) D Phu ChU tUdng so vie't: "Hoi thu Phu Tang dong tru tieu, Minh minh phan tam vi toan tieu Viet ThUdng phi thuy vo tigu tflc Nam Hai minh chau cflu tich ligu Thu tich t i n g vi dai Tu ma, Tdng nhung giai sap thi trung dieu Vigm phong soc tuyet thien vuong dia, Chi tai trung t h i n duc trieu" (Mat hfldng Phfl Tang kie'm cot ddng U linh chfldng v i n xong Chim phi thuy Viet Thfldng ching co tin tflc Xfla tflng dfldc ban chflc Dai tfl ma Quye'n binh tay bon can vUdng Tuyet b i e gi6 nam deu da't cliua Trieu dinh cay bac trung lUdng) Xem: Todn Diidng thi, cuoh 7, quyen 230 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thu cue, 1960), tr.2512 (14) Bach Cu Di bai Hong anh vu Thiidng scfn 16 phiing vie't: "An Nam viin tig'n hdng anh vu, S i c tu dao hoa ngfl tu nhan VSn chUdng bign hue giai nhu thfl Long giam nien xua't die than" (Xfl An Nam xa xoi edng nop vet do, sic dep nhu hoa dao noi nhu ngfldi Nhiing ke tai gioi vSn chUdng cung nhu the', Ldng son biet tdi nam nao mdi thoat than) Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cuo'n 13, quyen 438 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thu cue, 1960), tr.4780 (15) Duong Hanh bai Tong Vuang tu tdi vdng An Nam viet: "Quan vi thao hai khach, Khach 15 thfly am thai Kinh sa nghi sdn Kg mirih tign kig'n nhat Sd sai hdi trao van, Boi kg't U tinh mat Vo t h a m Hdp Phd chau, Niem thu Giang Lang qua't" (Ngudi la khach trgn biln, Dudng la ngudi quen Gap ca kinh bong tfldng la niii, Ga gay tha'y mat trdi Ca t h a n quay chgo vg muon Kg't giao nhieu chia tay bin rin Khdng t h a m ngpc Hop Phd, Chi gifl lai cay qutft Giang Lang) Xem: Todn Budng thi, cudn 14, quyIn 465 (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960), tr.5283 so SANH "TI;GIAC VAN HOC CUA THI TANG DINH, LE, LY Hung Nhu Dang(16), v.v Todn Dadng thi ed thd bd sung thgm cho luan didm nhieu van sy ndi tig'ng ddi Dadng tiing lanh nan d An Nam n h a da ndi, sach An Nam chi lUdc dadc hoan khoang thap nign thfi ba eua thg' ky XTV bdi sfi gia An Nam Lg Tie ghi chep ring, tfi Ddng Han ddn nha Td'ng, 36 tri thfie Trung Nguygn bi di day hay quan thuc d An Nam, tfi cud'i Dfidng ve trfidc chig'm dg'n 33 ngfidi(17); hien tfidng ed anh hfidng den sfi phat trign van hda An Nam hay khdng cflng dang de tim hieu Mot diem dae biet khig'n ta phat hien mue tigu la, eac dd'i tfldng dfldc tang thd ndi d diem thfi hai, thi tang chidm ty le tfidng ddi cao Diem nay, neu cd thg phan anh kdt cau eua nen thd ea An Nam viec ddi chieu van hda Trung - Viet thi se dem lai mot hfidng tim tdi khdng d i bo qua Tfi gifia thd ky VII, quan he gifia gidi Phat giao Trung Qud'e va An Nam cang mat thig't Qua cae bai thd Tien sU di An Nam{18) ciia Quan Hfiu, Tiin Vdn Khanh thUdng nhdn di An Nam eua Ly Ddng(19), v.v cd thd tha'y boat dong giao lfiu sdi ndi eua cae sfi tang Trung Nguygn vdi vung An Nam xa xoi Vdi sfi tang An Nam sang Trung Quoc, ngoai ke't giao rong rai ban hflu, edn la giao lflu vdi hoang de, cung nhfl vdi ra't nViieu cfl sy kigm nha thd, nhfl vdi Dfldng Cfl Nguygn, Trfldng Tich, Gia Dao, v.v da ndi d diem thfi ba Ban than sfi giao lfiu gifla nha sfl An Nam vdi nha thd Trung Nguygn da cho tha'y ring, no cd ich cho viec hoe tap thd Dfldng va thuc d i y sfl p h i t trien van hoc cd dien Viet Nam(20) Trong bd'i canh dd, bai viet thao luan vd thi tang (cung chinh la tri thflc tang) ba triiu Dinh, Le, Ly ed dfldc dia vi cao quy lich sii An Nam cung khong lam bat ngd Cong lao " v a n t r i " ( d u n g v a n de gifl nfidc) c u a t h i t a n g ba t r i e u Dinh, Le, Ly c u a An N a m Ba tridu Dinh (968-1009), Le (10101054), Ly (1055-1225) eua An Nam tadng flng vdi Td'ng Thai To nam Khai Bao thfi nhat cho ddn nam thfi 18 Td'ng Ninh Tdng Gia Dinh d Trung Qudc(21), la giai doan d i u cua vfidng qud'c An Nam doc lap Trong thdi ky nay, du vd mat van (16) Hung Nhu Dang Td'ng Md phdn quan xu An Nam vie't: "Cd nhan Giao Chi khfl tdng quan, flng tieu cuong sinh huy tran van Tinh die Sai chau kim nhat sfl, Cflu t i n g ho trfldng tien van" (Ngfldi cu tdng quan di Giao Chi, Nen cfldi ke cuong xong vao tran Khi tinh da la chuyen Sai chau hdm nay, Trfldc trfldng nghe chuyen xfla tflng dd hd An Nam), Bai Ki An Nam Md Trung Chiing vie't: "Long thao nang chi hd phu phan, Van li sfldng dai ye'm chfldng van Phien khach ba't tu sau hai Id, Ba than kim phuc ma tfldng quan" (Tai thao Ifldc nhfl rong hd, Dai sfldng van li at may chfldng Khach bien khdng can phai budn vi dfldng bien Than sdng nep minh trfldc Ma tfldng quan) Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cud'n 14, quyen 476 (Bac Kinh: T'rung Hoa thfl cue, 1960), tr.5420 - 5421 (17) [Viet] Le Tie viei, Vu Thfldng Thanh hieu chinh An Nam chi lUdc (Bic Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1995), tr.250-269 (18) Quan Hflu bai Tdng tang chi An Nam vie't? "An Nam thien van li, Sfl khfl thu trfldng Ta'n hflu viem chau tuyet, Tam vi di qudc hfldng Thd'i nha sdn tfldng d' Qua hai bd pham hoang Tao tac quy Ngd ke, Vd vong phu m i u hfldng" (An Nam nghin van dam, Sfl di xa biet bao Tdc mai da diem tuyet Viem chau, Ldng hfldng nfldc la Rang rung lam voi nui then Vfldt bien budm vai tung Sdm ed y quay ve Ngd, Khdng quen que hfldng cha me) Xem: Todn Dudng thi, cud'n 23, quyen 833 (Bac Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960) tr.9393 (19) Ly Ddng Tdng Vdn Khanh thuang nhdn du An Nam viet: "Xuan vang Hai Nam bien, Thuvan ban da trien Kinh thdn tay ban thuy, Dao tfl phan chfl qud'c, Tinh cdng nhat thien Trfldng An khflde hdi nhat, Tflng yem cflu ghdng tien" Xem: Todn DUdng thi, cud'n 21, quyen 721 (Bac Kinh: Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1960), tr.8271 (20) Vu Tai Chieu "Nhap the' ciia Phat giao lich sii Viet Nam va sii san sinh, phat trien ciia van hoc eo dien Viet Nam", Dong Nam A nghien ci?u, sd 2/2006, tr.65 (21) Tai day dfla vao Tran Hinh Hda [Nhat] hieu chinh Ban Dai Viet svi ki todn thU hieu chinh ( [ ^ ^ ^ X l ^ ' t ^ ^ :^ thupc Ddng Kinh dai hpc Ddng Dfldng van hoa nghien cflu sci - Hdi ddng "phat hanh tap chi, 1984 - 1986) 27 TifiU LE HOA hda hay chinh tri, nha sfi ddu ddng vai trd quan Vdi tinh trang Tiet sfi trung fidng cud'i Dfldng khdng thd khd'ng che ed hieu qua sii phan khang cua eic liic ladng dia phadng An Nam, dg'n sau nha Dadng diet vong An Nam cing rdi vao tinh trang cae the liic tranh cha'p quyen liic chinh tri keo dai(22) Do cae ngdi chua tranh xa dade cie hau qua tranh chip dd, ngn eac boat dong giao due van hda phai diia nhidu vao eac nha sa, "cac nha sa khdng ehi la nha truyen ba Phat hoc, ma ddng thdi cdn la nha truyen b i H i n hoc"(23) Trong thdi ky d i u diing nade An Nam ddc lap, dg'n nam Thai Ninh thfi (1075) ddi Ly Nhan Tdng mdi b i t d i u td chfic thi tuyen, xay dfing he thd'ng quan chfic hanh ehinh(24), cho nen "van tri" phai dfia nhieu vao eac nha sfi Nhfi Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dfic Niem) dan each ndi ciia hoe gia Viet Nam Hoa Bing r i n g : "Cae Thien sfi ganh trach van tri, truyen giao, ngoai giao, ca dg'n edng van thfi tfi gfii nha Td'ng deu eac Thien sfi Do Phap Thuan, Ngd Chan Lfiu, v.v vig't, dd ma ho deu la cac nhan vat thd van kiet x u i t trieu Dinh, Lg"(25) Ldi eua Hoa B i n g ed the dfidc xac nhan qua cac sach Dgi Viet sa ky todn thU, Dgi Nam Thiin uyen truyin ddng luc, v.v Hd Huyen Minh d i n nhflng ghi chep Dgi Nam Thiin uyin truyin ddng luc ring, eac Thien sfl Dd Phap Thuan (916-992) va Ngd Chan Lflu (Khudng Viet, 930-1012), vai trd va trinh hoe thfie ciia minh, nhan dfidc sfi tdn cua cae nha cam quyen luc ba'y gid va thfie tg', eac nha sfi tham gia edng viec chinh tri trieu dinh(26) Qua viec Dgi Viet svi ky todn thU ghi ehgp viec di sfi An Nam cua Ly Giac nam thfi ddi 28 Td'ng Ung Hi (987) co the thi'y ra't cu thd, md'i lien quan gifla "nha thd bac hoc" va "ngfldi tai giup vua" D6 Phap Thuan, cflng nhfl vige Ngo Chan Lflu vdi tfl each "thig'u nghiep Nho" (nha Nho nhd) tham gia "vige chinh tri, quan sfl eua trieu dinh" nhfl the nao (22) Xem them: Lii Si Bang Viet Nam thdi ki Bdc thudc - Mdt lich sit cua quan hi Trung Viet (Hfldng Cang: Sol nghien cflu Tan A Dai hpc Trung van Hdng Kdng), 1964, chfldng 3, tiet "Van phong va hpc thuat Giao Chau", tr 140-148 (23) Tai day theo quan diem cua Trinh Vinh Thfldng Xem: Sii trdi day cua vdn hgc chU Hdn tgi An Nam ciia dng, thien 3, chfldng "Van hpc chfl Han hai trieu Dinh, Le", tr.61 (24) Xem [Thanh] Nhdm Tran Van Vi bien soan, Khdm Dinh Viet sit thdng gidm ciidng muc (Dai Bac, Nxb Thfl vien qud'c lap trung fldng, Hiep hdi kinh te van hoa Trung Viet, 1969) quyen 3, tr.684-685 (25) Xem Hd Huyen Minh (Thi'ch Dflc Nipm), Nghien cOu vdn hoc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, hxka van tien si ciia Sb nghien cflu van hpc thudc vien qudc lap chinh tri Trung Qud'c, 1978, tr 107-108 va chu thich (26) Nay xin dan lai nhflng chuyen ghi chep ve Dd Phap Thuan va Ngd Chan Lflu nhfl sau: "Khdng ro Thien sfl Phap Thuan chua Cd Sdn la ngflcli the nao? Ho Dd, hpc rong gidi thd, cd tai phu giup vua, ndi danh dfldng thdi Thuci nhd xua't gia, dfldc sfl Long Thu giup dd Khi dac phap, ndi ldi nao deu hdp vdi sa'm vi Khi nha Le mdi b i t dau sang nghiep, tru van dinh chinh sach, t h a m dfl nhieu cdng sfle Khi thien thai binh, khdng nhan phong thflSng Le Dai Hanh hoang de lai cing trpng vpng, thfldng khdng gpi ten ma gpi la Dd Phap Thuan, ganh vac viec van hpc" ' T h a i sfl Khudng Viet chua Phat da thdn Cat Ldi b Thfldng Lac, xfla cd ten Chan Lflu, ngflcli Cat Ldi Hp Ngd, eon chau vua Ngd Thuan Tfldng mao dep de, chi hfldng phi thfldng Thdng dao Nho nhiing theo dao Thich, cung vdi ban hpc tru tri, md chua Khai Qud'c tren nui Van Phong thu gidi Do da n i m het cac diem can ed't ciia sach vd Thien, n a m 40 tudi danh vang tdi trieu dinh, Dinh Tien Hoang mdi vao cung, bai lam tang thd'ng Nam Dai Binh thfl hai (970), dfldc ban hieu Khudng Viet dai sfl Le Dai Hanh hoang dd^ lai cang kinh ll, cac vi§c quan qudc trieu, sfl deu t h a m dfl" Xem Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cOu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, luan vSn tien si cua Sd nghien cflu vSn hpc thudc vien qud'c lap chinh tri Trung Qudc, 1978, tr.108, 110 so S A N H "TIJGL^C V A N HOC" CUA THI T A N G DINH, LE, LY Lin di An Nam eua Ly Giac ehi each l i n d i u di sfi An Nam m i y thang Lin trfidc Ly Giac di vdi tfi each tien sy Qudc tfi giam, cfing vdi Ta bd khuyg't Ly Nhfide Chuyg't, mang lenh bd nhiem Hoang de Lg Dai Hanh lam Tig't sfi l l n h hai quan thuoe 'Tjo may ho" eua nha Td'ng tai An Nam Vfia la dn dinh quan hg bign gidi, vfia la gifi gin tfi each, Hoang dd Lg Dai Hanh Ifia chon each ddn tidp Ly Giac dfidng nhign phai tigu phi khdng it tri liie Do Phap Thuan, mot vi tang thd ea xuat sic, gia trang "giang lenh" (quan trdng coi ben sdng) dfia Ly Giac "gioi ban van thd" qua sdng Dd Phap Thuan qua nhign khdng phu sfi uy t h i c nay, Ly Giac budt migng ngam nga, Phap Thuan ben gieo vin hoa lai b i n g mot cau thd: "Bgch mao luc thuy, Hong trgo bdi ba" (Ldng trang phd trdn nfidc xanh, Cheo hdng gat sdng trong), khig'n cho Ly Giac phai ng trong, khdng dam coi thfidng van minh An Nam, tham ehi edn ehu ddng tang lai thd de bigu dat thien y Cdn Dd Phap Thuan dem thd Ly Giac tang ve, Hoang de Lg Dai Hanh lien de Ngd Chan Lfiu giai thich cae y dd Ngd Chan Lfiu ehi thd an chfia y coi hai nfidc ngang nhau, ddng thdi viet bai hat Nggc Lang quy de tiin biet Ly Giac: "Tfidng quang phong hao cam pham trfidng, Dao vong t h i n tien phuc dd hfidng, Van trung sdn thuy thiep thfidng lang, C^u thign quy Id trfidng Tinh tham thiet, dd'i li thfidng, Phan luyg'n sfi tinh lang Nguygn tfidng tam y vi bign cfidng, Phan minh ta'u nga hoang"(27) (Anh sang lanh gid td't gifidng budm lua, Doi theo ding t h i n tien trd ve de hadng (qug cua hoang de, y chi Trung Qud'e), Ngan trung non nade vadt dai dadng, Dadng vd hfit dam trfidng Tinh t h i m thidt, cung nang chen rfidu biet li, C i m tay long v i n vfidng Xin dem y eua ngfidi bidn cfidng, minh td vdi hoang de) Viec Dd Phap Thuan va Ngd Chan Lfiu dd'i dap kheo leo khdng ehi hoan (27) Doan dfldc ghi chep toan van nhfl sau: "Nha Td'ng lai sai Ly Giac de'n chua Sach Giang (cdn gpi la chua Sach), vua sai phap sfl ten Thuan gia lam giang lenh de tiep ddn Giac rat gioi van thd, a'y ed hai eon vit ndi trfldc mat, Giac thich thu ngam thd: "Nga nga Ifldng nga nga, Ngfldng dien hfldng thien nheii" (Hai vit xinh dep, Ngfla cd nhin chan trdi) Phap Thuan dem am "cheo" mai cheo gieo van lai: "Bach mao luc thiiy, Hdng trao bai ba" (Ldng trang nfldc biee, Cheo hdng gat sdng trong) Giac lay lam ki la Khi ve chd nghi, Giac dem thd de tang lai: "Hanh ngd minh thi tan thinh du, Nha't than nhi dp sfl Giao chau Dong Ifldng biet tam luyen Nam Viet thien li vpng vi hflu Ma dap yen van xuyen lang thach, Xa tfl chfldng phiem trfldng lflu Thien ngoai hflu thien flng vien chieu, Khe trach ba tinh kien thiem thu" (May m i n dflpc gap ngfldi thd gidi dflc day, Mdt than hai lan di sfl Giao Chau Hai lan tfl biet Ddng dd long edn vfldng van, Nghin dam ngdng ve Nam Viet van ehfla thoi Ngfla dap khdi may vfldt nui trung, Nui bie'c dan xa Ngoai trdi cdn ed trdi can nhin rong, Nfldc dam song tinh thay e'ch mua thu) Thuan dem thd dang len cho vua xem Vua sai tang Ngo Khuong Viet dpc, Khudng Viet ndi: "Bai thd tdn be ngang vdi vua ciia dng ay" Vua vui mflng, tang qua Giac hau hinh Giac ta tfl de ve, vua chieu Khuong Viet lam bai tfl de tien, bai tfl viet: "Tfldng quang phong hao cdm phdm trUdng, Dao vgng thdn tien phuc de hUdng, Vgn triing sdn thiiy thiep thUdng ldng, Ciiu thien quy lg trUdng Tinh tham thiet, ddi li thUdng, Phdn luyen sic tinh lang Nguyen tUdng tdm y vi bien cUdng, Phdn minh tau ngd hodng" (anh sang lanh gid tdt gifldng budm lua, Doi theo da'ng than tien trd ve de hfldng (que ciia hoang de, y chi Trung Qud'c), Ngan trung non nfldc vfldt dai dfldng, Dfldng ve hut dam trfldng Tinh t h i m thiet, cflng nang chen rfldu biet li, Cam tay long van vfldng Xin dem y ciia ngfldi bien cfldng, minh td vdi hoang de) XemTran Hinh Hda [Nhat] hieu chinh, Hieu hop bdn Dgi Viet sit ki todn thU {'^W^'XW^'^ > ^ thudc Ddng Kinh dai hpc Ddng Dfldng van hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat hanh tap chi, 1984 1986) phan "Ban ki" quyen 1, tr 191-192 29 TIEU LE HOA nhiem vu ngoai giao mdt each vign man, ma cdn dat nen mdng cho md thfie tiep ddn sfi t h i n Trung Quoc: Ly Giac quay trd ve, Khudng Viet lam bai hat de tiin Theo sfi thu tiep vdi sfi nha Td'ng, nhieu cam tinh ve thd van Cii dep cua bai tfi du dg khoe ngfidi tai, tang thgm sfi tdn quoc the, cd the khuat phuc dfidc sfi phfidng Ble Sau dd, mdi l i n sfi phfidng Ble quay lai deu cd thd tang dd roi sing nhan van, ky thfie deu b i t dau tfl day ea(28) Cd the ndi, hai vi phap sfl cd vai trd dd'i vdi tridu dinh nhfl nhflng quan van Dac biet la Ngd Chan Lflu, tai tidn trieu Dinh Bd Linh, dng da dfldc vua phong la "Khudng Viet dai sfl"; cac sii gia ghi chep lai la trieu Ly Nhan Tdng sung Phat, tdn tang nhan lam qud'c sfl dg hoi viec chinh sfl, lai ndi: "Gid'ng nhfi Lg Dai Hanh dd'i vdi Ngd Khudng Viet vay"(29) Tao Si Bang tfing d i n ldi cung vdi mot sii lieu khac vd hoang de Le Ngoa Trieu de lam thi du chfing minh thdi dd tang lfl ddng vai "trieu t h i n " ben canh cie hoang dg'(30) Sau nha Dinh, Lg, den trieu Ly tang nhan cang cd quan he mat thiet va hflu dung dd'i vdi ngfldi c i m quydn, nhfl Van Hanh vdi Ly Thai To, Thao Dfldng vdi Ly Thanh Tdng, Khd D i u vdi Ly Nhan Tdng, Minh Khong vdi Ly T h i n Tdng, deu la'y than phan "qud'c sfl" de phu giup ehinh sfl: "trieu Ly tdng cong cd chin vi hoang de', ma nam vi d i u tidn (ngoai Thai Tdng) ddu cd "qud'c sfl" phu chinh, vdi nhflng sfl thie'u sdt sii heu Viet Nam thdi ky d i u ma ed sfl ghi chep nay, nfldc An Nam sau thoat ly khoi Trung Qud'e ed the dat mot cd sd dflng nfidc eiia minh, thi ehung ta cd the tfidng tadng sfie manh hd trd ma cac tin dd P h i t giao phai bo 30 giai doan dau"(31) Sfi quan sat cua Tao Si Bang v i n la'y nhflng khao cfi diy du lam cd sd, didu dng noi tdi s^ heu thidu sot ciing la sfi thfie Cung bdi vay, cho tdi nay, viec tang lfl trd giup van tri cho ba tridu Dinh, Lg, Ly nhfl the nao va lam de didu hda dfidc cac vai trd xuat the, nhap the v i n cdn dfidc biet den ra't it Mac du vay, tfl viec Do Phap Thuan va Ngd Chan Lfiu tiep ddn sfi nha Td'ng Ly Giac, chung ta v i n co the n h a n nang liie s i n g t i e va giai thich van hoc la nhfing nhan td yeu trd giup cho nha c i m quydn Cai goi la "SU Thudn thi phu, Tdng sa kinh di; Chdn Liiu ta dieu, danh chdn nhdt thdi" (thi phu cua Dd Phap Thuan khien sfi nha Td'ng kinh ngac; bai tfl eua Ngd Chan Lfiu vang danh mot thdi)(32) da the hien van tai cua cac phap (28) Gde tfl [Viet] P h a n Huy Chu Lich triiu hien chUdng logi chi, quyen 48; chuyen d i n tfl Tao Si Bang Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet Nam ba triiu Ly, Trdn, Le, dfldc lflu Trfldng Man Dao (chii bien), Phdt gido vd Chinh tri (Dai Bic, Dai thfla van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien dgi Phdt gido hgc thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61, t r l (29) Tran Hinh Hda [Nhat] hieu chinh, Hieu hdp ^ ^ bdn Dgi Viet sU ki todn thU {M^9'%'^-^ thudc Ddng Kinh dai hoc, Ddng Dfldng van hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat h a n h t a p chi, 1984 1986) p h i n "Ban kf' quyen 3, tr.251 (30) Tao a Bang Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet Nam ba triiu Ly, Trdn, Le, dfldc lflu Trfldng Man Dao (chii bien) Phat gido vd Chinh tri (Dai Bic, Dai thfla van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien dgi Phdt gido hgc thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61, tr.132-133 (31) Tao Si Bang Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet Nam ba trieu Ly, Trdn, Li, dfldc lflu Trfldng Man Dao (chii bien) Phdt gido vd Chinh tri (Dai Bic, Dai thfla van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien dgi Phdt gido hgc thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61, tr.l32147, doan dfldc d i n xem t r l (32) Gde b: hpc gia Viet Nam Le Quy Don (17261784) Kien vdn tieu luc D i n lai tfl: Ho Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cvtu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, luan vSn tien si ciia Sci nghien cCtu van hpc thupc viSn qudc lap chinh tri Trung Qudc, 1978, t r l l O - i l l s o S A N H "TUGLiC VAN HOC" CUA THI T A N G DINH, LE, LY sfi Ngoai hai vi sfi Do, Ngo, cdn ed Nguyin Van Hanh (939 - 1018) ed thd cho ta tha'y mot hinh thai khac eua sfi kdt hdp gifla thi tai tang lfl vdi chinh tri Van Hanh gioi vig't nhflng bai thd gid'ng nhfl i n ngfl, sa'm ki, nhfl "Thd mdc tfldng sinh ngan dfl kim, vi mflu nga u i n linh kham Dfldng thdi ngu k h i u thu tam tuyet, Trfle ehi vi lai ba't han tam", eac td hdp tfl la lung h i u nhfl khdng the giai doan Nhflng, cau d i u bai thd lai dung phfldng thflc chig't tfl dg i m ehi ho tgn, chinh la ke dfl mflu lam phan Dd Ngan dfldng thdi Tfldng truyen ring, sau ho Dd doc xong bai thd lidn bidt ring am mfiu cua minh da hi Van Hanh nhan ra(33) Ndi each khac, bai thd vd'n da big't trfidc doc gia la ai, Van Hanh lam thd thfie sfi de chfia dfing y dd chinh tri; viec Dd Ngan sd di doan dfldc ngu y dd cung cho tha'y loai van the cd tinh phd thdng vao thdi ba'y gid Didu dac biet c i n chu y la, loai van the ludn lidn quan dg'n sii giai nghia eac sii kien dai Vi nha, viec Dinh Bo Linh hi mau sat dadc cho la "so' trdi tii dinh", tfic la ed sfi lidn quan mat thidt tdi sim van; ma sa'm van sfi t r i n thuat cua sut gia lai fing hdp vdi nhflng ldi dfl bao eua tang nhan ve Dinh Bd Linh tfl sdm(34) Dien hinh hdn nfla la, lich sii md nfidc cua tridu Ly cd md'i rang budc chat che vdi sam thi Than the cua Ly Cdng Uan (Ly Thai Td') vd'n ed mau sac cfic ki huyen hoae(35); cung vdi dd, sii giai thich cua Nguyin Van Hanh dd'i vdi s i m thi ro rang cang cung ed' cho dia vi thay the hdp phap cua "Ly" vdi "Lg": "Ngay xfia, chau Co P h i p thdn Dign U i n C cay gao bi sgt dinh, ngfidi O lang doe thay nhfing dau tich ma set dd trgn cay gao la mot bai thd: "Thu can dieu dieu, Mdc bieu thanh, Hda dao mdc laeh, Thap bat tfi Ddng A nhap dia, mdc di tai sinh, Chan cung kig'n nhat, Doai cung an tinh Luc that nien gian, Thien thai binh" (Gd'e cay tham tham, Ngon cay xanh xanh, cay hda (lua) rung dao, Mfidi tam eon Ddng A vao dat, cay lai tai sinh, Phia ddng mat trdi moc, Phia tay nau minh Trong vdng sau bay nam nfla, Thidn thai binh) Tang Van Hanh tfl binh ring: "Ri (33) Thd dan va cae ghi chep lien quan xem: Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cUu vdn hgc Trung Qud'c vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, luan van tie'n si eiia Sd nghien cflu van hpc thudc vien qud'e lap chinh tri Trung Qud'c, 1978, tr.114-115 (34) "Thang 10 mua ddng nam thfl Thai Binh hflng qud'c nha Td'ng, vua hi ke hau cung Dd Thich giet b cung dinh, nhdm Dinh edng Nguyen Bac giet h i n Hdi dau, vua cdn han vi, thfldng cau ea b sdng Luc Thiiy, b i t dfldc vien ngpc Idn, dfla thuyen dd vao ben Dem ay, de nghi d chua Luc Thiiy, gia'u ngpc dfldi day spt, ddi sang dem ban ca Khi de mdi ngii say, chd spt phat anh sang la Tang chua ben hoi duyen ed, de cfl thflc ma tra ldi, rdi lay ngpc dfla xem Tang than ring: "Nha ngfldi nao dd se phu quy khdng sanh bing, nhflng han la phuc khong dfldc lau vay" Rdi nam Thai Binh thfl (974) cd bai sam la: "Dd Thich thi Dinh Dinh, Le gia xua't minh Hach dau da nhi, Dao Id tuyet nhan hanh Thap nhi xflng dai vfldng, Thap ac vd nha't thien Thap bat tfl dang thien, Ke dd nhi thap thien" Ngfldi ddi cho r i n g dd la sd' trdi da dinh vay" Xem: [Nhat] Tran Hinh hieu chinh Hieu hdp bdn Dgi Viet sii ki todn thU, (Ddng Kinh: 'MW^XMk-^ ^ ^thugc Dong Kinh dai hoc, Ddng Dfldng van hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat hanh tap ehi, 1984 - 1986), Phan "Ban ki", quyen 1, tr.l83 (35) [Nhat] Tran Hinh hieu ehinh, Hieu hdp bdn Dgi Viet sitki todn thU, (Ddng Kinh: 'W-W^XWi'^ > ^ thudc Ddng Kinh dai hoc, Ddng Dfldng van hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat hanh tap ehi, 1984 - 1986), "Ban ki" quyen 2, tr.207 31 TIEU LE HOA cay tham tham, r i la gd'e, go'c la d vua Dieu ddng am vdi ygu, ngn la ygu Mdc bieu thanh, bieu la gd'e, ngon la than Thanh vdi tinh g i n nhau, la tinh, nghia la thinh Hda dao moc la ehfl Lg Thap bat tfi la chfl Ly Ddng A la ho Trin; nhap dia la ngfldi phfldng Ble vao cfidp p h i Moc di tai sinh la ho Lg tai sinh Cha'n cung kie'n nhat, chin la phfidng ddng, kig'n la ra, nhat la thien tfi Doai cung i n tinh, doai la phfldng tay, an la mat, tinh la thfi nhan Cau ndi nghia la vua yg'u di be tdi thinh Idn, nha Lg xud'ng nha Ly lap, phfidng ddng cd thien tfi, phfidng tay ma't thfidng dan Trai qua sau bay nam, thien se thai binh"; rdi ndi vdi Ly Cdng Uan: "Gin day t h i n thay nhfing diem sam khac la, bie't nha Ly manh Idn va ta't se hfing nghiep Nay xem k h i p thien ha, ho Ly nhieu nhat, nhfing khdng khoan hau nhan thfi dfidc n h a dng, cd dadc long ngadi Neu n h a nam quyen binh thi lam ehu van dan Ng'u khdng phai dng thi lam ndi viec dd? T h i n da hdn 70 tudi, chi mong khdng chg't sdm dg xem dfic hda sao, thi that la cai hanh phuc nghin nam mdi ed dfidc va3^'(36) Tfi chuyen sam thi t h i n bi xuat hien sau tran dong da't tdi sfi binh luan sam thi cua Nguyin Van Hanh, rdi tdi viec Ly Cdng u a n dfidc dng nhiet tam khuygn bao deu quan xuyg'n mot true sfi kien, dd la sfi van tae cua quan diem "y trdi tfi dinh" Trong sa'm vi nay, dau la sfi bigu hien cua thien y, nhfing ng'u khdng qua sii giai thich cua Nguyen Van Hanh, cai y i n gia'u "Lg xuo'ng Ly thanh" ra't khd ed the nhan ro; ma ldi hoc bach "ehi mong khdng chet sdm de xem dfic hda the nao" 32 eua dng tfldng dfldng vdi viec cho r i n g , Ly Cdng u i n thay trdi lat quyen binh tidn trieu Trong toan bo doan mo ta trgn, dfldng nhfl Nguyin Van Hanh mdi la ke thuc day cac sfl kien lich sfi; rdi sau dd cd sii ghi ehgp ke tig'p rang, "Cdng U i n eu ngfl tiet, khien ki huynh tfldng Van Hanh nae fl Tigu Sdn, nhign diec di t h ^ tfl phu, thuy manh ki du t h i n chi tam"(37) (Cdng Uan sd ldi Van H a n h tig't lo ngoai, bao anh dfla Van Hanh vao d an tai Tigu Sdn, rdi cung tfl phu, bat d i u sinh ldng mud'n t r a n h de vi) lai cang cho tha'y vai trd xoay chuyen can khdn cua nha sfl Van Hanh "thflc dung" va nhflng sa'm vi cua dng Tao Si Bang tflng cho tha'y tinh dae thu va t i m quan eua tinh hinh "dg' vdi tang cung chung thien ha" ra't khac so vdi viec Trung Qud'c luc nao cung la'y Nho gia lam trung tam lanh dao chinh tri va xa hoi d Viet Nam thdi ky dau doc lap dd'i vdi lich sii van hda Viet Nam cac nghien efiu eua minh(38) Bai vig't quan tam tdi viec tinh hinh dd, tfi giac cua ban than tang n h a n nhfl the nao? D i u r i n g , trfldc m i t , eic van hien ed the xem dfldc la cflc ki h a n hflu, nhfing tfi nhflng gi Dd Phap Thuan tra ldi Lg Dai Hanh dfldc chep Dgi Nam Thiin uyen truyen ddng luc: "Qud'c to nhfl d i n g lac, Nam thign ly thai binh Vo vi cfl (36) Sdd., tr.202 (37) Sdd., (38) Xem: Tao Si Bang Phdt gido vd chinh tri Viet Nam ba triiu Ly, Trdn, Le, ghi chep Trfldng Man Dao (chii bien), Phdt gido vd Chinh tri (Dai Bic, Dai thfla van hda xua't ban xa, 1979), Hien dgi Phdt gido hgc thuat tiing khdn, quyen 61, tr 128-130 so S A N H "TUGL\C V A N HOC" CUA THI T A N G DINH, L i LY f, dign cac, Xfi xfi tfic dao binh"(39) (Van nfidc nhfi day cud'n, Trdi nam dfidc thai binh Vd vi cung dien, Ndi ndi dfing dao binh), ed the thiy, tai thd eua dng khdng chi dung vao viec phu giup vua, ma edn ed thg thfla cd khuygn bao dng chu eua minh tfl bi bao vg ehung sinh Cdn tfl nhflng bai thi ke dan dd eua Ngd Chan Lflu cho den Nguyin Van Hanh: "Hoc trung nguygn hflu boa, hflu hda hda hoan sinh Nhfldc vi mdc vd hoa, Toan toai manh" (Trong gd vd'n ed Itta, ed liia liia hoan sinh Neu ndi gd khdng ed liia, thi dui la'y l^a d dau ma cd); "Than nhfl dien anh hflu hoan vd Van mdc xuan vinh thu hflu khd Nham van thinh suy vd bd' uy, Thinh suy nhfl Id thao d i u phd"(40) (Than nhfl anh chdp ed rdi khdng Van cay xuan tfldi thu lai tan Thdi cude thinh suy khdng sd hai, Thinh suy nhfl sfldng dong d i u ngon co), cd thd thiy, hai dng ngoai tham ehinh nhap the, edn ed mat tu hanh tham chfing ban the, khdng vfidng mac viec ddi Thfie ra, xgt phd he Thidn tdng An Nam, vi tri cua Phap Thuan va Nguyin Van Hanh thuoe vao td thfi 10 den 12 phap 1^ ni da lfiu ehi, cdn Ngd Chan Lfiu la td thfi tfi eua phai Vd Ngdn Thdng Hd Huydn Minh (Thich Dfic Niem) tiftig dfia vao Nguyin Lang Viet Nam Phdt gido sa ludn ma ndi r i n g ; "Cac nha thd van tridu Ly [d day ehi nhflng lam thd, van] khdng lu^in la tang hay tue, cac tap thd van hien cdn du cfic ki it, nhfing thdi a'y I t phai cd nhfing tac p h i m lfiu truyen Cae Thidn sfi dfidng thdi cung cd thi tap rigng, tham chi cd nhieu ngfidi cdn lam tdi hdn mot nghin bai thd"(41) Sfi thd'ng kg sd Ifidng kieu "It ed t i e pham lfiu truyen" hoac "hdn nghin bai thd" khdng t h i y sfi xac chfing vd mat van hig'n, nhfing tfi sfi da dang eua thi thg tridu Ly dfidc dan ra, chung ta cung ed the t h i y qua sfi thinh dat eua thi dan dfidng thdi Nay xin lay tfi ngdn, ngu ngdn, that ngdn, tap ngdn mdi thfi mot bai de ehung ta cung nhin lai dien mao thd thdi biy gid: Dieu nhdn Sinh lao benh tfi, Tfi cd thfidng nhign Due cau xuat ly, Giai bac thigm tridn Mg ehi c i u Phat, Hoac ehi ciu Thidn Thien Phat b i t ciu, Do khau vd ngdn (Sinh lao benh tfi, chuyen thfidng tfi xfia Mong cau xuat li, Giai phdng khdi moi rang budc Ke mg ciu Phat, ke nghi ciu Thidn Thien Phat khdng ciu Im lang chang ndi.) Hue minh Tich tich lang gia nguyet, Khdng khdng hai chu Tri khdng khdng giac hfiu, Tam muoi nham thdng ehu (Ving lang trang lang gia ving lang, Hfi khdng nhfi eon thuyen da cap ben giac Bidt le khdng rdi lai bidt lg cd Dung tri tam muoi hieu thau tat ca) Khanh hi Lao sinh hfiu v i n sic kigm khdng, Hoe dao vd qua phdng td tdng Thien ngoai (39) Din tfl: Trinh \^nh Thfldng Sit troi day cua vdn hgc cha Hdn tgi An Nam, (Dai Bic: Dai Loan thfldng vu a'n thfl quan, 1987), thien 3, chfldng 1, tr.64 (40) D i n tfl: Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cvtu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, luan van tie'n si ciia Sd nghien cflu van hpc thudc vien qud'c lap ehinh tri Trung Qud'c, 1978, t r l l l , 112 (41) Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cvtu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.258 33 TIEU LE HOA mieh tam nan dinh the, Nhan gian thfie que khdi tung? Can khdn tan thi mao d i u thfidng, Nhat nguyet bao ham gidi tfi trung Dai dung hien tien quyen tai thu, Thuy tri pham dfl tay ddng? (Nhoe cdng va'n hoi sic vdi khdng Hoe dao chang qua noi theo td tdng K3id long tim tam bdn ngoai nga, Trdng que chdn t r i n rflng dfldc? Trdi dat treo trgn d i u sdi ldng, Mat trang mat trdi n i m ea hat cai Cai dung Idn trfldc m i t n i m long n i m tay Ai big't dfldc pham vdi thanh, ddng vdi tay?) Man gidc Xuan khfl bach hoa lac, Xuan dao bach hoa khai Sfl true nhan tidn qua, Lao tdng d i u thfldng lai Mae vi xuan tan hoa lac tan, Dinh tidn tac da nha't chi mai (Xuan di tram hoa rung, Xuan tdi tram hoa cfldi Trfldc mat viec di mai, Trgn d i u gia den rdi Dflng bao xuan tan hoa rung het, San trfldc dgm qua mot nhanh mai) (42) Cac t i c gia cua cae vi du trgn deu la eac Thien sfl, ma thi nhan dfldng thdi p h i n nhidu cung "thuoe vao ehd'n ciia Thien"(43) Hai bai d i u t h u i n la thi ke truyen dat giao ly nha Phat, hai bai sau la sfl s i p dat gdp ca kdt cau thd ea l i n y tfldng Cflng d i u thdi Ly, eac vi vua khdng khdng sung thfldng Phat giao(44), "trgn tfl vua tdi, dfldi tdi eac giai tang xa hoi, da p h i n deu giao eon(45) em minh cho cae Thien tang giao duc"(46), cho ngn trfldc Ly T h i n h Tdng (1054 - 1072) sfie thuc day Nho giio, khdng ke cac tang do, eac s i n g t i c thd ca dfidng nhfi deu la'y thd Thien lam chu yg'u Ndi cich khac, ngon gid Thien da cuon khIp thi dan, cho ngn viec Thien 34 sfi d vao dia vi yeu la didu khdng can noi thgm ciing hinh dung ro dfidc • (Con nOa) N g i f d i d i c h : LE THANH THUY {Trung tdm Gido due Qudc ti'UNESCO) TRAN THUY NGOC {Khoa Triet hgc, trUdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Quo'e gia Hd Ngi) (42) Din tfl: Hd Huyin Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cOu vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.2'32-2333,233-234, 235,237-238 (43) Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cOu vdn hgc Trung Qud'c vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.238 (44) Dgi Viet sit ki todn thU ghi ldi sii gia Le Van Hflu: "Ly Thai To' len ngdi, sau nam, tdng mi^u ehfla xay, xa t i c ehfla dflng, d i u tien b phu Thien Dflc xay tam ngdi chua, sau dd lai trung tu cac dfldng tdi chua, rdi dp cho kinh sfl hdn nghin ngfldi la tang, nhflng phi tdn ve thd mdc tai Iflc khdng t h i ndi het Cac chua sang nghiep, hanh vi cung kinh c i n kiem, cdn lo chau sa dpa, the ma phep ru ao ciia Thai Td' lai la nhfl v^y Cha trach ddi sau xay thap cao nga't trdi, dflng cot chua b i n g da, cung Phat trang lg, long l i y hdn cung vua Rdi ngfldi dfldi b i t chfldc, cd ke h i y t h a n the, ddi ldi mac, bd san nghiep, trd'n t h a n thich, dan chung qua niia lam sfl, nfldc di dau cung cd chua, ngudn goc c h i n g phai tfl dd sao!" Nhflng binh luan ciia hp Le dflng tren lap trfldng ciia nha Nho, nhflng nhiing ldi tren cung phan anh tfldng ddi chinh xac trieu Ly sd, n h a vua sfle ung hp Phat giao [Nhat] Tran Hinh hieu chinh, Hieu hdp bdn Dgi Viet sitki todn thU, (Ddng Kinh: ^W^jCW •^y if thudc Ddng Kinh dai hpc, Ddng Dfldng van hda nghien cflu sd - Hdi ddng phat hanh tap ehi, 1984 - 1986), "Ban ki" quyen 1, tr.208-209 (45) Hd Huyen Minh (Thich Dflc Niem) Nghien cihi vdn hgc Trung Qudc vdi vdn hgc Viet Nam triiu Ly, Sdd., tr.239 (46) Lflu Vii Tich Tdn thiidng nhdn vdn tap tu tflng binh lulin ve sfl hflng thinh ciia thi tang thdi trung Dfldng: "Ngfldi ddi ndi ve cac thi tang, da phan deu tfl giang ta" (Lflu Vii Tich Vdn tap, quyen 19, Bic Kinh, Trung Hoa thfl cue, 1990, tr.240) Theo sfl khao chflng Thi tdng giang td sd ki trung Dudng ciia Thi Nguyen Hanh Cat (Nhat), bai tfl ciia thi tang sdm nha't xua't hien b Giao Nhien Thii biet Niidng DUdng thi tdng thieu vi, dfldc sang tac khoang nSm Dai Lich thfl 10 (Hpc bao Ddng phfldng sd^28, thang nSm 1958), tr.219  ... sam la: "Dd Thich thi Dinh Dinh, Le gia xua''t minh Hach dau da nhi, Dao Id tuyet nhan hanh Thap nhi xflng dai vfldng, Thap ac vd nha''t thien Thap bat tfl dang thien, Ke dd nhi thap thien" Ngfldi... ciia Thi Nguyen Hanh Cat (Nhat), bai tfl ciia thi tang sdm nha''t xua''t hien b Giao Nhien Thii biet Niidng DUdng thi tdng thieu vi, dfldc sang tac khoang nSm Dai Lich thfl 10 (Hpc bao Ddng phfldng... ngd minh thi tan thinh du, Nha''t than nhi dp sfl Giao chau Dong Ifldng biet tam luyen Nam Viet thien li vpng vi hflu Ma dap yen van xuyen lang thach, Xa tfl chfldng phiem trfldng lflu Thien ngoai