Tfl nhflng quan sat tnic tiep canh sd'ng khd'n cflng cua con ngfldi ndi dd, London vie't sud't ba thang rdi cho ra m i t Con ngadi cua dia ngue 1902.. Sud't chuyen di a'y, dng hoan than
Trang 1VAN HOA - LiCH SU
DIEN MAO TRUYEN NGAN HOA KY
• • •
BA Ml/dl NAM DAU THE KY XX
A NHA VAN
The ky XX, trong linh vfle van
chfldng, ed the ndi la the ky ma Hea
Ky da ddng gdp nhieu ten tudi Idn, the
nghiem va dat dflde nhflng thanh tiiu
ky vi trong linh vfle nghe t h u a t ngdn
tfl Ddng gdp Idn nha't eua nen van
chfldng nay cho nhan loai, ngoai tieu
thuyet, kich va ly luan - phe binh, edn
xua't hien d linh vfle truyen ngin
Ngay den nhflng nha van nhfl 0
Henry va Jack London dflde xem la
hang hai tai que hfldng minh thi cung
dflde nhieu qud'e gia tren the gidi tdn
vinh la bac t h i y Sfl bung nd ddi ngu
cic nha van vie't truyen n g i n d Hoa
Ky da mang lai cho the loai nay mdt
dien mao mdi, kich thich sfl s i n g tao
truyen n g i n tren toan the gidi Dfldi
day, chung tdi diem qua nhflng gfldng
mat tieu hieu nha't
1 O Henry (1862-1910)
La but danh cua William Sydney
Perter, cay but truyen n g i n ndi tieng
cua Hoa Ky, O Henry sinh ngay
11-9-1862 tai Greensboro, bang Bie
Carohna Cha dng la mot bie si cd tai
nhflng nghien rfldu va khdng biet lo
xa, sd'ng hoang phi Nam 1865, khi me
qua ddi, dng cung em trai dflde gifi
den an hoc tai mot trfldng tfl nhd do
ngfldi cd ruot q u i n ly Ong rdi trfldng
vao nam 15 tudi, den lam viec tai hieu
P G S TS Le Huy Bac
Khoa NgU vdn, Dai hoc Supham Hd Noi
thud'e eua dng chu Do cdng viec te nhat, chan n g i t nen dng bfl d i p bing viec doc sach Ong doc bat cfl sach gi rdi vao tay minh
Nam nam sau, dng chuyen den Austin thudc bang Texas Tai day, dng theo dudi nhieu nghe, trong dd ed nghe dfla dng den vdi van hoe va ed nghe dfla dng den canh cifa nha t u -a'y la chan thu quy d ngan hang dia phfldng va la chan chu but sau khi thanh lap td bad hai ra hang t u i n la
Dd lan vad nam 1894 Luc nay dng da
lap gia dinh
Nhflng tfldng cude ddi da nd nu cfldi, nhflng bat hanh v i n lien tiep giing xud'ng d i u dng Sflc khoe cua ngfldi vd tre suy yeu va khd be phuc hdi Nam 1888, dfla cen d i u mat khi hay cdn rat be Tap chi lien tiep thua
Id Nam 1894, dng hi to cao la da bien thu cdng quy ngan hang Mac du ban
be va ban than tin la vd tdi nhUng dng lai lo sd nen da trd'n den Honduras va
ea Nam My de khdi hi bit Ong chi quay ve khi vd hap hdi va mat vao mua He nam 1897 Khdng lau sau dd, dng bi b i t va ket an d Ohio
Vdi cai an nam nam tfl giam, nhflng dng ehi ngdi tfl hdn ba nam thi dflde tha vi thai do cai tao td't Trong thdi gian d tu, dng da tiep xue vdi du nhflng thanh phan ba't hao eua xa hdi Tuy nhien, trong sd' ho khdng phai ai cung xau, cd the vi mot hoan einb trd
Trang 2treu nao dd (nhu chinh ban than dng
ching ban) ma ho da phai linh an ma
khdng the minh oan Nhflng eon ngfldi
va the gidi ngue tfl cflng vdi nhflng
trai nghiem da nem tren trfldng ddi la
nhflng khudn hinh sinh ddng va la
kho tu lieu vd gia de dng dUa vao cac
tac pham eua minh
Ra tfl nam 1901, dng den New York,
kiem sd'ng b i n g each vie't truyen cho
nhieu tap chi ndi tieng va trd nen Iflng
danh vdi hang tram truyen n g i n in
dudi but hieu 0 Henry, cai ten cd le
lay theo ten cua mot ngUdi cai ngue
Ong cd chdn vui qua khfl b i n g each lao
vao viet Td'e do sang tao eua dng that
phi thudng d vao thdi diem sung sflc
nhat, binh quan ngfldi ta tinh dng vie't
mdi t u i n mdt truyen NhUng nhu ciu
van hoc eiia ngUdi dan New York thdi
dd da rat cao NgUdi ta ludn yeu ciu 0
Henry phai sang tac them nUa Vdi sU
cd vfl to Idn dd, 0 Henry lien tiep cho
rd m i t ddc gia bet truyen hap d i n nay
den truyen hap d i n khac Ket qua la
chinh 0 Henry da dfla truyen n g i n
len ban dd thUdng mai the gidi Ong da
gdp p h i n to Idn trong viec dinh hinh
truyen n g i n da danh, ma cdn tao ra
net phong each thudng thflc nghe
thuat rieng eua ngfldi Hoa Ky: rat
ehuong truyen ngin Tuy nhien, trflde
bet truyen n g i n da giup dng thoit
khdi ngheo ddi va cd dUde danh tieng
Ba nam trUdc khi mat, dng eUdi ed
ban tflng la ngfldi yeu thdi tre Nhflng
cude hdn nhan ay cflng sdm tan vd
Ong ed doe, xa lanh moi ngfldi Va
tam hdn nhay cam la nhan td khoet
sau them nhflng be t i c trong dng
Ong lao vao con dfldng nghien ngap,
rfldu che Ngay 5-6-1910, 0 Henry
mat d New York
Nhflng truyen d i u tien cua 0
Henry dflde dang tai tren cac bao, tap
chi trong nUde la vao nam 1898 Tap
truyen d i u tay cua dng Lit cdp vat vd
nhang dng Hodng, in nam 1904 Tiep
theo la mUdi ba tap truyen, gdm Bdn
trieu (The Four million, 1906;, Trdi tim mien Tdy (1907), Tieng ndi thi thdnh (The Voice of the city, 1908), Dadng dinh menh (1909), Cdng viec nghiem khac (1910), va nhieu tac
p h i m xua't ban sau khi dng qua ddi
nhU; Qud tdng cua nhdng thay phdp (1911), Dd Idn (Rolling stones, 1912)
va Tre bd vd {1911), va Tong tap O
Henry gdm hai tap xuat ban 1953
Nam mUdi nam sau ngay O Henry ma't, mdt nha nghien cflu ed uy tin d Hoa Ky ghi nhan; "Truyen eua dng
v i n edn tieng vang Idn Bat cfl tuyen tap tan truyen nao ve nhflng truyen
n g i n tieu bieu va ban chay nhat d Hoa Ky deu in it n h a t mot hai truyen dudi but hieu O Henry" Nhan dinh nay den eudl the ky XX v i n cdn gii tri, ehi it la d Viet Nam, bdi khi md bat ky mot tuyen tap truyen ngan the gidi ed gia tri nao d ta thi ddc gia cflng deu tha'y cd truyen ciia O Henry
2 Jack L o n d o n (1876-1916)
Ong la con ngoai gia thu cua Flora Wellman va nha chiem tinh William Henry Chaney Ngay khi Flora tuyen bd' ba ed thai thi Chaney da tfl chdi trach nhiem Ngay 12-1-1876, tai San Francisco, Flora sinh dflde mdt eau eon trai Tam thang sau, ba ket hdn vdi John London va lay ten cua dng ta dat cho eon minh: John London NhUng London thich goi minh la Jack
Ngay tfl ta'm be, Jack da phai lao ddng quan quat de kiem sd'ng Viec hoc cua cau vi the khdng dUdc lien tue
va khdng dUdc chu trong Sau nhieu
l i n di chuyen chd d, gia dinh Jack den Oakland Nam Jack mUdi ba tudi, eau mua mot ehiec thuyen nhd rdi tap di thiiyen trong vinh San Francisco Day
Trang 3la quang ddi rat ddi nhoc n h i n eua
Jack Cau phai di ban bao, co rifa san
nha va q u i n quat lam viec sud't mUdi
hai tieng mdt ngay trong xudng s i n
xuat hop
London cd' tim each thoat khdi cude
sd'ng t r i n ai ay Cau da tim dUde
phUdng tien: thfl nha't la b i n g van hoc
(di nhien, tdi van tiep tue doe, sach thi
khdng thieu); thfl hai la b i n g fldc
nguyen ngao du
Mfldi lam tudi, sau khi rdi trfldng
hoc, London vay tien mua chie'c
thuyen n h i m kiem ke sinh nhai Khi
ay cau da trd t h a n h mdt thuy thu
chuyen nghiep va mud'n di xa, nhflng
ngay luc tfl do ngd nhfl den trong t i m
tay thi tai hoa giang xud'ng gia dinh
London: Ong John bi thfldng Jack trd
thanh tru cot gia dinh
Sau vai nam lan Ion vdi bien, mfldi
bay tudi, London lam thuy thu tren
eon tau san ca voi Sophie Sutherland
Sud't bay thang lenh denh tren Thai
Binh dfldng, con tau dfla London den
bien Nhat B i n va ca bien Bering
Chuyen di nay da mang lai cho dng
nhflng hieu biet thu vi de dng tai hien
thanh cdng va doat giai qua thien ky
sfl Bao bien Nhdt Bdn Dd cdn la kho
tfl lieu de dng khai thae trong Sdi
bien, xuat ban mfldi nam sau
Mua He nam 1893, London trd ve
California va kiem sd'ng b i n g nhflng
cdng viec tay chan binh thfldng vdi
mflc Ifldng re mat Cude khimg hoing
nam 1893 d Hoa Ky da gay nen nan
that nghiep rdng k h i p , tien Ifldng ha,
phong trao bieu tinh ndi len nhieu
ndi Dien hinh la cude bieu tinh cua
ddi quan cdng nghiep cua Kelly
(Kelly's Industrial Army) keo ve
Washington de ddi chinh phu trd cap
cho nhflng ngfldi that nghiep London
cung gia nhap vao ddi quan nay Cuoc
bieu tinh that bai, London trd thanh
ngfldi sd'ng lang thang va hi td'ng vao
tu Trong tu, dng da thay bd mat tdi te nha't cua xa hdi Hoa Ky Ra tu, dng quay ve California vdi quye't tam mdi, hdng thay ddi cude ddi
Nhflng nam thang cd han dd da day cho dng hieu ra r i n g de chiem linh dinh cao eua cude sd'ng, eon ngfldi ta cin p h i i hoe Mfldi chin tudi, London vao hoe cap ba tai trfldng Trung hoc Oakland Nam 1896, sau mdt mfla he hoe sud't mfldi chin tieng mdi ngay, London da vUdt qua ky thi tuyen vao Dai hoc Berkeley cua bang California Ong dUde cae sinh vien khac ham md
vi sii tflng trai, vi ngoai hinh dep trai Nhflng chi sau mdt hoe ky, dng phii rdi trfldng, di lam de nudi gia dinh bdi
vi sflc khde cua cha dng da sa sut nghiem trong
Niem dam me van chfldng da khie'n London tien hanh mot cude phieu lUu thfl vi: dng mud'n kiem tien bing nghe vie't laeh Mdi ngay miet mai sud't mUdi lam tieng, London vie't du thfl, tfl truyen ngin, thd, eac bai binh luan, khid luan n g i n va dflng nhflng ddng xu eudl cung de gifi chung di Nhflng ching cd b i n t h i o nao dflde nhan dang ci Chung deu dUde t r i lai
va London p h i i di tim viec lao ddng
b i n g chan tay Do cdng viec nang nhoc nen chi sau vai thang, London bi kiet sflc Ong ben mfldn mdt khoan tien nhd tfl ngfldi chi khac cha la Ehsa rdi len dfldng den Klondike vao thang 3-1897 vdi khat vong ddi ddi
trong cude do xd di tim vang eua hang
ngan ngfldi dan Hda Ky
Mdt nam sau, London lai quay ve, trong tui khdng mdt xu, nhflng quyen
sd ghi chep eua dng thi diy i p cac sfl kien, phae thao Day la khdi tai san vd gia ma nhd nd, Ldndon trd thanh mdt trdng nhflng van hao kiet xuat cua the gidi Vdi quye't tam mdi, dflde ngon lifa
Trang 4sang tao thdi thuc, London lao vao vie't
va da thanh cdng Thang 12-1899, tap
chi Atlantic nhan dang mdt truyen
n g i n vdi gia 120 ddla Day la da'u hieu
d i u tien cua nghiep van hai ra tien
trieu eua Jack London Va ngay sau dd,
nha xua't b i n Houton hdp ddng in tap
truyen ngan d i u tien eua dng
Nam 1900, tap truyen n g i n Con
trai cua sdi ra ddi, dflde nhieu nha
phe binh va ddc gia ndng nhiet ca
ngdi Tieng tam van chUdng eua Jack
London da khie'n mdt nha xuat ban
Idn thdi a'y la McClure nhan tai trd
cho tac gia Ho tra trUde cho dng mdi
thang 125 dd la de dng chuyen tam
hoan t h a n h cud'n tieu thuyet d i u tay:
Con gdi cua tuyet NhUng khi cud'n
sach hoan t h a n h thi McClure lai
khdng ddng y in vi chat lUdng kem
Mai hai nam sau (1902), nha xuat ban
Lippincott mdi nhan in
Mac dfl quan he gifla London va
McClure hi true trae vao thang
10-1901 nhflng dng v i n vflng tin vao eon
dfldng van chfldng cua minh Tieng
tam eua dng da vang day nhieu ndi
Nha xua't ban MacMillan nhan in tap
truyen vie't ve ngfldi da dd d vung
Alasca cua dng: Nhdng daa con cua
bdng gid (1902) Cung trong nam nay,
dng cho in tap truyen vie't cho thanh
thieu nien la Cuoc du ngoan cua
Dazzler (1902) Nam 1905, dng quay
lai vdi mang de tai vie't cho thanh
thieu nien vdi tac pham Chuyen ddi
tuan tra cd
Nam 1902, cude chien gifla^ ngfldi
Anh va bd toe Boer d Nam Phi nd ra La
ngUdi thich xdng xao vao ndi nUde sdi
l^a bdng, mud'n chflng kien tan m i t
mot cuoc chien va t i e hai eua nd,
London nhan ldi lam phdng vien cho
Hiep hdi Bao ehi Hoa Ky NhUng khi
den London, dng nhan dUdc bfle dien
hoan chuyen di lai Tra hinh trong bo
q u i n i o tdi tan, dng xam nhap vao khu
d chudt d miet Cudi Ddng (East End) eua London Tfl nhflng quan sat tnic tiep canh sd'ng khd'n cflng cua con ngfldi ndi dd, London vie't sud't ba thang rdi
cho ra m i t Con ngadi cua dia ngue
(1902) Tie pham mieu t i rat an tfldng
ve ndi khd sd cua nhflng ngfldi dUdi day
xa hdi Ke tfl dd, London ndi tieng nhU nha van nhan dao vdi khat khao cii tao cuoc sd'ng con ngUdi
Vdi Tieng got ndi hoang dd (1903),
London k h i n g dinh dUdc chd dflng
eua minh tren van dan Tiep dd, Sdi
bien (1904) cung la t h a n h cdng riic rd
eua dng Nam 1905, Cuoc chien cua
cdc giai cdp ra ddi Nam 1907 la Triidc Adam va Gdt sat Nhflng tac
pham nay cho thay xu hfldng thien ve chil nghia xa hdi cua London
London ly di cd vd Bess Maddern vao nam 1904 va sau dd ket hdn vdi Charmian Kittredge Ong tau mot trang trai rdng Idn d California va len
ke hoach di tau thuy vdng quanh the gidi trong vdng b i y nam Chuyen di keo dai hdn hai nam London den Hawaii, Tahiti va Australia Ong chi dflng lai khi sflc khoe khdng cho phep Sud't chuyen di a'y, dng hoan thanh
cud'n tieu thuyet tfl truyen Martin
Eden (1909), cud'n Chuyen phieu liiu
(1911) va nhieu truyen ngan
Quay trd ve San Francisco vao thang 7-1909, London khdng chi nd ehdng cha't ma danh tieng van hoc ed
p h i n giam sut Ong lai lao vao sang tac mfldi chin tieng mot ngay va da eii thien dflde it nhieu tfl duy cua canh phe binh danh cho dng Nam 1913, dng gat hai nhieu t h a n h cdng trong sang
tie: Ke sinh ban dem (The Night-Born), Con thu tdi te, John Barleycon,
Thung lung mat trdng Nan dich do
Nam sau, dng hoan thanh Cuoc ndi
loan d Elsinore (1914)
Trang 5Vao hai nam eudl ddi, sflc vie't cua
London suy giam Ong bi benh tat
giay vd nang ne va qua ddi ngay
22-11-1916 vi ud'ng thud'e ngu qua lieu
3 Francis Scott Fitzgerald
(1896-1940)
Ong la nha van sang tac truyen ngin
va tieu thuyet Hoa Ky, ngudi dUde xem
la linh hdn cua Thdi dai Jazz
Fitzgerald sinh tai St Paul, Minnesota
La hau due eua mot nha van, ndi ngoai
deu giau cd nhUng den ddi cha thi gia
dinh rdi vao einh sa sut Dau the, gia
dinh van tao dieu kien cho Fitzgerald
vao hoe Dai hoc Princeton vao nam
1913, nhUng benh tat da khie'n dng rdi
trUdng vao nam 1917, khi ehUa td't
nghiep Ong gia nhap quan dpi trong
nhflng nam 1917-1919 Thdi gian nay,
dng b i t tay vie't ban thao cud'n tieu
thuyet Phia ben ndy thien dadng (This
Side of Paradise, 1920), gap gd va yeu
Zelda Sayre Xuat ngu vad thang
2-1919, Fitzgerald den New York lam viec
cho mot hang quing cao Chi may thang
sau, dng quay ve St Paul, vie't tiep cud'n
tieu thuyet va cfldi Zelda vao nam 1920
Thanh cdng cua cud'n tieu thuyet
dau tay da mang lai cho Fitzgerald
khoan tien Idn du de di du lich chau
Au Ong gap Hemingway d Paris Hai
ngfldi ket ban va thfldng xuyen lui tdi
sa Idng van hoe cua Gertrude Stein
Nam 1922, Fitzgerald cho in tap
truyen n g i n Chuyen cua thdi dai Jazz
(Tales of the Jazz Age) Doc gia t i n
dfldng cich vie't mdi la cua dng, nhflng
dng ehi thfle sfl chinh phuc dflde dinh
cao van hoe khi tieu thuyet Gasby vl
dai (The Great Gasby, 1925) hoan
thanh Cud'n sach mieu t i khat vong
giau sang va sfl trd'ng rdng diy bi kich
trflde cude sd'ng vat chat xa hoa kieu
Hoa Ky cua nhflng nam 1920
Fitzgerald dflde menh danh la nha
van tieu bieu cua Thdi dai nhac Jazz
Ban than dng cung la thanh vien cua
The he vdt di (Lost Generation)
Nam 1934, tac pham Diu ddng Id
dem (Tender is the Night) lay cam
hflng chil yeu tfl nhflng vung da't chau
Au - ndi hai vd ehdng dng da sd'ng Trong khoing tfl nam 1935-1937, do anh hfldng vi can benh t h i n kinh ciia
vd, Fitzgerald rdi vao nghien rfldu, tiep dd la benh tat da lam gian dean mach sang tac cua dng
Fitzgerald mat khi dng chUa hoan
thanh cud'n tieu thuyet Ty phu cudi
cung (The Last Tycoon), nbUng cud'n
sich van dUde xuat ban vad nam
1941, mdt nam sau khi dng qua ddi
La nha van hien dai, Fitzgerald
n i m b i t dUde t h i n thai eua sii xd bd trong ky nguyen v a t chat va sii lang dong bi kich cua tinh ngUdi qua hanh van dung di, triic tiep, khach quan boa cao do Cach vie't eua Fitzgerald
vi the da anh hudng nhieu den cac nha van hien dai Idp sau Danh tieng cua dng, do vay cang vang ddi sud't thap nien 1940
4 Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941)
Day la cay but truyen ngin xuat sic bac nhat Hoa Ky d i u the ky XX Tuy khdng ndi danh d nUde ngoai nhu nhieu nha van khac nhUng Anderson
cd mot vi tri dac biet d trong nUdc Ong la ngUdi cd anh hudng Idn den hai cay dai thu tren van dan Hoa Ky the ky XX la Ernest Hemingway va William Faulkner Anderson, qua ldi vie't nhe nhang eua minh, da td ra quye't het trong viec the hien xung dot giUa nhUng nguyen t i c dao dfle cd b i n cua eon ngfldi trflde cae the life kiem che eua xa hoi cdng nghiep Mat khac, dng cdn tai hien thanh cdng "Bi kich Hoa Ky", khat vong lam giau, vd mdng va bi dit
Trang 6Anderson sinh ngay 13-9-1876 tai
Camden, bang Ohio Cha dng la ngfldi
lam yen efldng ngiia Do phai lam
lung giup dd gia dinh," viec hoe eua
dng bi gian doan Anderson thdi hoc
khi ehfla td't nghiep phd thdng trung
hoc Nam mfldi bay tudi, dng gia nhap
quan ddi va tham dfl cude chien Hoa
Ky - Tay Ban Nha Sau chien tranh,
dng den Cuba rdi quay ve Ohio nhap
hoc Dai hoc Wittenburg, Springfield
Nam 1901, Anderson den Chicago
lam chan quang cio va cflSi cd
Cornelia Lane, con gai mot nha budn
giau cd Nam 1906, dng quay ve Ohio
lam quan ly mot xfldng sdn va b i t d i u
vie't Nhflng den nam 1912, dng tfl bd
chan quan ly, quay lai Chicago lam
quang cao Thdi gian nay, dng sd'ng
cflng anh trai ten la Karl, ngfldi ve
sau trd thanh mot trong nhflng danh
hoa cua Hoa Ky Ong lam quen vdi
"nhdm van si Chicago", trong dd cd
Theodore Dreiser va nhan dflde
nhflng khuyen khich va dinh hfldng
tren con dfldng van nghiep
Anderson khdng t h a n h cdng l i m ve
tieu thuyet, nhflng truyen n g i n eua
dng la mot trong nhflng dinh cao cua
the loai trong van hoc Hoa Ky
Truyen eua dng khdng ed ed't truyen
theo kieu truyen thd'ng nhflng cd sflc
cud'n hut manh bdi do cang dflde dan
cai qua cic sii kien dat trong nhflng
khoanh k h i e dac bidt Hanh van cua
dng khdng gid'ng ba't ky ai trflde dd
Day la kieu ngdn ngfl trong ddi sd'ng
thfldng ngay eua ngfldi dan d cac
thanh thi nhd Gertrude Stein danh
gia cao each viet ciia Anderson
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) la tap
truyen mang lai danh tieng cho
Anderson Tiep theo, dng cho in cac
tap: Chien thdng ciia qud trdng (The
Triumph of the Egg, 1920) va NgUa
vd Ngadi (Horse and Men, 1923),
Anderson cd bd'n ddi vd Ong mat khi dang tren dfldng tdi Nam My vao ngay 8-3-1941
5 E r n e s t Hemingvs^ay (1899-1961)
Sinh ngay 21-7-1899 tai Oak Park, Illinois, Hemingway la mdt trong nhflng bac t h i y van xudi tfl sfl va la ngfldi khai sinh ra ldi ddi thoai doc dao bac nha't the ky XX
Cha Hemingway la bac si, me la giao vien day nhac Ong la eon thfl hai trong so' s a u chi em Thud nhd, Hemingway cd nang khieu am nhac, nhflng Idng yeu thien nhien va tinh hieu ddng da khie'n dng g i n gui vdi nhflng chuyen san b i n , cau ca, dam bd'e 18 tudi, dng rdi ghe nha trfldng sau khi td't nghiep Trung hoe va di
lam phdng vien cho td Kansas City
Star 19 tudi dng gia nhap ddi Hdng
thap tfl sang lai xe ben chien trfldng Italy trong Chien t r a n h the gidi thfl nhat 20 tudi, Hemingway quay lai Hoa Ky vdi ddi nang gd va ta'm huan chfldng do hi thfldng tren da't Italy Ong la'y vd nam 22 tudi rdi sang Phap vfla lam bao vfla b i t d i u sfl nghiep sang tac Cung trong nam nay, dng cho ra m i t truyen n g i n dau tay
Tren miet Michigan (1921) Nhflng
mai den nam 1923, cudn sach d i u
tien cua dng - Ba cdu chuyen vd madi
bdi thd - mdi dflde xua't ban Tinh den
eudl ddi, tdng so' truyen n g i n cua Hemingway la khoang 100 truyen; nhieu truyen trong so' dd chfla dflde in luc dng cdn sd'ng Hemingway dflde danh gia ra't cao d linh vfle truyen ngan Nhieu truyen cua dng sanh ngang t i m Poe, Chekhov, va trd
t h a n h khudn m i u cho the loai nay
Nam 1926, khi tieu thuyet Mat trdi
vdn moc ra ddi, Hemingway mdi thflc
sfl ndi tieng tren van dan Ba nam
sau, Gid ta vd khi (1929) xua't hien
Trang 7Cud'n sach ke ve mdi tinh thd mdng
nhflng cflc ky bi dat cua chang trung
fly Henry va cd y ta Catherine Mot
l i n nfla, ten tudi Hemingway lai vang
dpi Gid ta vii khi trd thanh hien
tfldng best-seller (sdch bdn chay)
Nam 1937, Cd vd khong ra ddi,
dinh da'u sii quan tam cua
Hemingway den va'n de bfle thiet eua
thdi dai: cude dai khimg hoang d Hoa
Ky Va thdng diep eudl cung eua nhan
vat chinh Harry, "Con ngfldi khdng the
sd'ng cd doe" nhfl ldi n h i n giii, khan
nguyen cho linh hdn eua ngfldi ndi
loan cd doe NhUng ve mat nghe thuat
thi cud'n sich khdng dUde danh gia cao
vao nhflng nam 1930, Hemingway
thUdng den Tay Ban Nha Nam 1939,
sau nhieu nam theo doi va den tham
dfl cuoc chien bao ve nen Cdng hda
ciia nhan dan Tay Ban Nha,
Hemingway da vie't nen Chuong
nguyen hon ai "Chang mot ai tfl than
la dao rieng hoan chinh, mdi ngfldi la
mdt manh cua dai luc, mdt phan cua
toan bd dat lien; neu mdt mau da't hi
cud'n ra dai dfldng thi chau Au se nhe
di nhfl khi mot mui da't, mot ngdi nha
cua bing hflu mi hay cua chinh mi hi
cud'n phang di Cai che't cua bat ky ai
cung lam ta nhd di bdi ta ket lien khdi
vdi toan nhan loai, vay nen mi dflng
bao gid hdi chuong nguyen hdn ai
Chudng nguyen cho hdn mi dd" (John
Donn) Ldi thd dflde dflng lam de tfl
nay da t o i t len tinh t h i n thdng diep
eua tac pham: sfl tdn tai, vflng manh
khdng bao gid nay sinh tfl loai trfl,
buy diet Con ngfldi c i n phai nfldng
vad n h a u d e ma sd'ng, chien dau
Mat khac, tac pham cdn la ban bi
hung ngdi ca nhflng chien si du kich
Tay Ban Nha cung vdi anh linh Hoa
Ky tii nguyen Jordan can trfldng, bat
khuat bao ve quyen tfl do, dan chu
chinb dang eua con ngfldi
Nhflng Qua sdng vdo rdng (1950)
lai la mdt that bai nfla eua Hemingway Nhieu nha phe binh xem dng da he't thdi Khdng n i n Idng, nam
1952 Ong gid vd bien cd* ra ddi Ngay
lap tfle, ten tudi eua Hemingway dflde xep vao hang nhflng nha van sd' mdt eua the gidi Nam 1953 dng nhan giai Pulitzer, giai thfldng nghe thuat cae quy nha't Hoa Ky, va nam 1954 la Nobel van chfldng
Hemingway t r i i qua bdh cude hdn nhan Ong ed ba eon trai Va dau la nha van Hoa Ky nhflng h i u he't khoang thdi gian trong ddi dng lai sd'ng
d nflde ngdai Ong di nhieu va dflde xem la thanh vien eiia "Chu nghia xe dich" Anh, Phap, chau Phi,^ Trung Qud'e deu ed da'u chan dng Ong dac biet yeu quy Cuba va ung hd Fidel Castro Cuba nhfl la que hfldng thfl hai cua dng Tinh cam dd da dflde dng gifi qua ldi dng lad Santiago, mdt ngfldi sd'ng d Havana, khi cho lao phat bieu
trong Ong gid vd bien cd: "Minh dang
sd'ng trong mdt thanh phd nghia tinh" Tuy ludn sd'ng xa To qud'e nhflng nhan vat trung tam trong cae tac pham cua dng da sd la ngfldi Hoa Ky Dieu nay p h i n nao da cho tha'y bdng dang thiic hay net bfl cau nguyen
m i u t i e gia Hemingway trong sang
t i c cua dng Hemingway tii s i t vao nam 1961 tai Ketehum, bang Idaho
6 William F a u l k n e r (1897-1962) Nha van cflng vdi Hemingway, dflde xem la hai bac t h i y van chfldng ndi tieng nha't eua Hoa Ky the ky XX Ong sinh tai New Albany, bang Mississippi, trong gia dinh tri thflc, tflng cd nhieu ngfldi lam thd'ng doe bang Cu ed' cua dng, ngiidi dflde lay ten dat cho dng, la mot tieu thuyet gia
d the ky trflde Nam 1902, gia dinh Faulkner chuyen den thi tran Oxford,
Trang 8Mississippi, ndi dng sd'ng va sang tac
cho den khi qua ddi Thi tra'n nay, ve
sau dflde dng hu ca'u t h a n h dia danh
Jefferson, xua't hien trong nhieu cud'n
tieu thuyet eua dng
ChUa he't bac trung hoc, Faulkner bd
hoc den New Haven sd'ng cimg anh ban
Stone, mot sinh vien Dai hoc Yale Vfla
di lam thu ky tai mot xudng quan gidi,
Faulkner vfla miet mai doc tac pham eua
nhflng nha van ndi tieng nhfl Cervantes,
Melville, Balzac, Dostoievsky, theo
hfldng dan cua Stone
Thang 6-1918, Faulkner gia nhap
life Ifldng khdng quan Hoang gia
Canada Ong theo hoc khoa dao tao si
quan phi cdng tai Toronto Chien
tranh the gidi thfl nha't cham dflt, dng
quay ve que vdi nd life trd thanh thi
si Trong hai nam (1919-1920),
Faulkner ghi danh hoe d Dai hoe
Mississippi va thinh thoang dng len
New York Nam 1921, dng thdi hoc,
nhan lam viec tai mot cifa hieu ban
sach d New York, it lau sau dng lai ve
Oxford Nam 1924, tap thd Thdn ddng
ndi cam thach (The Marble Faun) eua
Faulkner ra ddi
Den New Orleans vao nam 1925,
Faulkner lam quen vdi Sherwood
Anderson Qua Anderson, Faulkner
tiep xue vdi ly thuyet ve tinh due va
an fle eua Freud cung nhfl nhflng each
tan van hoe cua T.S Eliot va James
Joyce, d day, Faulkner thflc sfl sd'ng
trong b i u khdng khi vd mdng, chan
n i n ciia the he t h a n h nien thdi hau
chien Cud'n tieu thuyet LUdng linh
(1926) vie't ve thflc trang nay
Sau khi den tham Italy, Anh va
Phap, Faulkner lai trd ve Oxford, vfla
lam viec kiem sd'ng vfla vie't cud'n tieu
thuyet thfl hai eua minh, Mudi (1927)
Nhflng tac pham nay chi mang tinh
md dudng Chi den khi tieu thuyet
Sartoris (1929) ra ddi, ten tudi
Faulkner mdi thu hut dflde sfl chu y
cua doc gia Sartoris la t i c pham md
d i u cho hang loat tieu thuyet Iflng danh ciia Faulkner, la'y bdi canh tfl vflng da't do dng hfl eau, Yoknapatawpha Tuy dien mao Yoknapatawpha ra't g i n gfli vdi que hfldng Oxford, song Faulkner da tao nen dUde khdng gian huyen thoai cua rieng minh Mdi trUdng a'y la diem ket ndi tuyet vdi cua nhflng nhan vat huyen thoai, da trang, da dd, da den, ngUdi lai, eua nhflng truyen thd'ng
Cd xfla dan mai mot, cua nhflng canh rflng dai ngan bien ma't trflde due vong ciia con ngUdi
Nam hai mUdi tudi, Faulkner yeu Estelle Oldham, cd lang gieng Song Estelle khdng dam trdng cay vao kha nang cua Faulkner nen da chon ngUdi khac Khi Estelle ly di ehdng vao mUdi nam sau va da ed hai eon, Faulkner van eUdi cd, nhUng cude hdn nhan nay khdng hanh phuc
Faulkner thiic sii ndi tieng vdi Am
thanh vd cudng no xua't ban nam 1929
Tfl nam 1929-1942, cic nha nghien cflu goi la "nhflng nam thang vi dai" eiia Faulkner Sau thanh cdng eua cud'n tieu thuyet ba't hii nay, dng lien tiep cho ra m i t nhieu kiet tac, khang dinh
tai nang van chfldng eua minh: Khi tdi
hdp hdi (1930), Thdnh dadng (1931), Nang thdng Tdm (1932^, Absalom, Absalom! (1936), Nam 1942, tap
truyen Rdi rung nhang ddm reu lai gay chu y dac biet cho gidi phe binh Con
gdu, mot kiet tac cua dng dUdc tap hdp
trong sach nay
Mai den nam 1959, Faulkner mdi
hoan thanh bd ba tieu thuyet; Xdm
nhd (1940), Thi trd'n (1957) va Lanh dia (1959) Bd ba tac pham nay ghi
nhan sflc sang tao ben bi va tai nang khdng the phu nhan cua Faulkner Nam 1949, Faulkner dflde trao giai
Nobel Nam 1954, cud'n Ngu ngdn
dUdc trao tang giai Sach Qud'e gia (National Book) va giai Pulitzer
Trang 9DUdc xem la nha van hien dai xua't
sac bac nha't eiia Hoa Ky va the gidi,
Faulkner la ngUdi da phat trien kieu
viet Ddng y thdc (Stream of
Conciousness) eua J Joyce len mdt
t i m cao mdi va da toa bdng anh
hudng eua minh len van hoe the gidi
trong sud't the ky XX
Su nghiep s a n g tac eua F a u l k n e r
t h a t do so Ong de lai mUdi b i y
cud'n tieu t h u y e t , n h i e u t a p truyen
n g i n , tieu l u a n , phe binh, thd, kich
va ca kich b a n t r u y e n h i n h khi dng
cdng tac vdi Hollywood Ve eudl ddi,
dng sd'ng trong benh t a t va nghien
rUdu Ong m a t ngay 6-7-1962 tai
Oxford, Mississippi
B DAC TRl/NG TlT SlT
Tai qud'e gia ed truyen thd'ng da
dang hoa phong cich, ba mUdi nam
d i u the ky XX la khoang thdi gian
truyen n g i n Hoa Ky ed sU chuyen
bien manh me va rd net nha't Tfl
phong cich ed dien, truyen n g i n Hoa
Ky chuyen sang phong each hien dai
va niia sau the ky XX la hau hien dai
Phong each ed dien la each sang tac
dfla tren quan diem tiep nhan thanh
loc ciia Aristotle Nha van liia ebon
nhflng chi tiet, sfl kien va sap xep sao
cho phat huy tdi da kha nang gdi cam
ma khdng lam ngfldi doc phai suy
nghi ddng nao nhieu Cach t r i n thuat
nay gan lien vdi viec bay td cam xue
Ngfldi ke, nhan vat, ngfldi ddc hda
quyen lai lam mot Cude sd'ng van
chfldng dich thflc la cude sd'ng t r i n
gian Truyen n g i n cua 0 Henry va
eiia Jack London dflde vie't theo phong
each nay Hai nha van dac biet chu y
tdi nhan vat va nhflng hanh ddng ea
biet cd the khu biet ho vdi nhflng
nhan vat khac Tfl nhan vat, ho la'y dd
lam diem tiia de md rdng ra cac mdi
quan he, cic xung dot va gifi gim eac
t i n g bac y nghia Tran thuat lay nhan vat lam tam diem va ngudi ke cd chUe nang quan xuyen moi chuyen, theo ngdn ngU cua cac nha hau bien dai la
t r i n thuat theo ldi Dai tii sii Nha van
trd thanh trung tam eua cau chuyen
ke cua minh va nhan vat eua ho trd thanh trung tam eua toan bd hien thiie, su kien dUde mieu ta Ching
ban khi vie't Chie'c Id cudi ciing, O Henry khai thae triet ly chie'c Id cua
tinh yeu thiidng, chie'c Id nghe thuat
cd khd ndng cdu so'ng con ngiidi,
thdng qua hinh tUdng lao boa si Berhman Xung dot dUde dat ra d day
la mdi quan he giUa nghe thuat va cude sd'ng De cd dUde bfle kiet tac cflu ngfldi, ngfldi boa si khdng chi ed tai nang ma cdn phai ed Idng cam thdng
va sU do lUdng, san sang hy sinh vi nghe thuat, vi cen ngudi Chinh sU hy sinh dd khdi gdi mdi ddng cam Idn lao ndi ngUdi doc Va cflng chinb sfl by sinh cao ca dd da khie'n Berhman mang dang vde cua mdt vi thanh, ngfldi ed quyen uy tuyet ddi trong k h i nang mang lai sfl sd'ng cho con ngfldi Chil de ve sii by sinh cflu ngfldi vd'n dflde sif dung tfl lau trong van hoc va
da trd thanh mdt tieu ehi van boa dflde tan phdng, khang dinh trong xa hdi loai ngfldi Ngfldi doc khi tiep xue vdi cac hinh tfldng dflde xay dflng nhfl the lap tfle dflde danh thfle mdi ddng cam trong hdn va ho cam thay tin yeu cude sd'ng, tha'y cude ddi dang de sd'ng hdn cho du dang d vao mdt canh ngd vd cflng bi ddt nao dd Day chinh la ldi van chfldng ru ngu va dap flng nhu ciu thoa man dao dfle eon ngfldi bac nhat
Tfldng tfl, Nhdm Ida eua Jack
London cung vay Nhan vat dflde dat trong the ddi lap gifla con ngfldi va mdi trfldng Con ngfldi chien thing mdi trfldng la menh lenh tdi thfldng xuat hien ngay tfl thdi thifdng ed, kbi
Trang 10Cdn ngUdi tach minh ra khdi ddi sdng
thien nhien mdng mudi Trong mdi
quan he dd, k h a t vong cua con ngUdi
la dUdc chien t h i n g , d day Jack
London lai di k h i e hoa sii t h a t bai eua
con ngUdi trUdc thien nhien hoang sd
vdi sflc manh huy diet khung khiep
Le ra cau chuyen se khie'n ngfldi doc
that vong, nhflng ngflde lai, ke tfl khi
tac p h i m ra ddi cho den nay, ngfldi
doe lai khdng ngflng td bay sfl ham
mo Sd di cd dieu dd la vi Jack
London nha'n manh den t h i i do cua
con ngfldi trflde mdi trfldng k h i e
nghiet va k h i n g dinh y nghia^ sd'ng
tich cflc eua con ngfldi dflde the hien
ngay trdng chinh sfl tha't bai eua eon
ngfldi Thdng qua cau chuyen cua
ngfldi dan dng guc nga tren con dfldng
tuyet, London danh thflc khat vong
sd'ng va nd liic sd'ng eua con ngfldi Do
vay, sflc ha'p d i n cua truyen n g i n nay
vdi ngfldi doc cflng thuoc binh dien
thanh loc Cae tac pham "thanh loc",
chuyen khai thae tinh cam, deu cflng
dflde vie't dfla tren mdt vd thflc tap the
vflng chic Con ngfldi x i than,^ con
ngfldi tim kiem cdng ly, tim kiem y
nghia sd'ng, dfla tren nhflng ehuan
mflc ma bao ddi nay da dflde nhan loai
cdng nhan
Nhflng phong cich hien dai lai cd'
khflde tfl each the hien va khai thae
hien thflo theo kieu dd Nd Iflc eua cac
nha van hien dai la mud'n xoa bd vd
thflc tap the trong tiep nhan va sang
tao hien thflc, de hinh t h a n h nen mot
kieu vd thflc tap the mdi Nen tang
dang tin cay ma cic nha van hien dai
dfla vao la ly tri Nhfl mdt nghich ly,
tuy ludn len i n ly tri vi ly tri la t i c
nhan quan trong trong viec gay ra
mdi nguy hai ?coa sd eon ngfldi tren
hanh tinh, nhflng eac nha van hien
dai khdng cd sfl Ifla chon nao khac la
van dung ly tri de kien tao nen mot
the gidi nghe t h u a t mdi tren Idp cha't lieu ngdn tfl da ldi thdi Khai niem "la hoa" va "gian each" ludn dflde sif dung cho nguyen t i e phan anh va tiep nh^n hien thflc hien dai Nha van yeu c i u ngfldi doc phai cd cai nhin ly tri tinh
t i o trflde tac pham Van hoc khdng
p h i i la cude ddi ma nd la hinh anh an
du cua cude ddi Ngfldi doe se dflng tri tue, kha nang suy ly eua minh de tim xem trong the gidi a'y nhflng gi la tfldng ddng, ddng vong vdi cai the gidi minh dang sd'ng
Nguyen t i c "giin each" nay da t i c ddng manh me den each ke Ngfldi ke khdng cdn quyen uy nhfl trong truyen eua O Henry va Jack London nfla ma
da gidi h a n diem nhin eua minh vao mdt hoac mot vai n h a n vat nao dd cua tac pham de ke Cich ke nfldng theo diem nhin, tam trang cua nhan vat nay la mot ddng gdp vd cung to Idn cho nghe t h u a t ke chuyen eua truyen
n g i n hien dai d linh viic nay, Wilham Faulkner va Ernest Hemingway dat tdi dinh cao D i u ehfla hoan toan ke
chuyen theo kieu tieu tii sii nhfl cic
nha van h a u hien dai, nhflng each ke cua ho da vfldn den gidi h a n bflde d i u eua ky thuat Ndi each khac, ho da dat nen mdng cho sfl ra ddi cua tfl sfl hau hien dai
Nhflng trflde he't, phai ke den nhflng nha tien phong cua trao Iflu hien dai trong truyen n g i n cua Hoa
Ky Day la hai cai ten tieu bieu Sherwood Anderson va S Fitzgerald, nhflng ngfldi khflde tfl ldi ke chuyen mach lac dfla tren nen t i n g ed't truyen
de hfldng tdi nhflng cai ngau nhien, vun vd cua cude ddi Truyen ngan ndi
tieng ciia Anderson la Qua trang Cau
chuyen ke ve mot dng chu cifa hanh kinh doanh trong nd liie thu hut khach hang nhflng tha't bai va cam nhan dflde ndi cay d i n g qua tha't bai