NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO
001
Cong xa Pari
-
banhungca
cua giaicapcong nlian
•
TS, NGUYEN XUAN PHONG
Hoc vien Bao
ciii
va Tuyen truyen
C6ng xa Paris (La
Commune de Paris) la chinh
quyln vd san ddu tien dugc
thanh lap nhim quan ly Pari
(Phdp) trong mdt thdi gian
ngdn ttr ngdy
18,3,1871
den
ngay
28.5.1871.
Day la mdt su
kien chinh tri quan trgng cd y
nghia vo cting to Idn ddi vdi
phong trao cdng nhdn the gidi
vao nhirng nam cudi
the
ky
XIX.
Mac
dti
cudi eting bi dan
dp ddm mdu, song CongxaPari
dugc xem la bdn biing ea
ciia
giai cap vd sdn, la mot tam
guong cho cdc phong trao eong
sdn vd cong nhdn qudc te, la eo
sd va bdi hgc
kinli
nghilm cho
viec thanh
lap
chinh quyln xd-
viei sau nay d nucic Nga va cac
nude
xa hgi
chii
nghia
klidc.
1.
Cdng xaPari - qua
trinh
thanh
lap,
chi^n
d^u
bao
v6
va
nguy6n nhSn thift
bai
Qua
tnnh
thanh lap C6ng
xaPari
Cudi thang
6.1870,
chinh
quyln
ciia De'chlll
d Phdp him
vao linh trang khiing hodng.
Tuy vay, nhung
nucVc
Phap vdn
mudn gianh dia vi bd
chii
n6n
da quylt dinh tham chiln vcd
Phd
(Diic).
Do xdy dung cdc
chien
luge
sai lam ciing vdi vii
khi da lac hau vd trinh do chi
huy y6'u Phap da nhanh
chdng bi Phd danh bai.
Thdng 9.1870. Hoang de
Napoleon III thai
Iran
d chiln
trudng Xe-dang
mpt each
thdm
hai vd phdi ddu bdng vua nude
Phd la Bix-mdc. Ngay
4.9.1780, nhdn ddn Paris nhdn
dugc tin, bg vo cting phdn no vd
tu phdt ndi day mudn lat dd De
che II,
thtuih
lap nucic Cong hda
Phdp lan thd ba, Nhdn ddn da
tran vao Dien Bourbon vdi
nhting khiu hieu dugc bo vang
nhu:
"Ph€ truit
hoang
d^!",
"Cdng hoa mudn nam!".
Ngay chilu hdm dd, Chinh
phii
lam thdi mang ten
Chuih
phu
v6
qu6c dugc giai cap
m
sdn Phdp thanh lap vdi ngudi
dirng dau la Chi-e. Khi dd, giai
edp cdng nhan by vgng ring
chinh
phii
mdi nay se dam
duong dugc trgng trdch bdo ve
td qudc trude
siic Ip
cua qudn
Phd d bi6n gidi. Nhung Chinh
phii
ve qudc khdng cd bdi
cii
banh dgng chdng trd nao ddi
vdi qudn Phd. Ngugc lai, ngam
ngam cd hanh vi bdn nude.
Qudn Phd sau chiln thang d
Iran
Xe-dang da chilm ddng
dugc 1/3 lanh thd Phdp vd tiep
tue tiln vl bao vdy Paris, Vao
cudi thdng
9,1870,
khi thu do bi
vdy bam,
liie
nay thdnh phd vdn
edn
246
nghin ve binh vd thiiy
qudn eting 125 nghin quan ve
qucie. Chinh
phii
td
ehii:e
th6m
200 tilu dodn ve qudc qudn,
eong vdi 60 tilu doan vdn cd ttr
thdi De che II. Luc
lucmg
nay
bao gdm
chii
yeu cac thg thu
cdng vd cong chirc nhd. Trong
khi dd, qudn dgi Phdp vdn tiep
tuc thua cugc. Ngay
27.10.1870, tudng Ba-dai-ne
chi buy
15
van quan Phap ddng
d thanh Met da ddu hdng qudn
Phd. Tmde tinh binh dd,
Jule-
Fa-re -Bd trudng Bg ngoai giao
ciia
Chinh
phii
ve qudc, da bi
mat ky thda thudn Hda ude vdi
Bix-mdc.
Nhan dan Paris phan ddi
viec chinh
phii
mdi dam phdn
vdi phia Phd va quylt tdm ed
Sd thiing.1-2011
Ly luan chinh (ri
& IVuycn
(hdng
25
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
thii.
Hg da tap tmng trude tda
tbi chinh bd ldn nhirng khiu
hieu: Da dao Chi-e! Khdng
dam phan!
Trude su phan bdi cua
Chinh phu ve qudc, cdng nhdn
da quyet tdm vii trang bao ve
Pari, Hg trd thanh dp luc ddi vdi
chinh sdch ddu hang
eiia
ehinh
phu ban nude. Cdng nhan da id
chiic
194
tilu doan qudn Tu ve,
gdm 30 van ngudi diing
I6n
bao
ve td qudc. Tai Mdng-mac, mdt
cao dilm thugc tuyin phdng ve
phia Bic cira ngd Pari, dugc bd
tri 171 khiu phdo \dn nhim vl
phia
qudn Phd. Qudn Chinh
phii
da chilm dugc cao dilm.
dang dinh keo phdo di thi bi
mdt tdp phu nii den can lai,
Idt
sau, may trdm qudn Tu ve cung
d6'n kip vao chi6'n ddu. Vi6n
Mdng phdn dgng V6-nua ra
lenh na sung dan dp lam chet
mdt sd ngucd.
3 gid sdng ngay 18.3.1871.
qudn Chinh
phii
do vi6n mdng
Ve-nua chi huy chia lam may
phan ddi ddnh len vao cdc ttan
dia phdo
ciia
qudn
Tir
ve.
Trong
cugc chi6'n. nhilu binh
Knh
qudn Chinh phu da vl phia qudn
Tu
ve,
vien Wdng chi huy bi bin
chet tai
ehd.
Tdi 9 gid sdng, luc
lugng Chinh phu thai bai, vdi va
lui qudn. Den 11 gid. hai tieu
doan Tu ve den chi vien cho
Mdng-mac. Budi trua, Uy ban
trung uong ve qudc ra lenh cho
cdc tilu doan tien vao trung tdm
thanh phd. Chi sau vai tieng
ddng hd, qudn Tu ve da chiem
duoc cac
CO
quan dau nao
ciia
chinh
phii.
Tda thi chinh va cdc
trai
linh.
Ddng thdi, qudn Tu ve
cting keu ggi cdng nhdn gianh
lay chinh quyln. cdc truyln
dan. bilu ngir ddn khip cdc ngd
xdm. phd phudng.
Qudn ddi phan ddng bi ddnh
tan tdc. Cdng qudc Luc-xam-
bua, cdc quang trudng, nha ga,
hdi quan
diu
bi quan chung
chiem linh.
Budi ehilu, qudn Tu
ve
quyet
dinh tien vao trung tam. Luc
lugng
qudn
Tu
ve
va quan chung
U^d
thanh mdt lan sdng do at
xdng vao
Toa
thi chinh
Paii.
Din
chilu tdi
18.3.1871,
Tbii
mdng
Chinh
phii
- Chi-e leo len mdt
chiec xe ngira, chay vl Vec-xdy.
Cdc quan chiic chinh
phii
va cdc
dng chu nha giau ciing hdt
hoang chay khdi Pari.
De'n
21h30,
cdc cdnh quan
khdi nghia
diu
tap tmng vl Toa
thi chinh. Ld cd dd dugc keo
len. cd Pari vang day tieng hd
vang: Cach mang 18 thang 3
mudn nam!
Sau khi gianh dugc chinh
quyln, giaicap vd san lap
tiic
bit tay vao lat dd bd mdy nha
nude
m
sdn, xay dung
nIn
chuyen chinh vd san. Ngay
26.3,
Pari td chire bau cir Cdng
xa. Nhdn ddn lao ddng ldn ddu
ti6n dugc thuc hien quyln lgi
thieng
heng ciia
minh. K6t qua
bau cir dugc cdng bd ngay 28.3.
Cu
thi,
trong 85 vi uy vien
Cdng xa tning cir cd 25 ngudi
la cdng nhan,
15
dai bilu thugc
giai cap
m
san (nhung sau do
hg sdm tir chiic), phdn cdn lai
gdm cdc bac si, nha bao, giao
vien, cdng chiic Khoang gan
30 dai bilu cua Hdi ddng cong
xa la hdi vien cua Qudc tl
I
va
ciing cd ca nhtrng ngudi ngoai
kieu gdc Nga, Ba Lan,
Hungary.
Phong trao cua Cdng xa da
U-d
thanh tieng vang ldn va
la
tain guang cho cdc phong trao
cdch mang nd khip nude Phap
nhu: Ma-xe-h't, Li-dng,
Tu-lu
Ngay 28.3.I87I, Cdng xa
Pari - mdt td chiic nha
nude
kiiu
mcd
ciia
giaicap vd san
lan
ddu ti6n trong
lich
sir loai ngudi
da cir hanh nghi II long trong,
chinh thiic tuyen bd ra
dcd.
Mot
khan dai rdi ldn dugc dung
trude
Tda thi chinh. Tr6n
nde
Tda thi chinh, mdt nggn cd do
mng bay, ducd quang trudng
may chuc van ngudd tir cdc nd
keo vl. Mdt tram tilu doan
Quan tu ve oai phong nim chic
tay sung, xung quanh la nhiing
khiu phdo ldn bdng
loang.
Nhiing nggn cd dudi nheo, cd
tam gidc cd ma viln bilu trung
cho chinh quyln nhdn ddn,
phap phdi
trude
khan dai. Doi
qudn nhac tau len ban "Mac-
xdy-e" va
"Khuc
qudn hanh".
Den 16 gid, cdc uy vien
Cdng xa, khoac dai bdng do
chio
qua ngudi, budc
lin
khan
dai,
Cdng xaPari chinh
thii:c
dugc thanh lap. Sau dd, cac loat
phdo
diu
nd, tieng vd tay vang
len, hang chuc van ngudi cting
26
Ly luan chinh (ri &
IVuycn
(hdng
So'thang
3-2011
nhau hd ldn Cdng xa mu6n
nam!
Cdc tilu doan vu trang
dilu qua khdn dai.
Nhd
sir
ung hd tich cue
ciia
qudn chiing, Cdng xa da nhanh
chdng dap tan bd may quan
lieu qudn su cua Chinh phu
Chi-e,
xdy dung chinh quyln
vd san.
1.2.
Qua trinh
chi^
dSiu
bk) v6
C6ng xa
Trong mdt thdi gian ngin,
lire
lugng
ciia
Cdng xa tang len
nhanh chdng, luc ddu khoang
100
ngan ngucd, vl sau tang len
tdi 200 ngan. Tuy nhi6n, trong
sd ndy chi cd khoang 20 den 30
ngan da dugc luyen tap. VI vii
khi,
Cdng xa trang bi dugc
1.740 khiu dai bac, nhung do
mdt sd bi hu hdng, mat khde
lai
khdng cd phdo
tbii,
n6n chi sir
dung dugc 320 khau. Ben canh
dd, Cdng xa cting dugc Uang bi
ban 400 ngan khiu sung tmdng.
Dumg
trude
su ra ddi vd ldn
manh
ciia
chinh quyln vd san,
ke thu trong va ngoai nude vd
cting cam gian, chung cau ket
vdi nhau dm muu lat dd Cong
xa. Ngay 10.5.1871, Chi-e da
bit tay vdi bgn xdm
luge
Phd
bing viec ky mdt hda udc. Hda
udc vdi ndi dung Chi-e bdi
hoan 5 ty pha-rang chien
phi
va
nhuong
hai tinh An-dat va Lo-
ren cho Phd. Ddng thdi, theo
yeu eau
ciia
Chi-e, Bix-mdc
U-ao
trd Phdp 10 van
tti
binh dl
vl tham gia dan dp Cong xa,
Sau hda udc, Phd da phdng
thich ban 10 van
tti
binh Phdp
NGHIEN
CCrU
- TRAO
001
va vii trang cho ddm
tti
binh
nay quay vl tilp can
phia
Bic
Pari - noi Cdng xa it dl phdng,
dl dan dp Cdng xa.
Ngdy 20.5, Chi-e ha lenh
tdng tan cdng vdo Cdng xa.
Ngay hdm sau, qudn dgi Vec-
xay phdi hgp vdi bgn ndi irng
trong thdnh, da tan cdng vdo
Pari.
Cugc chien dau bao ve Cdng
xa bit ddu. Nhilu nha
each
mang nude ngoai da sdt cdnh
ciing nhdn ddn Phdp chien dau.
Gia
tre,
gdi trai
diu
trd thanh cac
chien si cuaCong xa.
Tinh
thdn
dting cdm chiln dau by sinh
ciia
bg khien ke
thti kbilp
sg.
Nhung do td chirc yeu. ky
luat kem, sir dung phdo khdng
hieu qua , Cdng xa sdm bi suy
yeu. Qudn Chinh
phii
da chilm
dugc phan ldn cac phao dai phia
Tdy va Nam
thtmh
phd. Nhilu
ngudi cua Chinh
phii
nay da
thdm nhap vao bang ngu Cdng
xa, tham gia ca Bg tdng tham
muu. Luc lugng tinh bdo nay da
cho phd buy mdt xudng
due
dan. lay cdc ban dd qudn su va
td chiic md cira thdnh Pari cho
lire
lugng cua Chi-e tien vao.
Den ngay 23.5, Mong-mac
thai thu. Ngay 24, qudn dich
tan cdng vao Tod tbi chinh.
Ngdy 27 quan dich chi6'm dugc
dai bd phan khu eu tni cuacong
nhan. Nhung chiln
si
cudi cimg
cua Cdng xa cd thu d lang md
Pe-lai-rai-do
nhdm ddnh trd
5.000
qudn dich. Trdi qua mdt
trdn ddnh gidp la ca, cudi cung.
tdi cd 147 chiln si Cdng xa
diu
hy sinh d gdc Wdng phia Ddng
Nam
ciia
lang md. Sau nay
nhan dan ggi gdc Wdng nay la
'Tudng Cdng xa Pa ri".
Cdng xaPari hoan toan thdi
bai nhung tam guong chdi loi
ciia
Congxa vdn tda sang va cd
y nghia sau sdc ddi vdi giaicap
vd sdn toan
tbi
gidi.
7.3.
Nguydn
nhan
din
d^n
SII
Ih^
bai cua Cdng xaPari
Cdng xaPari la mot md hinh
ehinh quyln vd sdn dau ti6n
eiia
giaicap cdng nhdn tr6n the
gidi.
Mac
dti
tdn tai chi dugc
ban 70 ngay nhung Congxa da
dl
lai
mot tieng vang ldn cho
phong trao cdng nhan qudc te.
Cdng xa bi thai bai do nhilu
nguy6n nhan, song ca bdn do
cdc nguy6n nhdn sau ddy:
Sau ngdy 18.3.1871,
lire
lugng cuaCongxa da chiem
dugc nhilu co quan quan trgng,
nhung lai bd qua hai co quan
cue ky quan trgng vl thong tin
li6n lac va tai chinh la buu dien
va ngdn hang Phdp.
Cong xa sau khi gianh dugc
ehuih
quyln da khong ti6'p tue
tan cdng luc lugng
eiia
chinh
phii
Chi-e niia. Va dilu nay
khiln
ehinh
phii
Chi-e ed thdi
gian dl phuc hdi, ciing ed, xdy
dung luc lugng va sau nay da
quay lai tan cdng Cdng xa.
Cdng xa da khdng manh tay
xir
ly,
triing tri cdc nhdn vat gidn
diep va ke
thti ciia
minh. Mai
cho tdi thdi ky
Tu^
ll dim
m^
(21-28.5.1871)
Ciing
xa
Sd thiing.1-2011
Ly luan chinh (ri &
IVuycn
(hdng
27
NGHIEN
CCrU
- TRAO DOI
mdi thuc hien bien phdp manh
ddi vdi
lire
lugng nay thi khi dd
hdu nhu khdng cdn tdc dung.
VI mat kinh te', do Cdng xa
khdng tich thu ngan hang, cho
n6n nhiing thanh phdn ddi lap
vdi Cdng xa vdn cd
thi
tilp
Uic
sir dung tiln phuc vu cho boat
ddng chdng ddi, lat dd Cdng xa.
Vl qudn
sir,
Cdng xaPari td
ra cdn nhilu ylu kem. Qudn ddi
ciia
Cdng xa chua dugc budn
luyen ky cdng, td chiie tdi, ky
luat trong qudn
ddi
khdng
nghiem. Viec lanh dao Congxa
thilu tap tmng, Cdng xa dugc
chia lam hai co quan la Uy ban
qudn su va Uy ban trung uong
quan Ve qudc. Nhirng yeu kem
vl quan
sir
khiln
Cxmg
xa nhanh
chdng tan ra khi bi tdn cdng.
Van dl
Uen
minh giai cap,
tdng ldp
ciia
Cdng xa chua dugc
chii
y diing muc. Luc lugng cua
Cdng xa
chii
yeu chi la cdng
nhdn vd binh linh ma thilu di
mdt luc lugng hting bau vdi
siic
manh Idn lao dd la ndng ddn.
Vdo nhtrng tudn cudi
ciia
thdng 5.1871. trong khi quan
dgi Phd va qudn ddi Chinh
phii
Chi-e bao vdy Paris, Chinh
phii
Chi-e diing mdt sd bdo chi dl
dang tdi nhilu tin, bai gdy bat
lgi cho Cdng xaPari nhu Cdng
xa se ti6u diet tdi ca cac quyln
sd hiru. Do dd, da lam cho
nhilu bd phdn ngudi trong xa
hdi
lo
sg va khdng
dilng
vl
phia
Cdng xa. Dac biet giaicap
ndng ddn lo ngai chinh quyln
ciia
Cdng xa Pari.
Sau khi Cdng xa
Paii
thdi
bai,
giaicap W sdn da bdi nhg
thanh danh cac chien sy Cdng
xa, vu khdng Cdng xa, vu
khdng Hdi hen hiep Cdng nhan
Qudc
tlv.v
La ngudi lanh dao
Hdi
bin
hiep cdng nhdn Qudc
tl',
C.Mdc da nhdn rd
u-deh
nhiem cua minh trong viec lanh
dao phong trao vd san. Dl bien
nhung kinh nghiem
ciia
Cdng
xa Pari thanh tai san chung cho
phong trao cdng nhdn qudc te,
bdo ve thanh danh
ciia
cdc
chien sy Cdng xa Pari, ca nggi
long diing cam. tinh thdn cdch
mang cua hg, ddng thdi
I6n
dn
sir
phan ddng. coi re lgi ich ddn
tdc
ciia
giaicap tu san Phdp,
C.Mdc dugc td chirc giao
nhiem vu vilt tdc pham Noi
chien a Phap. Tdc phim
dugc C.Mdc viet xong vdo
thang 5.1871 vd xudi ban lan
dau ti6n bing tieng Anh d
Ludn Ddn ngay 13.6.1871.
2.
Cac
chinh
sach
chinh
tri,
kinh
x£,
xa hdi cua
Cdng xaPari
Trong Npi chien d Phap,
C.Mac
chi rd: Cdng xaPari la
mdt hinh thiic chinh quyln cu
thi ciia nIn
cdng hda -
thi
hien
nguyen vgng khdng chi xda bd
binh thiic qudn
cbti ciia
su
thdng tri giaicap ma edn
biiy
bd ca thdng tri giaicap niia.
Cdng xa la mdt hinh thirc nha
nude chuyen chinh vd san so
khai, C.Mdc cho ring: "Cdng
xa gdm nhiing dai bieu thdnh
phd do dau phieu phd thdng
d
cdc khu
ciia
Pari bdu
lin.
Ho la
nhting dai bilu cd trach nhiem
va cd the bi bai miln bat cir
liic
nao.
Da
sd
uy vien cua cdng xa
tdt nhi6n phai la nhiing eong
nhdn hoac la nhiing dai bilu
dugc thira nhdn
ciia
giaicap
cdng nhdn"'".
Nhu vay, ban chdi Cdng xa
Pari la chinh quyln cuagiaicap
cdng nhdn, do cdng nhdn bau
len. Cdng xaPari la mdt kieu
nha
nude
ddu tien trong
lich
sir
nhan loai
khde
bin cdc nha
nude trude
kia vl ban chat.
Hinh thiic td chiic va thuc
thi quyln luc chinh tri cuacong
xa cung hoan toan mdi: "Cong
xa chinh la mdt hinh thiic ehinh
tri linh boat de'n cao do, cdn tat
ca nhtrng hinh thirc chinh phu
trude
kia vl thuc chdi
diu
la ap
biic"'-'.
Cdng xa la mdt
tbi
che
viia thuc hien cdng viec hanh
chinh vira lap phap. Co quan
tdi
cao
ciia
nha
nude
la Hdi ddng
Cdng xa cd vai trd lap phdp va
td chuc 10 uy ban ehiu
U-ach
nhiem vl hanh phdp. Mdi
iiy
ban nay do mdt uy vien
ciia Hpi
ddng Cdng xa lam
chii
tieh.
VI qudn
sir,
Cdng xaPari
ban hanh sic lenh bai bd qudn
ddi thudng true va bd mdy canh
sdt
ciia che
do cu, thanh
lap lire
lugng vu trang va
lire
lugng an
ninh
ciia
nhdn dan, mang ban
chdi nhdn dan, bao ve lgi ich
nhdn ddn.
Canh sdt d ddy la ca quan
cd
trach nhiem
ciia
cdng xa va cd
28
Ly
luan chinh (ri &
IVuycn
(hdng
So
thiing
3-2011
NGHIEN
CCrU
- TRAO DOI
tbi
bi bai miln nlu khdng vi
Icri
ich
ciia
cdng xa.
Cdng xa ra sdc lenh tdeh
gido
hdi va nhd thd ra khdi boat
ddng nha nude. Gidi tang
Itr
khdng dugc can thiep vao cdng
viec
ciia
chinh quyln va ngan
sdch tdn gido bi
biiy
bd. Tai ca
cac tdi san
ciia
gido hgi trd
thanh tdi sdn qudc gia.
Cdng xa thanh lap he thdng
gido
due
thdng nhdi, tdch gido
due khdi nha thd, thay th6' cac
tang
lir
bing dgi ngu gido vi6n
mdi.
Sic lenh ve gido
due
bit
budc va miln phi ddi vdi mgi
ngudi. Trudng hgc dap irng nhu
cdu hgc tap cho tdi cd mgi
ngudi trong xa bdi. Ngay
12.5.1871,
hai trudng cbuy6n
nghiep dugc thanh
lap.
Tdt ca cdc
hinh
thirc kinh
doanh
nghe thuat bi cdm, Hdi nghe sy
diing
ra
qudn
ly cdc
rap
hdt
va
boat
dcing van hda van nghe.
Cdc vi6n chire tu phap
ducx;
bdu I6n va cd
tbi
duac bai mien
nlu
kbcmg
hoan thanh nhiem vu
hoac lam khdng diing chirc nang.
Cdng xa da tao su dan
chii
cho mgi cd nhdn: "Cdng xa da
cung cap cho
nIn
cdng hda edi
CO
sd
ciia
nhtrng thiet che' that
su ddn
chu"'".
Cdng xaPari quyet dinh giao
cho cong nhdn quiin ly cdc xi
nghiep, cdng
xucmg
ma gidi
chii
da bd khdi Pari. Cdn nhung
xuiVng
ma ngucd chu vdn d lai,
Q)ng
xa
quiui
ly thdng qua
xiec
kilm sodt tiln luong. Cdc uy ban
lao ddng
ducx:
thimh
lap ehiu
mdcb
nhiem vl sdn xuat va ddi
sdng cdng nhan. Vdi nhiing nha
mdy vdn cdn gidi
chii,
Cdng xa
dua ra lenh
cdin
hinh thue cup
phat, cam lam d6m trong cdc
xucmg
bdnh mi. Ch6' do ngay
lam 8 tieng ciing dugc dl ra.
Miic
luong cua cdc vi6n chiic bi
ha xudng, trong khi
ciia
cdng
nhdn dugc tdng
I6n.
Congxaban
banh dao luat quy dinh gid bdnh
my, thit bd, thit ciru Nhilu
cong nhdn ngheo
red
nhd minh
tdi sdng tai cac dinh thu
ciia
nhtrng quy tgc,
W
san bd trdn.
Cdng xa ti6u diet
chi
do W
htiu
vl kinh tl va thiei lap
chi
do cdng hiiu, Che do cdng htm
vl kinh
tela
co sd cho viec ddm
bao mdt
nIn
chinh tri ma mgi
ngudi dan
diu
cd quyln lam
chii,
hay ndi cdch khac: tdt ed
quyln
lire
thugc vl nhdn dan,
C.Mdc vi6i: "Cdng xa mudn
tieu diet cai quyln sd
biixi
giai
cap dang lam cho lao dgng
ciia
nhilu ngucd biln thdnh
sir
gidu
cd
eiia
mot so it ngudi. Nd
mudn mdc doat nhtrng kl di
Wdc doat. Nd mudn biln quyln
sd hiiu cd nhan trd thdnh mdt
bien thuc, bdng cdch bien
nhting tu Ueu sdn xudi, mdng
ddi va
W
ban, hien nay
ehii
ylu
la cdng cu nd dich vd bde lot
lao dgng. thanh cdng cu lao
ddng tap
thi
va tu
do"'^'.
Cong
xa dilu hdnh viec san xuai theo
nguy6n tac ddn
chii
tren co sd
cdng huu vl W heu sdn xuat,
chinh dilu nay da khde phuc
dugc nhung ban ehl
ciia nIn
sdn xudi
trude
kia. C.Mac chi
ra: "Li6n hgp cdc tap doan hgp
tdc td chiic
nIn
sdn xudi qudc
ddn theo mdt kl hoach chung.
do dd nim lay viec lanh dao
nIn
san xudi ay va chain
diit
tinh trang vd chinh phu thudng
xuy6n va nhtrng su rdi loan
theo chu ky khdng
thi
U-dnb
khdi dudi
nIn
sdn xudi w ban
chii
nghia"'".
Cdng xa da dl ra dugc
nhtrng bien phdp quan ly xa hdi
do chinh nhdn ddn dam nhan.
Chinh vi phdt buy dugc quyln
lam
chii
xa bdi
ciia
nhdn ddn
ma "Ldn ddu tien. tir thdng Hai
1848.
cdc dudng phd Pari
duc;c
an loan mac
dti
khdng cd mdt
cdnh sdt
nao""".
Dudi thdi Cdng
xa.
Pari da
boiui
todn dugc ddi khde,
tbi
hien
mgi
xa hgi uu viet, tien bd.
C.Mac viet: "Bgn gai giang hd
dd di theo gdt bgn bdo hd bg,
tire Id
bcin
bao ve gia dinh, bdo
ve ton gido va
chii
yeu Id bdo ve
tai san, da bd chay. Thay vdo
bgn chiing, nhtrng phu nir chdn
chinh cuaPari lai xudi hien,
anh hiing. cao qui vd tan tdm
nhu nhiing phu nii thdi cd diln.
Mdt Pari lao ddng, suy nghi,
chiln da'u, dd mau, nhung rang
rd trong nilm hao hiing sdng
tao lich sir ma hdn bd mai m6
xdy dung xa hdi
mcd""'.
Nhu vdy, theo C.Mdc phdn
tich, Cdng xaPari la mdt
kiiu
td chiic hoan toan mdi
eiia
giai
cap vd
Scin
vdi nhilu uu viet va
phti
hgp
vcri
tien bd xa hgi. Mac
Sd thang .1-2011
Ly
luan chinh (ri &
IVuyen
(hdng
29
NGHIEN
CCrU
- TRAO
001
dti
cdn mdt so ban che', song
Cdng xaPari thuc
su la
mdt tain
guang cho phong trao cdng san
va cdng nhan qudc
t6'
hgc tap.
Va thuc tl may chuc nam sau,
mdt nha nude xdvi6t tiln bd ra
ddi da khic phuc nhiing ban
chi ciia
Cdng xa dl quan ly xa
hdi xa hdi
chii
nghia.
3.
Y nghia cua Cdng xaPari
Mac du chi tdn tai 72 ngdy
nhung Cdng xaPari da cd
nhiing uu diem ma cdc che' do
xa hdi
trude
dd khdng
thi
cd
dugc.
Ddng thdi phong trao
Cdng xa cung chi ra nhiing bai
hgc kinh nghiem cho giaicap
vd san trong viec gianh vd giir
chinh quyln:
Bai hpc ve su dung phuang
phap
each
mang. Trong cugc
cdch mang gianh chinh quyln
thi phuang phap bao
lire
la tdi
yeu vd phd biln. Mudn xda bd
chinh quyln
cii,
ddi hdi giaicap
each
mang cdn phai tap hgp tdi
ca cdc luc lugng vcd cdc bien
phap:
kinh te, chinh tri, qudn
su Nhirng bien phdp gianh
chinh quyln cai luong ma cdc
nha khdng wdng dua ra chi
mang tinh do Wdng cho phong
trao ddu tranh
ciia
giaicap cdng
nhdn. Nha nude vd san Id cdng
cu dl bdo ve thanh qua cdch
mang cua cdng nhdn va nhdn
dan lao ddng. Tuy nhien, thuc
teCdng
xa da khdng sir dung Iy
ludn bao
luc
nay mdt each dung
din. Ddy la mdt trong nhiing
nguyen nhdn lam cho Cdng xa
chi tdn tai ttong thdi gian hei
siic
ngin
ngiii.
Do dd, ttong cugc dau tranh
gianh chinh quyln
ciia
giaicap
vd san thi viec dimg bao luc
cdch mang la tat yeu, bit budc
nhu mdt phuang tien can thilt
dl thuc hien muc ti6u gianh
chinh quyln, bcri le giaicap
thdng tri, giaicap W san khdng
bao gid cd ihl tu nguyen rod bd
lgi ich, dia vi thdng
Ui
cua minh.
Bai hpc ve viec ket hpp cac
cupc dau tranh. Ldn ddu tien
trong Hch sir nhdn loai, Cdng xa
Pari da
kit
hgp
khio
leo giiia
cugc ddu tranh
ciiu
nude cua
giai cap cdng nhdn va nhan ddn
lao ddng chdng ke thu xdm
luge
vdi cugc ddu tranh chdng
ke
tbii
giai cap
ciia
giaicap
cdng nhan nhim giai phdng
minh va gidi phdng todn xa hdi.
Day la bai hgc vd ciing quan
trgng trong viec k6t
bcjp
cugc
ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tdc,
giai cap vd xa hdi dudi su lanh
dao
ciia
giaicap cdng nhdn. Va
qua dd thay dugc giaicap cdng
nhdn cd
thi
dai dien lgi ich cho
dan tdc, xa hdi.
Bai hgc vl ket hgp da'u tranh
nay da dugc cac cugc cdch
mang van dung vd da mang lai
dugc thanh cdng ldn. Ching
ban: d nude Nga, dudi su lanh
dao cua Dang bdns6vich, giai
cap cdng nhdn va nhdn dan lao
ddng da hoan thanh su menh
lich
sir
quan trgng lam nen Cdch
mang xa hdi
chii
nghla thdng
Mudi vi dai bing viec van dung
bai hgc ket hgp u-en.
6
Viet
Nam, dudi
sir lanh
dao
ciia
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, nhan
dan ta da van dung kheo leo bai
hgc nay khdng chi trong cuoc
dau tranh gianh ddc lap ddn toe
va
chii
nghla xa hdi ma cdn
trong cdng cugc kien thiet dat
nude
xay dung chu nghia xa
hoi.
Bai hpc ve vai trd cua
Hen
minh giaicap cdng nhdn vdi
giai cap ndng dan va tang
ldp
\x\
thirc.
Thuc te, mdt trong nhiing
nguyen nhdn
lam
cho phong
trao Cdng xaPari that bai la do
giai cap cdng nhdn khdng
chii y
de'n viec hen minh vcd giaicap
ndng dan va tang ldp tri thirc,
nen: bai ddng cacua giai
cap
cdng nhan da trd thanh bai
ai
dieu. Cach mang xa hdi chu
nghia d cac
nude
thanh cdng
dugc ciing nhd den
'viee
lien
minh nay. Thuc
te'
chiing minh,
viec
h6n
minh giaicapcong
nhdn vdi ndng ddn va tang ldp
Ui thiic thi vl mat nguyen tic
giai cap cdng nhdn phai la luc
lugng lanh dao each mang bdi
le,
giaicap cdng nhan ddy la
giai cap tien bd nhai, hg cd Iy
ludn tien bd ddn dudng.
Phong trao cua Cdng xaPari
da di vao hch sir, Wy nhi6n nd
vdn cdn nhilu y nghia cho
phong trao cdng nhan va vd san
tren the' gidi. Cdng xaPari mai
xiing dang la ban hiing cacua
giai cap cdng
nhdnd
1,
2.
3,4,5,6,7.
C.Mac, Ph.Angghen:
Toan %,
tl
7.
Nxb
CTQG - Sit
that,
1995,
tr.449,
454, 453, 455, 464.
30
Ly luan chinh tri
& lyuyen
(hdng
Sd
thang
3-2011
. bai la do
giai cap cdng nhdn khdng
chii y
de'n viec hen minh vcd giai cap
ndng dan va tang ldp tri thirc,
nen: bai ddng ca cua giai
cap
cdng. Dac biet giai cap
ndng ddn lo ngai chinh quyln
ciia
Cdng xa Pari.
Sau khi Cdng xa
Paii
thdi
bai,
giai cap W sdn da bdi nhg
thanh danh cac chien