TxDOT Motels in Texas 1950s to 1970s

Project Description

To effectively analyze a diverse range of materials, distinct categories were established, including National Register nominations, National Park Service (NPS) bulletins, TxDOT projects, and published works such as books and periodicals, alongside HABS/HAER documentation Each material type is detailed in its own table, accompanied by relevant analytical categories tailored to the specific content.

Methodology

To effectively locate studies relevant to the topic, various research methods were employed for each category The National Park Service’s searchable websites and the Texas Historical Commission’s Historic Sites Atlas were utilized to find suitable National Register nominations While some documents served more as statewide contexts using the Multiple Property Submission form, they did not nominate specific properties A range of search terms helped compile a substantial list of potential nominations, which were then evaluated for relevance Baker collaborated with TxDOT historians to access archives and identify past surveys related to specific property types, noting the absence of electronic resources for such searches For publications on post-World War II motels, Baker consulted the Austin Public Library and the University of Texas at Austin libraries, with the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals being particularly useful for finding journal articles Both recent and period-specific books and articles were reviewed for inclusion in the annotated bibliography, and due to the scarcity of published materials on motels from that era, Baker also visited the Austin History Center for additional local resources Furthermore, TxDOT ENV provided period images from telephone books to enhance the research.

REVIEW OF NATIONAL REGISTER NOMINATIONS AND HISTORIC

Post-World War II motels have only recently gained recognition as historic properties worthy of architectural study, leading to a scarcity of National Register Nominations focused solely on them While some multiple property submissions (MPS) include motels, they often lack sufficient detail, treating them as just one of many property types without in-depth analysis.

The technical expert reviewed numerous nominations related to motels but found that many did not meet the study's timeframe or lacked motel-specific information Although several Property Submissions for transportation corridors seemed promising, they ultimately fell short in relevant details Below are seven nominations considered the most useful Additionally, the expert reached out to the National Register Coordinator at the Texas Historical Commission for further nominations, but no new materials were provided.

The effectiveness of documents for motel evaluation guidance varies significantly, with earlier nominations viewing motels as domestic properties while later investigations emphasize their roadside commercial nature Although all nominations included a Statement of Significance and were nominated under Criteria A and C, discrepancies exist among them, with no nominations citing Criterion B While this literature review focused on nominations from the period of significance, some failed to address motels from the later period or provided excessive detail on pre-war resources Registration requirements were inconsistently stated, and integrity assessments were generally inadequate, with few detailing the seven aspects related to property evaluation Boundary discussions lacked consistency, yet the sources used for historical context were generally reliable, incorporating local information A notable issue is the absence of adequate illustrations in digital nominations; while nomination texts are available online, accompanying maps, drawings, and photographs are often missing Non-digitized nominations can be requested from the National Park Service, but they may take several weeks to receive.

Individual motel nominations provide valuable insights for future research by offering a detailed examination of specific properties In contrast, MPS nominations present a broader context for motels as a property type, though they typically reference individual motels only in passing.

Bel Air Motel, St Louis, MO

Analysis Specific Data Provided by Source Comments

“The Bel Air Motel at 4360 Lindell Boulevard in St Louis [Independent City], MO, is a significant representative of the changes occurring in commercial design in mid-twentieth century

In late 1957, the St Louis Post Dispatch announced the issuance of building permits for a new hotel, marking it as the first hotel to be built in St Louis in twenty-seven years and the city's first in a significant period.

The Bel Air Motel exemplifies resort-styled motor hotels and reflects the mid-century commercial growth along Lindell Boulevard, a key route linking downtown with the affluent suburb of Clayton.

St Louis hotelier and philanthropist, Norman K Probstein as the first of his numerous hotel ventures and as the best representation of his successful career in hotel development “

This text is interwoven with the text below in “Criteria and Areas of Significance,” but seems to be suggesting Criterion A and B eligibility, but A and C are discussed

The Bel Air Motel is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A: Commerce and Criterion C: Architecture, showcasing early motor hotel design and mid-century Modern architecture, which was gaining popularity along Lindell Boulevard The addition of a one-story restaurant in 1961, completed less than fifty years ago, invokes Criterion Consideration G, as it complements the original design established by 1959 This expansion is integral to the motel's identity as a "resort-styled motor hotel," offering ample space for a full-service restaurant.

Does not make a case for listing under A, nomination was amended to eliminate reference to Criteria Consideration

G, as the 1961 kitchen addition was deemed to be “of a scale small enough that it need not meet the exceptional importance criterion.”

Significance 1957 - 1961 Appropriate time frame of this study

Requirements None provided If the requirements had been included, the errors

A Bel Air Motel, St Louis, MO

Analysis Specific Data Provided by Source Comments concerning nomination criteria may have been avoided.

The Bel Air Motel, situated amidst the historic buildings of the Central West End, has undergone a significant rehabilitation to restore its original Modern design elements Recent renovations have removed cosmetic changes and dark paint, revealing a light and airy appearance with exposed concrete framing and windows The previous massive cross gabled roof over the driveway canopy has been replaced with a simple flat roof, harmonizing with the historic facade's grid-like structure The lobby entry is being redesigned for greater transparency with a glass block wall, reflecting its 1950s roots While the swimming pool has been filled in, the original patio, courtyard, and balconies remain intact The interior hallways and room configurations preserve their original Minimalist design, and the ongoing project aims to restore the lobby, lounge, kitchen, and restaurant to their former glory.

The article highlights that while integrity aspects are mentioned, the focus is primarily on the setting It notes that both the "Exterior Features" and "Interior Features" sections address alterations and integrity concerns Additionally, it points out that the property was undergoing remodeling during the nomination process, and the impact of historic fabric loss due to renovations, even if designed sensitively, is not adequately addressed.

The boundaries encompass Lots 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and the northeastern triangular section of Lot 20 in John Baker's Subdivision of Block 51 of Peter Lindell's Second Addition, along with Block 3893 in the City of St.

The property, known as Louis, features a total frontage of 261 feet 8 inches along the South line of Lindell Boulevard It extends Southward with a depth of 246 feet 4.5 inches on the East side and 246 feet 6.5 inches on the West side, leading to an alley The overall width of the property measures 250 feet, with boundaries defined by the former property of F B Ver Steeg to the West and an adjacent Lot to the East.

Adequate verbal description but image of map provided was illegible (may have been due to scanning error)

A Bel Air Motel, St Louis, MO

The boundaries of the property encompass all historically associated areas with the building, as outlined in the legal description The building occupies the entire lot, excluding public sidewalks and the parking lot.

Previous surveys in the area, journal articles, historic maps, governmental publications, website, previous NRHP nominations, newspaper articles, telephone books

Nomination would have benefitted from consultation of architectural texts (for Criterion C) for comparison with other buildings of its time period

Map of St Louis, architect-prepared floor plans, historic postcard images, photographs of nearby mid-century modern buildings, recent black and white photographs of resource

The document features plans that are difficult to read, yet effectively utilizes historic postcard images to highlight preserved features However, placing these images closer to the recent photographs in the text would enhance the ability to compare the two.

Study Report Useful because of its focus on a single motel rather than a collection of similar property types (such as Wildwoods or Route

The property is held to a higher standard under Criterion

C because it is an individual resource rather than a contributing feature to an historic district

Discrepancy regarding criteria of eligibility (see above)

The article raises concerns about the lack of nomination for the hotel as part of a district or Multiple Property Submission (MPS), especially given the significant properties on the same street It also highlights that the hotel does not provide a clear example of motel evaluation.

Apache Motel, Moab, UT

The Apache Motel holds local significance under Criterion A for its role in the mid-twentieth century development of Moab, Utah Additionally, it is recognized architecturally as the premier example of a motel complex from the significant period spanning 1954 to 1958.

The first statement is made in a section entitled “Narrative Statement of Significance” while the second statement appears in a later section labeled “Architectural Significance.”

It is unclear why the A and C statement are separated

A and C for entertainment/recreation, architecture, commerce and other: tourism

The article discusses the "development of Moab," yet it fails to mention "Community Planning and Development" as a significant aspect Additionally, the significance of entertainment and recreation during the historic period is not fully explored, except for a possible reference to the motel's connection to the movie industry.

Significance 1954 - 1958 The property underwent considerable alteration during this period

Requirements Not stated Registration form does not have a specific section wherein to include this information

Integrity Alterations are discussed within the narrative description and

“Because of its high degree of integrity, the Apache Motel is historically and architecturally significant as the best example of motel architecture from Moab’s boom period in the mid- 1950s.”

Seven aspects are not mentioned or addressed directly, and integrity is judged in comparison to other extant motels from the same period

Legal description given Boundaries are the same as those during the period of significance

Sources of Data Jakle and Moab/Utah-specific publications (books, newspaper, maps)

May have benefitted from consulting other motel-specific sources

Illustrations Room locator map, one poorly reproduced historic photo, 15 black and white current photos, reproduction of promotional postcard with illustration of the building

Current photos are thorough, but additional historic images would have been helpful in visualizing integrity concerns

Study Report Serves as an example of an eligible motel not associated with a nationally significant roadway

Report itself does not offer any new insight as to how to judge other motels

Nomination A more in-depth look at motels in general could have better supported the Criterion C discussion

Fairly solid information, but there were discrepancies and inconsistencies as to how areas of significance and integrity were presented.

Snow Flake Motel, Lincoln Township, MI

“Although the Snow Flake Motel is not yet fifty years old, it is of exceptional significance under Criterion C in the area of architecture sufficient to warrant consideration within Category G

Currently facing significant threats from nearby development, this site exemplifies the core principles initially established by Frank Lloyd Wright These principles have been skillfully interpreted by his long-time chief apprentice and son-in-law, William Wesley Peters, who served as the chief architect of Taliesin Associates and signed the plans for this remarkable project.

30 August 1960, the year following Wright’s death The building is a regional landmark and assuredly unique.”

The article argues for the motel's eligibility, highlighting the impact of encroaching development This supports Bulletin 22's assertion that motels are a vulnerable resource, warranting greater consideration for eligibility before they reach 50 years of age.

Does not attempt to make a case for Criterion A, and is therefore different from most motel nominations encountered during this study

Significance 1961 - 62 Appropriate time frame for our study

Requirements Not stated Registration form does not have a specific section wherein to include this information

Integrity Only setting is called out specifically, and discussions of alterations occur throughout the narrative Other six aspects of integrity are not addressed directly

Boundaries Used historic boundaries of the property Sketch plan could have shown property boundary.

Sources of Data Interviews, articles and books specifically about the property or architects Nothing concerning the motel property type

Illustrations Design sketch, sketch plan with photo directions, 13 black and white photographs

Difficult to get an understanding of the property as a whole – an aerial photograph would be beneficial

C Snow Flake Motel, Lincoln Township, MI

Study Report Useful if dealing with a property with strong Criterion C association

Not very useful as an example for less architecturally significant properties, but may be helpful for comparing other motels for significance under Criterion C

Nomination Because of its focus on Criterion C, the context is lacking in discussion of the motel as a general property type

In 1997 when it was written, there was little study done of motels (Jakle had just been published the year before).

Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submissions

The well-preserved postwar motels in The Wildwoods, dating from around 1950 to 1970, signify a crucial era in tourism development and showcase an exceptionally intact collection of resort motels as depicted in contemporary publications These motels play a vital role in shaping community identity and hold significance at both the statewide and national levels.

Wildwood Crest, NJ, and its surroundings boast a remarkable collection of well-preserved motels, making it a valuable destination for roadside scholars These motels exemplify the "Populuxe" design style of the mid-1950s to mid-1960s, a term coined by historian Thomas Hine He highlights The Wildwoods as one of only two resorts in the United States that maintain significant concentrations of Populuxe motels, showcasing this unique architectural heritage.

This is labeled as a “Statement of Historic Context” and begins with the criteria A and C discussion (below) and contains the consideration G sentence (below) in the middle

‘The postwar motels of "The Wildwoods," New Jersey (Wildwood, North Wildwood, and Wildwood Crest) are significant under criterion "A," which covers resources

Events that significantly shape our history are linked to specific characteristics that define a type, period, or construction method This group meets the criteria considerations by demonstrating notable achievements in these areas.

"significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance."’

This criteria discussion is intertwined with the statement of significance (above)

Significance “The motel must have been built within the period of significance dating from the end of World War II to the mid-1970s.”

This timeframe starts a few years earlier than the 1950s – 1970s time span under consideration Also, it is unclear if any the motels considered were built after the late 1940s

D Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submissions

“In order to be considered as eligible a motel must meet all of the following criteria:

- The motel must have been built within the period of significance dating from the end of World War II to the mid-1970s

- The building must have been constructed as a motel

- The balcony must be continuous and run along the exterior of the motel

- Building footprints must be constructed in a line, "L"- shape, "U"-shape or a variation of these forms

In addition to the above requirements, a motel must meet five of the following eight requirements to be considered as eligible for the multiple property nomination:

- The building must have been constructed with a flat roof The exception to this requirement is motels where a peaked roof is part of the motels decorative theme

- Balconies must be visually unsupported or supported by beams

- Because the automobile was such an integral part of the resort motel experience, the motel must have on- site parking

- The motel must have a carport, which may be the underside of a sundeck

- The motel must have a distinctive illuminated sign

Neon signage can contribute to increased integrity

- The motel must have an extended roof overhang at least equal to the width of the balcony

- Motel construction must be concrete block with concrete plank flooring and balconies

- The motel must have a distinctive theme, which is carried out through signage and decoration.”

This comprehensive list details the essential physical features required for a property's inclusion in this specific MPS, while not addressing how these properties align with NRHP evaluation criteria Motels from the same period in different locations may have varying requirements, such as diverse acceptable roof forms and construction materials, suggesting this could serve as a useful model for future studies The NRHP registration criteria are referenced in the previous section on Criteria/Areas of Significance.

D Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submissions

The buildings in the Wildwoods exhibit a range of conditions from fair to excellent While some motels have undergone alterations, primarily through additions, they largely maintain their original integrity.

Individual properties are not discussed

The Motels of The Wildwoods encompass properties located within the political boundaries of Wildwood City, Wildwood Crest Borough, and North Wildwood City in Cape May County, New Jersey, with each property clearly marked by its respective lot and block numbers.

The document does not include the lot and block IDs linked to a map, nor does it clarify whether each property fully occupies its respective block or if there are shared ownerships among multiple owners.

Many of the same sources reviewed here, tourist/travel publications plus some New Jersey- specific items

Seems adequate, travel publications for specific motels under future study should be investigated

Illustrations 18 color photographs (scanned in black and white for web reproduction)

Only one photograph of each of the 18 resources depicted, and no images are provided for the rest of the “approximately 275” motels in the nomination

Focus is exclusively on motels, rather than just a brief mention in a wider study Provides good context

The article lacks detailed information on specific properties and does not provide a clear method for evaluating individual motels; however, it could serve as a valuable resource for another Multiple Property Submission (MPS) or district.

Route 66 in Texas Multiple Property Submission

U.S Highway 66, often romanticized as a vital transportation corridor, holds significant socio-cultural, economic, and political importance in American history As the first all-weather road connecting Chicago to Los Angeles, Route 66 spans approximately 2,400 miles and symbolizes the evolution of the nation's transportation infrastructure, from dirt roads to modern highways Its enduring appeal reflects a unique subculture and highlights the transformative impact of automobile travel on American society, fostering geographic cohesion and democratizing travel for a newly mobile nation.

For post-war roadside property types: “ the new tourism industry (encouraged by the war time road improvements to the highway system) of the postwar decades gave rise to

The evolution of modern facilities along Route 66 plays a crucial role in its cultural and economic significance, showcasing unique roadside architecture that reflects long-term economic prosperity.

Route 66 is renowned for its iconic roadside facilities, including tourist courts that evolved into motels, full-service filling stations, and family-friendly cafés and diners These establishments catered to travelers and offered various recreational attractions, enhancing the road trip experience along this historic route.

Only Route 66 itself is actually being nominated for listing The tourist courts/motels not previously listed are labeled potentially eligible, pending additional study

“The specific historic context of Route 66 in Texas relates to Criterion A (a significant event, or series of events or activities) and Criterion C (building forms, or an architectural

Only Route 66 itself is actually being nominated for listing The tourist courts/motels not previously listed are labeled as

E Route 66 in Texas Multiple Property Submission

The analysis of specific data highlights the importance of physical development styles and construction methods that contribute to the historic identity of areas like the Route 66 corridor Eligibility for individual districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects is assessed based on their association with the Route 66 historic context and the integrity of features that convey their significance, including location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association Properties are deemed significant under one or more of the four Criteria for Evaluation, with many resources along Route 66 meeting Criterion A and Criterion C Some properties remain potentially eligible, pending further study.

Significance 1926 - 1970 Much of the material concerns the time period earlier than this study (late 1940s and earlier)

The Route 66 tourist courts, motels, and motor inns from the significant period are crucial for understanding the commercial tourist trade along this iconic highway Their designs and settings illustrate the evolution of the motel industry in Texas, making them eligible for the National Register under Criterion A for commerce and transportation To qualify, properties must maintain a strong connection to Route 66 and the motel industry's development Additionally, eligibility under Criterion C requires that these facilities preserve their integrity in location, design, materials, workmanship, feeling, association, and setting, serving as notable examples of their type or style While many historic motels along Route 66 no longer operate as they originally did, their preserved forms warrant consideration for eligibility.

The specific requirements pertained to the property type categorized as Lodging, which encompasses sub-types such as Motels, Motor Inns, and Highway Hotels from the post-WWII era However, further research is recommended, as motels are currently classified as potentially eligible.

E Route 66 in Texas Multiple Property Submission

Integrity See above Not fully applied to the motels in question

Boundaries “The Texas Route 66 Survey project area is defined as the area lying within sight of the historic road alignment, including the commercial districts through which Route 66 passed.”

Given the nature of the main resource, the flexible boundaries seem appropriate Motel property boundaries are not given

The primary sources of data for this article include various reviewed books, surveys, and travel guides, along with numerous Route 66 websites However, it is important to note that many of these resources are highly specific to Route 66, limiting their applicability for motels in other locations.

None included Not available on line, but may be included with the actual nomination

These are the only “Potentially eligible Tourist Courts and Motels” within the post-WW II to 1970s timeframe:

 “Property 359-VE-24: Vega Motel, occupied and operated as a motel [1947]

 Property 375-AM-39: Colonial Manor Motel (ca 1953), located on East Amarillo Blvd Still functions as a motel

 Property 375-AM-177: English Motel (ca 1955), now vacant located on West Amarillo Blvd.”

The absence of details regarding whether these resources represent the "unique types and forms of roadside architecture" highlighted in the significance statement is notable However, the property type description serves as a valuable foundation for further exploration and analysis.

Nomination For Route 66 alone, the nomination is strong Little discussion of motels within the 1950s – 1970s timeframe.

Arkansas Highway History and Architecture Multiple Property Submission

The remaining auto camps, tourist courts, and motels in Arkansas play a crucial role in reflecting the state's highway culture and the rise of automobile travel during the 1930s to 1950s, highlighting their connection to broader national trends in automobile culture.

Doesn’t really address past the 1940s

Currently, five tourist courts in Arkansas are recognized on the National Register under Criterion C for their local significance Future properties should be nominated under Criterion A due to their connection to the evolution of Arkansas highway culture, in addition to Criterion C for their architectural design.

Only comments on previously listed properties and of these, offers no examples built after 1947

Significance 1910 - 1965 Supposedly covers up to 1965, but post-war discussion is lacking

To qualify for registration, auto camps, tourist courts, and motels must have been constructed between 1910 and 1965 They should possess distinctive physical characteristics that reflect their era and exemplify the architectural style they represent Additionally, these structures must remain intact and unaltered, preserving their historical integrity and setting.

Registration requirements are not explicitly stated

Not mentioned, except for “they should be intact, unaltered, and retain their integrity of setting” as stated above Does not refer to the seven aspects explicitly.

Does not link development of roadside properties with specific roadways in the state (as various Route 66 nominations do)

Sources of Data Previous nominations, books on automotive culture, Arkansas- specific writings Belasco is the only motel-specific source cited.

F Arkansas Highway History and Architecture Multiple Property Submission

Illustrations None available on line Not known if any are included with nomination.

Study Report Information provided is available from other sources Not particularly useful

Nomination More of a context than a nomination – only mentions resources already listed and a single other commercial property

Document was intended as a starting point for additional survey work and includes no examples of eligible motels from current time frame.

Taylor Rosamond Motel Historic District, Hot Springs, AK

The Taylor Rosamond Motel is nominated for local significance under Criterion C as a notable transition from individual cottages to modern motels This nomination is part of the multiple property listing “Arkansas Highway and Transportation Era Architecture, 1910 – 1965,” reflecting the historical context of “Arkansas Highway History and Architecture, 1910 – 1965.”

The information presented is sourced from the Arkansas Historic Preservation Program website, rather than the official nomination document According to the National Park Service (NPS) website, this nomination is included in the Arkansas Highway and Architecture Multiple Property Submission (MPS); however, the MPS review does not reference this specific resource.

Significance The summary indicates nomination under A and the statement of significance cites C The NPS website lists

“transportation” and “modern movement” as subjects, but does not call them out specifically as “Areas of Significance.”

Not clear if the nomination is for A or C, or both The summary text includes some justification for both

Significance Summary does not state it explicitly The NPS website lists

The original house on the property was built between 1908 and

1915, and the motel rooms were built around 1950, indicating a date range

Requirements Not provided No information offered as to what the Criteria cited mean

Text mentions that the main building had very few alterations but that the “ proprietors could build and expand as needed,” but does not explain if and how this happened

Seven aspects of integrity are not referred to explicitly

Not provided An associated map may not be digitized yet, and text makes no reference to boundaries or such a map

Sources of Data Bibliography includes Jakle, Liebs and Margolies as well as sources particular to Hot Springs

A reasonable amount and quality of sources consulted, but the text fails to reflect the information therein

G Taylor Rosamond Motel Historic District, Hot Springs, AK

Illustrations One photograph on website Inadequate, particularly for something claiming to be a district.

Study Report Limited Information is confusing at best, and doesn’t provide a good example of how to evaluate a motel property

Criteria are not defined, no discussion of registration requirements, integrity, boundaries, or district status

The actual nomination could not be accessed; however, it is presumed that the website text was directly sourced from it If this text pertains to the Arkansas Highway MPS, it notably omits any reference to this resource.

The Technical Expert conducted a review of four TxDOT projects to examine motel context, design, and integrity issues within the state These projects were selected based on insights from TxDOT ENV Historical Studies Branch historians, involving the analysis of technical reports and communications between TxDOT and THC The limited number of selected projects is attributed to the recent scrutiny of the subject property types due to their construction dates The review encompassed 14 motels documented during a reconnaissance level survey, with one undergoing a more in-depth intensive investigation All motels were evaluated solely under Criteria A and C, lacking guidance on the application of Criteria B, and most determinations relied on narrow contextual information from the reconnaissance studies.

The in-depth analysis of the Continental Motor Hotel in Temple for the IH 35, Segment 2 study effectively applies evaluation criteria relevant to its property type However, the historical context presented, while sufficient, leans heavily towards the pre-WW II period This study serves as a valuable example of an ineligible motel property type.

The projects reviewed concerning NRHP eligible motels were of a less intensive level of investigation than even a standard reconnaissance survey One recommended-eligible property was included in an Americans with

The Disabilities Act (ADA) Survey documented only eligible resources, with TxDOT historians agreeing on the consultant's recommendations However, the survey lacked a specific historical context for the motel and only provided a general overview of the area The significance of the motel could have been enhanced by referencing motel-specific literature, but the common finding of "no effect to historic properties" in ADA surveys often leads to limited investigation, restricting their usefulness for future studies of specific property types Additionally, the discussion on aspects of integrity in this study was not thorough.

The study conducted on Alameda Avenue in El Paso was undergoing SHPO consultation when this document was initiated and has since been coordinated It includes information from the initial reconnaissance report along with excerpts revised to align with SHPO’s final eligibility determinations However, a fully edited final report was not available for review.

Historic Resources Determination of Eligibility Report: IH 35 Improvement Plan for Segment 4 from

County District CSJ Project Description Technical

Reconnaissance Survey by CP&Y, edits from TxDOT

TxDOT to SHPO 6-1-10 SHPO to TxDOT 6-16-10 SHPO concurrence 7-2-10

Mardi Gras Motel Town and Country Motel Thunderbird Motel Flamingo Motel

Requirements Summary from Bulletin 15 Adequate for a reconnaissance survey

No discussion of “roadside architecture of the mid twentieth century and the “car culture”” as mentioned in the statement of significance for the Mardi Gras Motel

Broader contexts are discussed, but not with the specificity called out in the statement of significance

Data Sources Jakle The one source to consult if you are only consulting one

The Mardi Gras Motel is recommended for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) at the local level due to its significance in roadside trends and its architectural features However, it is not considered eligible under Criterion B, as there is no association with a significant individual.

 Town and Country, Thunderbird and Flamingo: “Overall, the building lacks distinctive characteristics that would qualify it as significant for association with architectural styles, periods, or trends

There are no known associations with significant themes or persons

This resource does not meet the Criteria for listing in the NRHP.”

The two specific contexts cited for the Mardi Gras Motel are not developed

 ‘The Mardi Gras Motel is significant for its association with roadside architecture of the mid twentieth century and the “car culture” that characterized American society during that time.’

 Town and Country, Thunderbird and Flamingo: not stated

True, but Mardi Gras contexts are not fully developed Other resources are not recommended eligible, so no statements of significance are needed

 Mardi Gras: “Out of the four motels (in this survey), the Mardi Gras Reconnaissance:

A Historic Resources Determination of Eligibility Report: IH 35 Improvement Plan for Segment 4 from North Loop 340 to South Loop

The motel exemplifies exceptional architectural integrity within its group, showcasing a well-preserved location, design, and setting Despite undergoing remodeling of its porch supports, the structure largely maintains its original craftsmanship and overall material integrity, reflecting its historical significance and iconic status.

 Town and Country, Thunderbird and Flamingo: noted as retaining none of the seven aspects of integrity.

According to TxDOT, despite the report's recommendations, the Mardi Gras Motel is deemed ineligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) due to the loss of integrity in six out of seven evaluated aspects, as determined by TxDOT historians.

The SHPO acknowledges that, although the Mardi Gras Motel has undergone some non-historic alterations, it has largely maintained its historic appearance, particularly in the prominent office building and room wings, which show only minor changes Despite the removal of the pool and the replacement of the sign, the motel retains enough integrity to qualify for listing under criteria A and C at the local level of significance.

On July 2, 2010, TxDOT announced that, despite the report's recommendations, the property is deemed ineligible for NRHP listing under Criteria A or C due to the loss of integrity in six out of seven aspects This determination was supported by SHPO on July 21, 2010.

For Mardi Gras, the seven aspects of integrity are acknowledged, though only materials are discussed in detail, while overall integrity is affirmed Additionally, the other three motels maintain their integrity of location, although this is not explicitly stated.

TxDOT and SHPO have engaged in discussions regarding the eligibility of the Mardi Gras property, emphasizing the importance of its integrity Following further research and a thorough assessment, SHPO ultimately agrees with the determination that the motel is not eligible due to its insufficient integrity.

Significance  Mardi Gras: “mid-twentieth century”

 Town and Country, Thunderbird and Flamingo: not stated

Assumed to be from time of construction to end of historic period determined for project.

Non-archeological Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey: SH 20 (Alameda Avenue) from

“The proposed project involves the rehabilitation of an existing facility requiring the acquisition of approximately 12.58 acres of right-of- way.”

Hunt, later edits by TxDOT

Dreams Motel Sands Motel Cortez Motel Sun Valley Motel

Requirements Directly from NPS Bulletin 15 Appropriate for the survey

As vehicular transportation evolved and became more popular, road trips along established highways led to the emergence of a new type of business, building on the legacy of old stagecoach inns Initially, increased road traffic prompted farm and ranch residents to offer lodging and meals to travelers With the paving of roads, the transition from carts and wagons to automobiles paved the way for more formal lodging options This evolution in accommodations progressed from auto camps and tourist homes to cabin camps, cottage courts, motor courts, and, more recently, motor inns and highway hotels.

Motel design in America was heavily influenced by the necessity of providing parking spaces for guests directly in front of their rooms, which often dictated the arrangement of cabins This functional approach to design led to the creation of independent and uniquely decorated tourist camps and courts, which became popular as accessible business ventures, particularly thriving in the post-World War II era and early 1950s.

This text was developed after initial consultation with SHPO and subsequently approved There is also an existing context called

“Commercial Development in El Paso County

1900 to 1960” into which motels could conceivably also fit, but currently motels/hotels are classified as domestic property types according to National Register guidelines

B Non-archeological Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey: SH 20 (Alameda Avenue) from Glenwood Street to Loop 375 (Americas Avenue), El Paso County, Texas

Dominant variations in the spatial organization of the motel (Jakle 37)

Cabin camps, among the earliest types of accommodations, were initially poorly constructed and lacked winterization Typically arranged in various patterns such as rows, L-shapes, or clusters, these establishments evolved over time As they became more substantial, the term "cottage" gained popularity, reflecting their improved durability and winterization, allowing for year-round business.

1930, motel names increasingly included the word “court.” Cottage courts were generally arranged geometrically around a central open space, or court

The width of U-shaped courts was influenced by the lot's depth and highway frontage, with cottages typically arranged as individual units separated by open spaces After 1930, attached garages gained popularity, often creating wall-to-wall cottage-garage combinations that maintained the unique roof lines of each freestanding unit Architecturally, these cottages resembled small suburban houses, while public spaces were predominantly outdoors, with minimal space allocated for parking.

The Non-archeological Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey of SH 20 (Alameda Avenue) from Glenwood Street to Loop 375 (Americas Avenue) in El Paso County, Texas, highlights the area's landscaping efforts aimed at enhancing the properties' gentrified appearance.

Approximately half of the motels/tourist courts within the project area fall under the Cottage Court category (see table 2)

Motor courts, similar to cottage courts, featured room units integrated under a single roof, typically as a single-story structure Long porches enhanced visual cohesion and provided shelter for open windows during bad weather Many motels were designed around spacious courtyards that served as informal outdoor "lobbies," often featuring a popular swimming pool set in landscaped grounds reminiscent of a resort In these motels, parking was typically located outside the U-shaped courts, with rooms accessible from both the front and back While some motor courts had courtyard layouts, others utilized simpler row and L-shaped configurations The project area includes various motels and courts categorized as Motor Courts.

Motor inns emerged in the 1950s, primarily in metropolitan areas, offering larger and more luxurious accommodations compared to motor courts Typically consisting of two- or three-story buildings arranged around a central courtyard, these inns featured rooms constructed back to back with utilities centralized in a core area Within the project area, there are two notable examples of this type of lodging.

Table 2: Cottage Courts vs Motor Courts

Cottage Court Motor Court Center-Core

Motels and motor courts built along Alameda Avenue between 1907 and 1959 showcased diverse architectural styles and eye-catching features designed to draw in travelers These establishments often featured large canopies, vibrant colors, and oversized signage that prominently adorned the motel grounds, making them easily recognizable to passersby.

The Non-archeological Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey along SH 20 (Alameda Avenue) from Glenwood Street to Loop 375 (Americas Avenue) in El Paso County, Texas, highlights the significance of historic signage Notably, a visually striking sign featuring an elaborate neon display was designed to add verticality to a predominantly low-profile building structure, enhancing the area's architectural character (Jakle 47).

TxDOT Historians examined the Neon Boneyard Historic Resources Survey and Inventory (NBHRSI) to assess the significance of neon signage independently from its buildings The NBRHSI emphasizes that when evaluating signage under NRHP Criteria, it is crucial to recognize the unique characteristics of signage resources, which may hold significance separate from the structures they adorn This highlights that signs can be valued as distinct objects, independent of their associated buildings.

Neon signs serve as significant local landmarks from their era, but they are becoming increasingly obsolete in the twenty-first century due to changing resource uses, new sign ordinances, maintenance costs, and neglect It is crucial to assess the rarity of these signs by considering how many of a certain type still exist today Additionally, when evaluating their exceptional importance, it is essential to identify other properties in the area that reflect similar significance and historic associations, determining which properties best represent the relevant historic context.

Alameda Avenue historically served as part of the Old Spanish Trail, a national highway established in the 1920s that stretched from St Augustine, Florida, to San Diego, California Entering Texas at Orange, Louisiana, the route traversed key cities like Beaumont, Houston, and San Antonio, before following Alameda Avenue through El Paso During this era, the American West emerged as a favored tourist destination, with many travelers planning long-distance vacations that included stops in Texas and El Paso, which became a popular waypoint for motorists heading to California and national parks Major roadways like Alameda Avenue attracted automobile tourists, leading to the development of motels and commercial establishments catering to the traveling public However, the prominence of Alameda Avenue diminished after it was bypassed by IH-10 in 1959.

B Non-archeological Historic Resources Reconnaissance Survey: SH 20 (Alameda Avenue) from Glenwood Street to Loop 375 (Americas Avenue), El Paso County, Texas

Parenthetically listed in above text

The comprehensive bibliography for the HRSR does not apply to the motel study; however, this context references Jakle, as reviewed in the publications section, and Cassity, which is mentioned in the other sources consulted section.

The complex, despite some alterations affecting its design and materials, retains discernible individuality and variation in its features, making it eligible for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion C at the local level of significance Additionally, it qualifies for NRHP listing under Criterion A for its significance in transportation at the local level.

The complex is not eligible for individual listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion C due to a lack of significant historical associations However, it qualifies for NRHP listing under Criterion A, indicating its importance in relation to broader historical themes.

Historic Resources Survey Report: Interstate Highway 35, Segment 2, between South Loop 363 and

Roadway improvements including widening, elevating or depressing main lanes, upgrading bridges, curves and ramps, converting frontage road to one- way

Reconnaissance Survey by Prewitt and Associates

Oasis Motel Texas Inn Continental Motor Inn Knights Inn Temple Inn Cen-Tex Alcoholic Rehab Center (former motel)

Motel complexes along this roadway corridor in Temple may qualify for the National Register due to their historical significance in providing essential overnight accommodations for travelers.

Travel-lodging complexes along Texas's significant roadway corridor have undergone alterations yet maintain their essential feeling and association with the corridor, meeting the eligibility requirements under Criterion A for commerce and transportation Each motel complex preserves its original location, and some may qualify for the National Register under Criterion C due to their unique architectural characteristics To be eligible under Criterion C, these resources must retain integrity in setting, design, materials, and workmanship, even if they no longer function as originally intended Despite some modifications, the distinctive designs of these complexes can still showcase their historical significance.

The reconnaissance survey identified several motels for intensive evaluation, although a complete assessment was not conducted by the technical expert at this stage While full registration requirements are not necessary now, a comprehensive overview of these requirements is provided TxDOT concluded that all motels, except the Continental Motor Hotel, are ineligible for registration, and it was agreed that an in-depth study should be carried out on the Continental Motor Hotel.

Good application of evaluation criteria directly to the property type not seen in other reports

The Historic Resources Survey Report for Interstate Highway 35, Segment 2, located between South Loop 363 and North Loop 363 in Temple, Bell County, Texas, emphasizes the importance of preserving the integrity of character-defining features, which are essential for the highway to be recognized as a notable example of its type.

To qualify for registration under Criterion A, motels must typically be at least 50 years old When evaluating these resources, historical integrity is prioritized over architectural and physical integrity Key aspects of integrity for motor hotels include location, feeling, and association, while setting, design, materials, and workmanship are also considered but to a lesser degree.

To be eligible under Criterion A, motels must remain in their original location and preserve significant historic features such as building footprint, fenestration patterns, and character-defining details While some non-historic changes may be permissible, motels that have undergone multiple alterations resulting in substantial loss of original fabric and design are less likely to qualify Major modifications, including altered fenestration or unsympathetic additions, as well as missing key historic elements, relocation, or poor physical condition, also diminish eligibility Historic-period changes are generally acceptable, and motels deemed eligible should maintain notable integrity of feeling, supported by an intact setting that reflects the period of significance Additionally, integrity of association must be established through archival evidence linking the motor hotel to significant events or historical contexts from approximately 1950 to 1970.

Registration requirements appropriate for motels considered eligible under Criterion C evaluate the distinctive characteristics of a style, type, period, or method of construction, and may be representative or rare

The Historic Resources Survey Report for Interstate Highway 35, Segment 2, in Temple, Bell County, Texas, identifies eligible resources that are generally 50 years or older When evaluating motor hotels under Criterion C, the focus is on their historical significance and architectural integrity, with particular emphasis on aspects such as location, setting, design, materials, and workmanship While the integrity of feeling and association is also considered, it is not held to the same rigorous standards as the more tangible attributes of integrity.

The architectural significance and integrity of a motor hotel are assessed by comparing it to similar structures in terms of style, type, period, or construction method To qualify under Criterion C, motor hotels must maintain their original location and preserve their historic-period setting.

Historic properties should exhibit minimal intrusive alterations that permanently affect their design, materials, or craftsmanship, preserving their character-defining features While historic-period changes are generally acceptable, maintaining the integrity of feeling requires an unaltered setting that communicates the significance of its period Additionally, the integrity of association is crucial, as it highlights how a motor hotel represents the uniqueness of its style, type, period, or construction method.

Brief, where it concerning motels specifically

Focus is skewed toward pre-WWII lodging, even though the resource was built much later

Motels were just one of many property types being considered, and all six were being recommended for intensive study, so a brief context was adequate Intensive:

Much more information is available concerning pre-

WW II roadside lodging, than that of the time period in question, but the historic context is well written

Data Sources Good representation of available materials Appropriate for each phase of study.

C Historic Resources Survey Report: Interstate Highway 35, Segment 2, between South Loop 363 and North Loop 363, Temple, Bell County, Texas

The letter A signifies the importance of commerce and transportation within road-related services, while letter C highlights the unique characteristics of specific architectural styles, types, periods, or construction methods, emphasizing their representation as either typical or exceptional examples.

The Continental Motor Hotel is recommended as ineligible for NRHP listing under Criteria A and C due to its diminished integrity and significance Additionally, the non-historic sign associated with the facility is also deemed ineligible since it is under 50 years old Its significance stems from its association with the development of the Interstate Highway 35 corridor in Temple and the resulting demand for overnight accommodations for automobile travelers.

None of the motels were determined eligible, so no criteria or areas of significance were stated

Adequate discussion, as no recommendation of eligibility was being offered

Areas of significance could have been defined more precisely by using specific categories offered in NPS Bulletin 15

Property does not convey its significance

None of the motels were determined eligible, so no statement of significance was stated

Not necessary, as all motels were recommended for intensive study

Useful as an example of a not-eligible property

The travel-lodging complexes have undergone changes but still maintain their original character and connection to the roadway corridor This preservation is essential for eligibility under Criterion A, which pertains to commerce and transportation as road-related services, according to the registration requirements for a multiple-property listing linked to a significant roadway corridor in Texas Each motel complex continues to uphold this integrity.

The report employs Penick and Smith's criteria for minimum integrity for properties along Route 66 in Texas, despite these properties not being situated on this historically significant highway As no recommendations are included, the analysis remains incomplete.

C Historic Resources Survey Report: Interstate Highway 35, Segment 2, between South Loop 363 and North Loop 363, Temple, Bell County, Texas integrity of location.”

Several motel complexes in the study area could qualify for the National Register under Criterion C, as they exemplify unique characteristics of specific architectural styles, construction types, or historical periods These motels may represent rare examples of their kind To be deemed eligible, they must not only possess a sense of association and location but also maintain integrity in their setting, design, materials, and workmanship.

The motel complexes in the study area reflect typical characteristics of their property type and have undergone common physical changes The Oasis Motel, built in 1950, stands out with its stone-clad exterior and has seen an addition to its main office The Texas Inn and Continental Motor Inn, located near the north end of the area, maintain a high degree of integrity compared to similar properties Although the Knights Inn and Temple Inn are likely under 50 years old, their construction dates remain approximate and require further research for confirmation Notably, the Knights Inn is the only historic motel complex with a preserved swimming pool Additionally, the Cen-Tex Alcoholic Rehabilitation Center, which no longer operates as a motel, still retains its basic form, ensuring its eligibility under Criterion A or C.

Historic Resources Survey Report: ADA Intersection Improvements, Tarrant County, Texas

Construct handicap- accessible ramps and other pedestrian improvements at selected intersections

April 2009 TxDOT Internally Reviewed Projects for Historic Structures

Should be stated for SOU compliance, but report was accepted by TxDOT

TxDOT cleared project with a finding of “historic resources present but no potential for adverse effect.”

By 1950, Tarrant County's population surged to 361,253, a significant increase from 197,553 in 1930 This growth was driven by the expansion of the county's manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial sectors, alongside its well-established rail and roadway infrastructure.

The postwar period saw significant economic growth and population increases in the county, leading to heightened suburbanization and the creation of new residential developments These neighborhoods predominantly featured single-family homes and were characterized by a lack of commercial nodes, distinguishing them from the county's earlier residential subdivisions.

The postwar suburban developments in the county aimed to provide an alternative to urban housing, granting residents access to local employment and commercial amenities Reflecting broader national housing trends, the Ranch-style home became the predominant residential choice Additionally, the 1960s brought significant enhancements to the county's transportation infrastructure, highlighted by the construction of major roadways such as the Dallas-Fort Worth Turnpike and Interstate Highways 820 and 30.

Does not address vehicle-oriented businesses in the area during the period of significance cited, and therefore does not provide an adequate context within which to evaluate the motel

Data Sources Nothing motel-specific is cited Statement of significance could have been bolstered by

D Historic Resources Survey Report: ADA Intersection Improvements, Tarrant County, Texas consulting motel-specific literature.

The property is eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) under Criterion A due to its connection with American car culture, and under Criterion C at the local level for its architectural significance, representing a notable example of a vehicle-oriented business.

States criteria, areas of significance as well as the geographic level, which seems uncommon in comparison with other reports

Constructed in 1964, Resource #4 reflects the iconic American car culture of its time The lobby boasts expansive floor-to-ceiling windows paired with black river rock veneer panels, creating a striking aesthetic A sleek, thin-shell fluted concrete canopy provides shelter for arriving guests, while the elevated signage ensures visibility from the adjacent highway.

Although it is not explicitly labeled as a "Statement of Significance," the article discusses the connection between the resource and car culture Due to the nature of ADA surveys, there is a lack of documentation for non-eligible motel properties, making it challenging to compare them with the eligible resource.

“The complex appears to have few alterations and maintains integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association.”

Not a thorough discussion, but all aspects are directly mentioned

Significance 1964 One of the later examples cited in available literature

The architectural history of post-WW II motels remains underexplored, with limited publications available due to their recent emergence as a significant historical subject An expert conducted thorough online searches at local repositories, including the Austin Public Library and the University of Texas at Austin, uncovering various resources from the Architecture and Fine Arts collections Additional materials were found through Google Books and Amazon, highlighting the scarcity of motel-specific literature, most of which referenced existing knowledge While many reviewed books cited trade publications that were inaccessible, it is presumed that the authors included essential insights from these sources in their writings.

The reviewed sources on motels can be categorized into three main types: serious scholarship, nostalgic picture books, and original source materials from the relevant era that require interpretation The works of Belasco, Jakle, et al., and Hartmann and Liebs provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of motels as a distinct property type In contrast, Margolies, Hine, and Witzel primarily explore the visual themes of the time, with some analytical commentary Additionally, statistical insights from Harris, Kerr, Forster and Company, along with the national survey by Baker and Funaro, offer valuable perspectives on motels from both business and architectural viewpoints.

Belasco, Warren James Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910 – 1945 Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1979

Analysis Specific Data Relating to Source Comments

Focus Development of the motel as it relates to the rise of automobile culture

Provides a context in which to view the rise of the motel, but does not include development after 1945

Author Belasco holds a Ph.D from the University of Michigan in History and is currently a professor in the Department of American Studies at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Decidedly a more scholarly approach than most materials available

Audience “ Students of popular culture and of urban, cultural, and business history, as well as automobile buffs and nostalgia enthusiasts.” (from book jacket)

A text-based history for serious students rather than a collection of images

1910 - 1945 Only provides background information for the pre-

The article explores various sources of data related to automobile literature, including limited scholarly texts and nostalgic writings from auto enthusiasts, as well as polemical discussions It also examines gypsying accounts, which encompass general touring narratives, motor memoirs by mainstream authors, diaries, travel guides, and magazines Additionally, the content contrasts nostalgia for cars versus trains and discusses autocamping in relation to hotels, incorporating hotel histories, trade literature, and cultural studies Furthermore, it documents the early accommodations available to travelers, such as municipal camps, pay camps, and the origins of motels.

Very thoroughly researched, including footnoting and a bibliographical guide

Illustrations Black and white photographs from the Library of Congress (several per chapter)

Adequate to convey ideas in text, but not enough for an historic architectural study

Austin Public Library Faulk Central Branch

Study Report Scholarly assessment of the development of the American automobile tourist culture

A wealth of background information that is important to read, but does not extend to cover the post-WWII period

Jakle, John A., Keith A Sculle, Jefferson S Rogers The Motel in America Baltimore, MD: The

American “architectural and social history, historical geography, marketing history and cultural criticism” through the lens of the motel (from Preface)

Focuses extensively on the cultural context surrounding the motel, revisiting the work of Belasco and extending the time period of study

Authors Jakle: professor in the Department of Geography at the

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign features Sculle, an adjunct professor of history at the University of Illinois at Springfield, who also serves as the head of research and education at the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Additionally, Rogers is an assistant professor of geography at the University of Tennessee at Martin.

The three authors bring a broad perspective, but none are specifically architectural historians

Students of popular culture and of urban, cultural, and business history

Fairly easy read, but with a lot of detail, so a reader would need to have a strong interest

Earlier years are primarily a review of Belasco (above), and the post-war timeframe focuses a bit too heavily on the business aspects

Sources of Data Extensive research including books, periodicals, city directories, government publications

Very thoroughly researched, including footnoting and a select bibliography

Illustrations Black and white photographs, promotional material reproductions and maps

Adequate, but color images would be helpful for understanding 1950s – 1960s styles

B Jakle, John A., Keith A Sculle, Jefferson S Rogers The Motel in America Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press,

Study Report A comprehensive look at the development of the motel through the late 20 th century

The most comprehensive book one could consult with good integration of materials such as trade publications which were not readily available for review.

Jakle, John A “Motel by the Roadside: America’s Room for the Night,” Fast Food, Stock Cars, and

in American Pop Culture , edited by George O Carney Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1995, pages 171 – 188

Attempts to codify the differences between types of accommodations over the time period

May not be particularly useful distinctions, as definitions were never really firmly held, and continue to be blurred even more in recent years

Jakle is a professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Jakle’s work is often cited in other books and articles

Despite the book’s splashy title, the article is aimed at scholarly readers

Originally published in the Journal of Cultural Geography I

1920s – 1960s More information is offered on the pre-war period of development

Industry publications, magazines, government documents This may eliminate the need to locate the hard-to-find industry publications directly, as Jakle has distilled their essence here

Illustrations Black and white photographs, diagrams More pre-war than post-war images are included

University of Texas at Austin Perry-Casteneda Library

Study Report Provides a simplified discussion of building types arranged loosely by time period

Good quick summary, but the same information is included in the more comprehensive in Jakle, et al.’s The Motel in America.

Liebs, Chester H Main Street to Miracle Mile: American Roadside Architecture Baltimore, MD

Focus Commercial development in the 20 th century roadside landscape with a chapter dedicated to motels

Covers post-WWII era motels in more depth than many other publications

Chester H Liebs, a history professor and founding director of the Historic Preservation Program at the University of Vermont, has extensively lectured and published on topics such as everyday landscapes and heritage transportation corridors As a Fulbright scholar, his recent research focuses on interpreting Japan's landscape.

Those interested in social history, architecture, commercial development, business and automotive history

The author weaves his narrative from many different fields of interest

1910 - 1985 Early section is good background, and he has more to say than most on post-war properties

Sources of Data Extensive selected bibliography for motel section relies heavily on periodicals and trade publications Good information, as trade journals were not accessible

Illustrations Many photographs, both historic and from the time of the book’s publication Shows good examples

University of Texas at Austin Architecture Library

Study Report Good discussion of how social trends were reflected in motel architecture

Useful because of the inclusion of so much trade publication material that was not accessible for this study.

Hartmann, Lisa “America’s Postwar Motels.” Society for Commercial Archeology Journal, Historical

Focus “This article traces the maturation of the industry and explores the architectural form of the motel ” in light of American prosperity and the popularity of the automobile

Good brief overview with strong architectural focus

Author Hartmann is an Society for Commercial Architecture (SCA) member and historic preservation consultant from Massachusetts who teaches and lectures on American roadside architecture

Hartmann has a good grasp on architectural history and how the context has shaped the form of the motel and does not stray to discuss culture at large

Historians and preservationists interested in commercial architecture Easy read, but in a fairly obscure journal

Period Covered 1945 – late 1960s, with references to the condition of these motels as late as in the 1990s Perfect timeframe for this task with an update to the 1990s

Sources of Data The authors’ own survey of the properties, magazine articles, industry publications, books References many of the other texts included in this bibliography

Illustrations Author’s black and white photographs from the mid-1990s, historic postcard reproductions Shows a wide variety of building forms and signage

Baker has a copy, or it may be purchased Copy was produced from original publication purchased from the

SCA at their website http://www.sca-roadside.org/index.php

Study Report Section named “Architecture of the Motel” offers a concise summary of how design tenets of the time period were reflected in motel construction

Presents a clear discussion of how and why particular styles were employed in motel architecture – use of modern forms, expressive signage, exoticism, etc.

Margolies, John Home Away From Home: Motels In America New York: Little, Brown and Company, a Bullfinch Press Book, 1995

An overview of American motel form development with a focus on several unusual examples

Changes over time in the motel industry for the most part must be gleaned from a focus on specific examples through images , rather than text

Author John Margolies is a photographer, author, and lecturer on

American architecture and design significantly reflect the essence of the nation's highways The author, a prolific writer with a dozen published books, has seen his photographs and articles featured in esteemed publications His work has been exhibited in museums and galleries, and he has made appearances on television Additionally, he has lectured and taught at numerous colleges and universities, receiving fellowships and grants from both public and private organizations.

(http://www.johnmargolies.com/Bio.html)

Margolies excels in photography, showcasing over 30 years of experience in architectural documentation that emphasizes visual elements However, his work lacks critical analysis and biographical details that would suggest a formal education in architectural history.

General With images dominating a simplistic text, the book is readily accessible to nearly any audience

The development of motels can be challenging to trace due to their organization, which is often chronological or categorized by resource type Specifically, Chapters Six and Seven focus on post-WWII motels and the emergence of early franchise operations, providing crucial insights into this evolution.

Extensive bibliography provided for both books and periodicals

Margolies references reputable sources like Jakle and Belasco, but he also incorporates numerous primary sources, including promotional materials from the motels However, the article lacks a thorough critical analysis of these materials.

F Margolies, John Home Away From Home: Motels In America New York: Little, Brown and Company, a Bullfinch Press Book, 1995

Illustrations Black and white photographs, promotional material reproductions and maps

Adequate, but color images would be helpful for understanding 1950s – 1960s styles

Study Report A comprehensive look at the development of the motel through the late 20 th century

The most comprehensive book one could consult with good integration of materials such as trade publications which were not readily available for review.

Hine, Thomas Populuxe New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1986

Harris, Kerr, Forster and Company Trends in the Hotel Business: A Statistical Review of the Year 1940/1970 New York, 1940, 1970

Statistics relating to the hotel/motel business for each year indicated

Provides hard numbers for occupancy, rates, employment, income, and operating costs for different types of establishments in different geographical regions

Harris, Kerr, Forster and Company, Accountants and Auditors

While obviously focused on the numbers, the facts reveal the financial motivation of hotel/motel owners/operators that may have led to particular architectural trends and themes

Hotel/motel owners and operators An industry-only read, but contains information that would have influence on the built environment

1940/1970 Statistics from each year can be compared to see if earlier trends lasted or if significant change occurred

Hotel/motel owners and operators This offers the chance to explore what the intentions in the industry were, as compared to how it ultimately developed

Tables, charts, graphs Good visual representations of change over time that may have affected the evolution of the motel form

University of Texas at Austin Perry-Casteneda Library

Study Report Provides industry information Statistics from the time period in question may provide a context in which to view motel development

Baker, Geoffrey and Bruno Funaro Motels New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation,

The bulk of the book presents a nationwide survey of recently constructed motels, but also has sections on site and rental unit planning based on successful examples

Includes only those properties that in the authors’ opinion at the time are architecturally strong, which may provide some guidance for Criterion C assessment

Authors Baker is a professor of architecture at Tulane University in

New Orleans With Funaro, he also authored the book

Shopping Centers for the Progressive Architecture Library

Offers an academic approach to design criticism

Motel designers and operators, those interested in motel architecture

Geared toward serious students of architecture or those interested in successful motel construction

Early 1950s-constructed motels Does not offer information past this timeline

Sources of Data The authors’ own survey of the properties, information from the architects/designers/builders

Very thorough original source material, does not rely directly on other scholarly research

Illustrations Black and white photographs, building and site plans, elevations and sections, diagrams Very thorough illustration of specific points made

University of Texas at Austin, Baker has digital images

Architecture Library (storage) 647.97 B173M (non-circulating) Harry Ransom Center

Study Report Offers “at-the-moment” architectural critique Offers no critique of how these buildings have fared in hindsight

REVIEW OF HABS/HAER DOCUMENTATION

A Technical Expert evaluated six documentation projects from the "Built in America: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey, 1933-Present" website, focusing on motels, particularly those in the Wildwood area of Cape May, NJ, which are included in the National Register Nomination for Motels of the Wildwoods The quality of HABS/HAER documentation varies significantly, with some entries providing only the property name and HABS number, such as the Florida Everglades, while others, like resources A and E, include comprehensive drawing sets and detailed statements of significance.

The limitations of documentation projects due to insufficient information are somewhat alleviated by their inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or their eligibility for NRHP listing However, the stringent requirements of the National Park Service's Multiple Property Submission further restrict these projects, mandating uniform building materials, continuous balconies, and specific architectural shapes like "L" or "U" plans, along with a distinctive theme, which reduces the scope for comparison and contrast.

The five motels in the Wildwoods showcase distinctive architectural features from the 1950s and early 1960s, including flat roofs and cantilevered balconies that appear visually unsupported These motels often feature canted walls that help support the cantilevered structures, with walls extending beyond the room face to create spatial separation between individual rooms Additionally, the vibrant and brightly lit signs that advertise the motels echo the canted angles found in their design, enhancing their visual appeal to travelers.

The Wildwoods motels feature a distinctive linear room design, often arranged in inviting “L” or “U” shapes that create a welcoming atmosphere for travelers In contrast, the Flamingo Lodge at Everglades National Park employs a traditional rectangular block layout, seamlessly integrating the rooms into the park's natural environment.

In summary, the collection's photographs and drawings serve as valuable visual references for identifying and assessing motels from the study period However, it remains the investigator's duty to identify any changes that could negatively impact the original design and intent.

Rio Motel, 4810 Ocean Avenue, Wildwood, Cape May, NJ

Call Number Documentation Date Delineator Collection

HABS NJ-1249 2004 Kent State University School of Architecture Built in America

9 drawings, 1 data page, unprocessed field notes

First drawing page includes text, drawings include plans, elevations, sections and a locator map

Construction Date 1952 Appropriate for our timeframe

The Rio Motel stands as the final remnant of more than 200 historic motels encountered by visitors before reaching the boardwalk and beach This unique establishment showcases a blend of various motel styles prevalent in the area and features an operational motel alongside a gift shop and coffee shop Its convenient location offers easy access to major cities such as New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington.

DC have made the community of Wildwood a popular tourist destination even before the age of the automobile ”

The property's importance is closely tied to its physical setting within a beach resort that features a concentration of similar property types Additionally, it is recognized in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as part of The Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

Thorough drawing set, but photographs would have been helpful to see

Ebb Tide Motel, 5711 Atlantic Avenue, Wildwood, Cape May, NJ

Call Number Documentation Date Photographer Collection

HABS NJ, 5-WILDW, 5- 1992 David Ames Built in America

Documents 1 black and white photograph, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page

Part of a larger documentation effort (New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail)

Construction Date 1957 (opening date) Appropriate for our timeframe

None provided in the on-line HABS documentation

The property's importance is closely tied to its location within a beach resort that features a concentration of similar properties Additionally, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

Single photograph only, no drawings

Knoll’s Resort Motel, 4111 Atlantic Avenue, Wildwood, Cape May, NJ

1 black and white photograph, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page Part of a larger documentation effort

(New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail)

Construction Date None provided Assumed appropriate for our timeframe

The property's importance is closely tied to its physical environment, situated within a beach resort that features a concentration of similar property types in a compact area Additionally, this property is recognized in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as part of the Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

El Ray Motel, 4711 Atlantic Avenue, Wildwood, Cape May, NJ

1 black and white photograph, 1 data page, 1 photo caption page Part of a larger documentation effort

(New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail)

Construction Date Circa 1955 Appropriate for our timeframe

The property's importance is closely tied to its location within a beach resort, where numerous similar properties are clustered together Additionally, it is recognized as part of the Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submission (MPS) on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

Caribbean Motel, 5600 Ocean Avenue, Wildwood Crest, Cape May, NJ

Call Number Documentation Date Delineators Collection

HABS NJ, 5-WILDWC, 1- 1997 Kent State University School of Architecture Built in America

9 drawings, 15 data pages, unprocessed field notes

Part of a larger documentation effort (New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail)

Construction Date 1958, west wing added 1959 Appropriate timeframe

Discover the Wildwood motel, a beautifully preserved gem showcasing unique 1950s architecture, including a striking "levitating" concrete ramp and distinctive glass walls in the second-floor lounge Enjoy vibrant lighting and a charming c-shaped swimming pool, all highlighted by a large neon sign that transformed local town ordinances The original owner also boasts the invention of faux palm trees, adding to the motel's nostalgic allure.

The property's importance is closely tied to its location within a beach resort, where numerous similar properties are clustered together This documentation provides an in-depth exploration of the motel's architectural characteristics Additionally, the property is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Motels of the Wildwoods Multiple Property Submission (MPS).

Everglades National Park, Flamingo Lodge, Flamingo, Monroe, Florida

HABS FL-522-D N/A Jack E Boucher Built in America

Documents 1 data page, 1 photo caption page, 1 color transparency (not yet digitized) Very little information is available on the HABS/HAER website

Construction Date Not given in documentation Other sources state 1959, and a demolition date of 2009.

Significance None provided in the on-line HABS documentation

No information is provided as to why the lodge was selected for documentation

Not yet digitized on HABS/HAER website

REVIEW OF LOCAL REPOSITORY MATERIALS

Scholarly exploration of motels is relatively new, resulting in limited critical sources on this property type To expand the research, a technical expert examined motel-related materials at the Austin History Center, focusing on design trends from the 1950s to the 1970s Notably, collections from the Austin architecture firm Lundgren and Maurer, which designed the Holiday Inn in Austin and various Cross Country Motor Inns, were of particular interest Additionally, architectural drawings from Wilfred O Gustafson and his partner Emil Niggli, including designs for the Terrace Motor Hotel, provide insight into motel design during this era By analyzing the works of these Texas firms, one can better understand the architects' intentions, the construction of motels, and their evolution over time.

TxDOT staff conducted a review of older telephone books to find advertisements featuring motels in the yellow pages, including two ads for the Mardi Gras Motel in Waco Additionally, images from city directories were examined, showcasing a birdseye view and sign detail of the Continental Motor Inn in Temple While these documents enhance the visual understanding of these properties and aid in integrity assessments, it's important to note that they do not provide any evaluation of the historical significance of the properties, similar to the collections at the Austin History Museum.

Lundgren and Maurer projects from the Austin History Center

Holiday Inn design proposal for IH-35 at Lady Bird Lake in Austin TX

(1965), Austin History Center LM-430, FF 21VLM, R-161 LM

Holiday Inn plan design for IH-35 at Lady Bird Lake in Austin TX

(1965) located in LM-430, FF 21VLM, R-161 LM at Austin History Center

A Lundgren and Maurer projects from the Austin History Center

Detail of postcard of Holiday Inn as built (circa 1965), image from austinpostcard.com

The Holiday Inn today includes an additional building with attached garage (Baker, camera facing northwest)

Holiday Inn Anywhere design (1962), Austin History Center LM-247, FF-

Holiday Inn Anywhere design (1962), Austin History Center LM-247, FF-120/LM, 8761

A Lundgren and Maurer projects from the Austin History Center

Cross Country Motor Inns design (1962-63), LM-155, FF-24/LM, 8761 Cross Country Motor Inns design (1962-63), LM-155, FF-24/LM, 8761

Cross Country Motor Inn as built (no date), austinpostcard.com Now an Econolodge (Baker, camera facing southeast)

Wilfred O Gustafson projects from the Austin History Center

Elevations for Terrace Motor Hotel, Austin TX (1952-55), Austin History

Center GU 085, FF-001, 8592 (not extant)

Plan for Terrace Motor Hotel, Austin TX (1952-55), from Motels by Baker and Funaro, page 19 (not extant)

Barron Motor Court design proposal for 38 ẵ St at Airport Blvd in

Austin TX (no date), Austin History Center GU-099, FF-070 (not extant)

Albert Pike Hotel addition proposal, Little Rock AR (1962), Austin History Center GU-041, FF-0490, 8592 (not known if constructed)

Yellow Page advertisements from telephone books

Yellow pages advertisement for the Mardi Gras Motel in Waco (ca 1965) Yellow pages advertisement for the Mardi Gras Motel in Waco (1972)

Advertisements from City Directories

1960 city directory featuring a birdseye-view rendering and Best Western Motels association for the Continental Motor Hotel in Temple (R L Polk & Co 1960)

1963 city directory featuring a representation of the original Continental Motor Hotel sign in Temple (R L Polk

A comprehensive review was conducted on the items above due to their significant potential benefits Conversely, the items listed below were assessed and found to be of limited utility; they are included here to facilitate the exclusion of these options from future research on this subject.

Anonymous, “Computer Drafting Speeds Motel Design,” from Progressive Architecture, Vol 49, September 1968, pages 150 – 153

Anonymous, “Hotels and Motels,” from Progressive Architecture, Vol 33, April 1952, pages 40 – 43

Banham, Reyner “The Missing Motel,” from Landscape, Vol 15, No 2, Winter 1965 – 1966, pages

Berger, Michael L The Automobile in American History and Culture: A Reference Guide Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001

Brener, Stephen W “The New Motel from the Ground Up,” from Urban Land, Vol 24, October

Cassity, Michael, Ph D Route 66 Corridor National Historic Context Study, Route 66 Corridor Preservation Program, National Trails System Office – Intermountain Region, Natioanl Park Service, Santa Fe, NM, December 15, 2004

DeLuca, Salvatore “Vegas Seashell,” from Preservation: the Magazine of the National Trust, November – December 2005, page 16

Draegar, James R Book review of The Motel in America by John A Jackle (sic), Keith A Sculle and Jefferson S Rogers, from Material Culture, Vol 30, No 2, Summer 1998, pages 49 – 52

Fox, Stephen “Googies, Mies, and Mainstream: ‘50s Tendencies,” from Texas Architect, Vol 34,

Kane, C Vernon “Motel Trends: Bigger and Better, but at What Risk?” from Architectural Forum, Vol 100, February 1954, pages 112, 210, 214

Laventhol and Horwath, et al Hotel/Motel Development Washington, DC: The Urban Land Institute, 1984, page 36

Sculle, Keith A “The Best of Both Worlds: Home and Mobility in Motel Postcard Iconography,” from

Material Culture, Vol 31, No 3, Fall 1999, pages 21 – 52

Valentine, Maggie Book review of The Motel in America by John A Jakle, Keith A Sculle and Jefferson S Rogers, from Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol 58, No 2, June 1999, pages 247 – 249

US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Bulletin 15, How to Apply the National

Bulletin 22, Guidelines for Evaluating and Nominating Properties That Have Achieved Significance Within the Past Fifty Years, 1996

Walton, Krista “On the Road Back? Route 66 – Past, Present and Future” from Preservation: the

Magazine of the National Trust, March - April 2008, electronic document, http://www.preservationnation.org/magazine/2008/march-april/route66.html

Tiêu đề	Historic-age Motels in Texas from the 1950s to the 1970s: An Annotated Guide to Selected Studies
Tác giả	Ralph Edward Newlan, Laura Caffrey
Trường học	Texas Department of Transportation
Chuyên ngành	History
Thể loại	Historical Studies Report
Năm xuất bản	2011
Thành phố	Austin

Định dạng
Số trang	73
Dung lượng	7,37 MB