2014;15(3):257–266 This study demonstrates that in hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the differences in right ventricular volumetrics between 3DE and MRI are more pronounced in smaller patients Friedberg MK, Su X, Tworetzky W, et al Validation of 3D echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volumes, mass, and ejection fraction in neonates and infants with congenital heart disease: a comparison study with cardiac MRI Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3(6):735– 742 An important study demonstrating the validation of left ventricular volumetrics by 3DE when compared with MRI Gomez A, Oktay O, Rueckert D, et al Regional differences in end-diastolic volumes between 3D echo and CMR in HLHS patients Front Pediatr 2016;4:133 This study examines coregistered MRI and 3DE data to identify the portions of the right ventricle in which 3DE and MRI volumes differ the most Thavendiranathan P, Liu S, Datta S, et al Quantification of chronic functional mitral regurgitation by automated 3-dimensional peak and integrated proximal isovelocity surface area and stroke volume techniques using real-time 3- dimensional volume color Doppler echocardiography: in vitro and clinical validation Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6(1):125–133 This study provides validation for the quantitation of mitral regurgitation using 3DE color flow compared to MRI Pedrizzetti G, La Canna G, Alfieri O, Tonti G The vortex—an early predictor of cardiovascular outcome? Nat Rev Cardiol 2014;11(9):545–553 This seminal study discusses the patterns of vortexshaped blood flow into and out of ventricles Pellikka PA, Douglas PS, Miller JG, et al American Society of Echocardiography Cardiovascular Technology and Research Summit: a roadmap for 2020 J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26(4):325–338 This document details the consensus of experts in providing a roadmap for the development of ultrasound technologies including 3DE References Matsumoto M, Matsuo H, Kitabatake A, et al Three-dimensional echocardiograms and twodimensional echocardiographic images at desired planes by a computerized system Ultrasound Med Biol 1977;3(2–3):163–178 Von Ramm OT, Smith SW Real time volumetric ultrasound imaging system J Digit Imaging 1990;3:261–266 Salgo IS Three-dimensional echocardiographic technology Cardiol Clin 2007;25(2):231–239 Simpson JM Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography of congenital heart disease using a high frequency paediatric matrix transducer Eur J Echocardiogr 2007;9:222– 224 Sugeng L, Shernan SK, Salgo IS, et al Live 3dimensional transesophageal echocardiography initial experience using the fully-sampled matrix array probe J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(6):446– 449 Gururaja TR, Panda RK, Chen J, Beck H Single crystal transducers for medical imaging applications Proc IEEE Ultrason Symp 1999;2:969–972