future Annotated References Van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, et al Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide A systematic review and metaanalysis J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2241– 2247 This review included 114 papers and identified 164,396 cases of congenital heart disease Overall the prevalence increased over time from the 1930s to the 1990s but remained stable since Asia had the highest prevalence Observed geographic differences may also be of genetic, environmental, socioeconomical, or ethnic origin Reller MD, Strickland MJ, Riehle-Colarusso T, et al Prevalence of congenital heart defects in metropolitan Atlanta, 1998–2005 J Pediatr 2008;153:807–813 This study looked at the prevalence of CHD among all deliveries in the metropolitan Atlanta area in the United States between 1998 and 2005 The study identified a prevalence of CHD of 8 in 1000 Many common CHD were associated with older maternal age and multiple-gestation pregnancy Gilboa SM, Devine OJ, Kucik JE Congenital heart defects in the United States: estimating the magnitude of the affected population in 2010 Circulation 2016;134(2):101–109 This study used the prevalence data of CHDs in Quebec, Canada, to estimate the prevalence of CHD in the United States in 2010 based on a race-ethnicity adjustment factor The study estimated that approximately 2.4 million people (1.4 million adults, 1 million children) were living with CHD in the United States in 2010 Nearly 300,000 of these individuals had severe CHD The study suggested a growing population of adults with CHD in the United States Hoffman JI, Kaplan S The incidence of congenital heart disease J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1890– 1900 This comprehensive review of 62 published studies of estimated prevalence noted great variability in reported estimates, much of which was explained by methodologic aspects and increasing ascertainment with echocardiography of ventricular septal defects Hoffman JI, Kaplan S, Liberthson RR Prevalence of congenital heart disease Am Heart J 2004;147:425–439 The point prevalence defines the total number of