TAPESCRIPT – ANH 11- CBN- DHBB 2022 Part 1: Source: National Geographic: https://youtu.be/o0W_0MuvlwQ For morning coffee to afternoon tea, caffeine is so thoroughly entrenched in our daily routines and has become the worlds most widely used psychoactive substance Caffeine is a chemical compound that stimulate the central nervous system It accomplishes this by attaching itself to adenosine receptors in the brain In doing so, it blocks adenosine molecules, which are responsible for slowing down the central nervous system before we sleep The result? Adenosine cannot regulate and neurons start firing This results in a person's reduced fatigue and increased alertness and cognitive performance Side effects many seek by consuming caffeine Caffeine occurs naturally in coffee beans, tea leaves, cacao beans and some tree nuts People have been consuming it for centuries But daily consumption took off sporadically at different times in different places around the world Coffee became popular in the 15th and 16 centuries But Cacao was used among early Mesoamerican civilizations hundreds of years earlier Tea became popular by the 14th century in China during the Ming dynasty, but didn't catch on in Britain until almost 400 years later Today, caffeine can be found nearly everywhere and more and more caffeine-infused products are hitting the shelves everyday In the United States, nearly 90% of the population has at least one caffeinated beverage everyday Up to 400 milligrams of caffeine per day or about four cups of coffee is considered safe for an adult Too much caffeine for any one person can cause side effects, such as migraines, insomnia, nervousness and muscle tremors One tablespoon of pure caffeine equivalent to drinking 75 cups of coffee at once can have lethal consequences Due to this risk of caffeine overdoses, in 2018, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the bulk sale of products containing pure or highly concentrated caffeine While caffeine may provide great benefits, such as increased focus, alertness and energy, it comes with considerable risks just like any other substance Part 2: ADAPTED FROM TEST 2- IELTS RECENT ACTUAL TEST MAY- AUGUST 2021 An interesting aspect of fireworks is that their history tells us a lot about the changing roles of scientists and technicians in Europe Fireworks were introduced from China in the 13th century Up to the 16th century, they were generally used for military purposes with rockets and fire tubes being thrown at the enemy, but they were also sometimes a feature of plays and festivals where their chief purpose was related to religion By the 17th century, the rulers of Europe had started using fireworks as a way of marking royal occasions Technicians were employed to stage spectacular shows which displayed aspects of nature with representations of the sun, snow and rain These shows were designed for the enjoyment of the nobility and to impress ordinary people But fireworks also aroused the interest of scientists who started to think of new uses for them After seeing one firework display where a model of a dragon was propelled along a rope by rockets, scientists thought that in a similar way humans might be able to achieve flight A dream of many scientists at that time Other scientists such as the chemist Robert Boyle noticed how in displays, one firework might actually light another and it occurred to him that fireworks might provide an effective way of demonstrating how stars were formed Scientists at the time often depended on the royal courts for patronage, but there was considerable variation in the relationships between the courts and scientists in different countries This was reflected in attitudes towards fireworks and the purposes for which they were used In London, in the middle of the 17th century, there was general distrust of fireworks among scientists However, later in the century, scientists and technicians started to look at the practical purposes for which fireworks might be employed such as using rockets to help sailors establish their position at sea It was a different story in Russia where the Saint Petersburg Academy of Science played a key role in creating fireworks displays for the court Here, those in power regarded fireworks as being an important element in the education of the masses and the displays often included a scientific message Members of the academy hoped that this might encourage the royal family to keep the academy open at a time, when many in the government were considering closing it In Paris, the situation was different again The Paris Academy of Sciences played no role in staging fireworks displays Instead the task fell to members of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture As in Russia the work of the technicians who created the fireworks was given little attention Instead, the fireworks and the spectacle they created were all designed to encourage the public to believe in the supreme authority of the king However, science was also enormously popular among the French nobility and fashionable society flocked to demonstrations such as Nickel Al Emery's display representing an erupting volcano The purpose of scientists was basically to offer entertainment to fashionable society and academicians delighted in amazing audiences with demonstrations of the universal laws of nature In the course of the 18th century, the circulation of skills and technical exchange led to further developments Firework specialists from Italy began to travel around Europe staging displays for many of the European courts The architect and stage designer Giovanni Servandoni composed Grand displays in Paris featuring colorfully painted temples and triumphal arches A fireworks display staged by Servandoni would be structured in the same way as an opera and was even divided into separate acts Italian firework specialists were also invited to perform in London, St.Petersburg and Moscow As these specialists circulated around Europe, they sought to exploit the appeal of fireworks for a wider audience including the growing middle classes As in the previous century, fireworks provided resources for demonstrating scientific laws and theories as well as new discoveries and displays now showed a fascinated public, the curious phenomenon of electricity By the mid 18th century fireworks were being sold for private consumption So the history of fireworks shows us the diverse relationships which existed between scientists, technicians and the rest of society Part 3: CPE PRACTICE TESTS Presenter: Today we're talking about children and their tendency to have imaginary friends Liz McManus has a daughter called Caitlin, who's eight now When she was three, she had an imaginary friend called Tytner Liz, tell us about Caitlin and Tytner Mother: Well, give you an example One day I was driving Caitlin and Greg, her baby brother, home when she solemnly informed me that Tytner was hitting the baby So I said: 'You tell Tytner that if he does that again, he'll be walking home.' Fifteen seconds later came the inevitable news: 'He's just done it again, Mummy.' So I found myself in the embarrassing position of having to pull over, open the back door and say to this imaginary little boy `Tytner, out, now!' And of course, as we drove off, Caitlin started crying because her friend was standing on the pavement all alone I had to turn back and go through the rigmarole of pulling over and opening the door to pick him up again Presenter: Wow, that's some story! But in fact, Caitlin is no different from many children and her invented, make-believe friend is far from unusual As many as 65% of children have had an imaginary friend at some point in their lives The latest research suggests that invisible friends, far from being a cause for concern, should be welcomed by parents because they can help children to be more creative, confident and articulate, and have more advanced communication skills It is thought that these findings will help reverse misconceptions about children with imaginary friends and that they will come to be seen as having an advantage, rather than a problem that needs to be worried about Did it worry you, Liz? Mother: I know it does lots of parents but I never fretted about it, I think I was just amused I'd be reading to her and I'd say, 'Is Tytner around?' and she'd say, 'Yes, he's just sitting at the end of the bed.' He became the centre of her life She'd have tea parties with him, and he'd go to bed with her She was shy and this was her answer I knew she would grow out of it Presenter: Now Liz is one of 15 people taking part in a study of imaginary friends at the Institute of Education in London, run by Karen Majors, an education psychologist and lecturer at the institute Karen, should parents worry about it? Expert: Well, parents sometimes think, 'Is this healthy and how long should it go on for?' But it is a normal phenomenon for normal children And it's very healthy Presenter: Why children invent imaginary friends? Expert: I think that children create pretend friends for many reasons: as safe, trustworthy best friends at a time when they are just starting to make real friends; as someone to confide in; and as someone to play with Sometimes it is about wish fulfilment; children who cannot have a pet, for example, will invent one I interviewed one little girl, aged six, who had a pony called Minty for several years It went to school with her and the teachers knew all about it It was a really strong relationship Presenter: Presumably, when they get older, children no longer have these imaginary friends Karen? Expert: Well, my most surprising finding is that children don't always stop having these made-up playmates when they start school The imaginary friends often stay with them through their teenage years, providing comfort and escape - although in secret One teenager I talked to had invented a superhero to help him through tricky patches When things hadn't gone well at school, he would come home and play with the superhero, for whom everything always went well Presenter: How should parents treat these invisible people, Karen? Expert: Well, sometimes of course, parents get irritated by them - for instance, if a child insists on having the playmate at the dinner table with an imaginary setting and glass Actually I myself had a friend called Tiger when I was young, who would sit beside me at mealtimes But I don't think parents should tell children off for this kind of thing, or tell them that their friends are not real Perhaps the best way is Liz's down-to-earth approach Presenter: How did you handle it, Liz? Mother: Well, I patiently acknowledged Caitlin's playmate but I tried not to get involved I never used to have to get out of the friend's way or anything Other than that one incident in the car, Caitlin's imaginary friend didn't impinge on my life Expert: Yes, I agree that parents should recognize imaginary friends, but they shouldn't try to overly influence the friendship Parents who interfere too much risk driving their children's playmates away If they try to direct the friends, they could spoil the fantasy altogether Presenter: Fascinating subject, thanks for coming in to talk about it, Liz and Karen Part 4: Source: Harvard Business Review: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0qpJxEhOP4&t=3s The term growth mindset has reached buzzword proportions and its true meaning has become distorted Research shows that people who believe their talents can be developed through hard work good strategies and input from others Have a growth mindset they tend to achieve more than people with a more fixed mindset that is those who believe their talents are innate gifts When companies embrace a growth mindset their employees feel more empowered and committed they also receive greater organizational support for collaboration and innovation In contrast people that primarily fixed mindset companies report more cheating and deception among employees most likely to gain an advantage in the talent race But people have a limited grasp of growth mindset concepts Here are three common misconceptions The first is the belief that you already have a growth mindset and always have people often confuse a growth mindset with being flexible open-minded or with having a positive outlook This is a false growth mindset Everyone is a mixture of fixed and growth mindsets, and that mixture continually evolves with experience We must acknowledge that a pure growth mindset doesn't exist to attain the benefits we seek Another belief is that a growth mindset is just about praising and rewarding effort but the truth is outcomes matter it's critical to reward, not just effort but learning and progress; and to emphasize the processes that yield these things such as seeking help from others,trying new strategies and capitalizing on setbacks to move forward effectively Outcomes follow from deeply engaging in these processes And third, people think that just espousing a growth mindset will make good things happen For instance organizations often think they embody a growth mindset by creating mission statements that include lofty values like growth empowerment or innovation but they mean little to employees if the company doesn't implement policies to make them real and attainable Organizations that exhibit a growth mindset encourage appropriate risk taking they reward employees for useful lessons learned Even if a project does not meet its original goals they support collaboration across organizational boundaries rather than competition among employees They are committed to the growth of every member not just in words but in deeds And they continually reinforce growth mindset values with concrete policies But even if we correct these misconceptions it's still not easy to attain a growth mindset in part because we all have our own fixed mindset triggers facing challenges criticism and being compared with others can push us into insecurity or defensiveness a response that inhibits growth Companies that play the talent game make it tough for people to practice growth mindset thinking and behavior like collaborating innovating, seeking feedback or admitting errors To stay in a growth zone we must identify and work with these triggers It's hard work but if people and organizations deepen their understanding of growth mindset concepts and the processes for putting them into practice, they'll gain a richer sense of who they are, what they stand for and how they want to move forward you Người đề: Lê Ngọc Hân: 0987463619 Nguyễn Phương Ly Ly: 0985397666 ...ADAPTED FROM TEST 2- IELTS RECENT ACTUAL TEST MAY- AUGUST 2021 An interesting aspect of fireworks is that their history tells us a... always stop having these made-up playmates when they start school The imaginary friends often stay with them through their teenage years, providing comfort and escape - although in secret One teenager... kind of thing, or tell them that their friends are not real Perhaps the best way is Liz's down-to-earth approach Presenter: How did you handle it, Liz? Mother: Well, I patiently acknowledged