AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT
AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 3. Genetic resource management FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 5 ISSN 1020-5292 These technical guidelines have been developed to support sections of FAO’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries on aspects of genetic resource management in aquaculture. Guidance is provided on broodstock management and domestication, genetic improvement programmes, dissemination programmes for genetically improved fish, economic considerations in genetic improvement programmes, risk assessment and monitoring, culture-based fisheries, conservation of fish genetic resources, gene banks, a precautionary approach and public relations. The effective management of genetic resources, risk assessment and monitoring can help promote responsible aquaculture by increasing production output and efficiency, and help minimize adverse impacts on the environment. The benefits of the responsible application of genetic principles to aquaculture should be communicated to consumers, policy-makers, scientists and others interested in responsible fisheries and aquaculture. 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 6 0 4 5 2 TC/M/I0282E/1/08.08/1800 ISBN 978-92-5-106045-2 ISSN 1020-5292 Suppl. 3 3. Genetic resource management Cover design, artwork and layout by Emanuela D'Antoni, Devin M. Bartley and José Luis Castilla Civit. AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 3. Genetic resource management FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2008 FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 5 Suppl. 3 AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 3. Genetic resource management The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-106045-2 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: copyright@fao.org © FAO 2008 iii PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT These Technical Guidelines have been prepared by the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) under the coordination of Devin M. Bartley (Senior resource management contributed to individual chapters in the Guidelines: iv FAO. 2008. Aquaculture development. 3. Genetic resource management. ABSTRACT These Technical Guidelines have been developed to support sections of the FAO’s Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries on aspects of genetic resource management in aquaculture. help promote responsible aquaculture by increasing production output and v CONTENTS iii Abstract iv management 2 7 27 scenarios 50 vi 52 52 5.2 Transfer of an improved strain to another country 5.2.2 Guidance on transfer 55 55 part of a rational aquaculture development strategy technology ratio of genetic improvement programmes 70 70 72 vii 7.2 The Code of Conduct 75 7.7.2 Monitoring for presence and ecological effects of 7.8 Constraints and opportunities 85 88 88 local species is not meant to breed viii In situ conservation Ex situ conservation In situ and ex situ and international legislation Nairobi Declaration [...]... 8, 9 and 11) ARTICLE 9 – AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 9.1.2 States should promote responsible development and management of aquaculture, including an advance evaluation of the effects of aquaculture development on genetic diversity and ecosystem integrity, based on best available scientific information (All chapters) 9.1.3 States should produce and regularly update aquaculture development strategies and... intergovernmental Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture recognized the importance 3 4 5 http://www.ramsar.org/res/key_res_vi.2.htm FAO 1997 Aquaculture development FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No 5 Rome, FAO FAO 2007 Aquaculture development 2 Health management for responsible movement of live aquatic animals FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No 5 Suppl 2... be useful to aquaculture The aquaculture sector is in an advantageous position to minimize extinction of the wild relatives of farmed species, as was allowed to happen to many in the livestock and crop sectors Management of aquatic genetic resources must have defined objectives in order to plan programmes and to judge success and impact These objectives will depend on the purpose of the aquaculture. .. of the implementation of the Code in collaboration with members and interested relevant organizations 1 1 INTRODUCTION The role of aquaculture in food production, economic development and food security is now well recognized As the fastest growing food production sector, aquaculture holds promise to help provide a growing human population with food as many of the world’s capture fisheries have reached... scientific information (All chapters) 9.1.3 States should produce and regularly update aquaculture development strategies and plans, as required, to ensure that aquaculture development is ecologically sustainable and to allow the rational use of resources by aquaculture and other activities (Chapters 7, 8, 9 and 11) 9.3.1 States should conserve genetic diversity and maintain integrity of aquatic communities... production or have been depleted through over-fishing and habitat degradation Less well recognized is aquaculture s role in conservation and the recovery of threatened and endangered species In fact, aquaculture has often been implicated in contributing to the endangerment of aquatic biodiversity The aquaculture sector has made significant advances in increased production and environmental protection... genetic improvement for aquaculture Farmed Atlantic salmon, channel catfish and 3 Nile tilapia have been genetically improved more recently However, with the success of these breeding programmes (i.e changing the genetic structure of a wild fish) and the inevitable use of these improved breeds in many farming systems, comes the problem of interaction between genetically improved aquaculture stocks and... Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, 1995, and in the light of, inter alia, the 1992 Declaration of Cancún and the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, in particular Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 9 The development of the Code was carried out by FAO in consultation and collaboration with relevant United Nations Agencies and other international organizations, including non-governmental... management, rather than by specific articles of the Code This will allow decision makers and resource planners to find guidance on a specific area of genetics in aquaculture quickly Given the importance of genetic resource management for a variety of aquaculture objectives, there are several articles of the Code that a particular chapter my help implement These guidelines provide information on the following... (relevant chapters are included) 4 ARTICLE 2 – OBJECTIVES OF THE CODE 2e facilitate and promote technical, financial and other cooperation in conservation of fisheries (including aquaculture) resources and fisheries management and development (Chapters 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 11) 2g promote protection of living aquatic resources and their environments and coastal areas (Chapters 2, 5, 7, 9, 10 and11) ARTICLE . AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT 3. Genetic resource management FAO TECHNICAL GUIDELINES. principles to aquaculture should be communicated to consumers, policy-makers, scientists and others interested in responsible fisheries and aquaculture.