mitigating water pollution in vietnamese aquaculture production and processing industry the case of pangasius and shrimp

215 769 0
mitigating water pollution in vietnamese aquaculture production and processing industry the case of pangasius and shrimp

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

Thông tin tài liệu

i Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture production and processing industry The case of pangasius and shrimp Pham Thi Anh ii Thesis committee Thesis supervisors Prof. dr. ir. A.P.J. Mol Professor of Environmental Policy, Wageningen University Prof. dr. C. Kroeze Personal chair at the Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University Thesis co-supervisor Dr. S.R. Bush Assistant professor, Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. J.A.J. Verreth, Wageningen University Prof. dr. L. Hordijk, the Joint research Center of the European Commission (IES-JRC), Italy Dr. J.M. Bavinck, University of Amsterdam Dr. Nguyen Trung Viet, Van Lang University, Vietnam This research was conducted under the auspices of SENSE - Research school for Socio- Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment iii Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture production and processing industry The case of pangasius and shrimp Pham Thi Anh Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 27 th October 2010 at 4 p.m. in the Aula iv Pham Thi Anh Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture production and processing industry: the case of pangasius and shrimp PhD- Thesis Wageningen University, with summary in English, Dutch and Vietnamese ISBN 978-90-8585-772-3 v Acknowledgement With great support from Prof Arthur Mol, Prof Leen Hordijk and Dr Nguyen Trung Viet, I was accepted as a sandwich PhD student of Wageningen University at the end of 2001. I would first like to thank them for their help in making my PhD possible. From the start to the completion of this book a long time has passed during which I gained many experiences in work, relationships and life. I am very grateful for the help of many people during this long period. I greatly appreciate the valuable advice, guidance and encouragement from the supervisors’ team: Prof Arthur Mol – Chair of Environmental Policy group, Prof Carolien Kroeze – Environmental System Analysis group, and Dr Simon Bush – Environmental Policy group. Without their critical and detailed comments on design, analysis and writing, this dissertation would not have been what it has now become. There are no words to entirely express my gratitude to all what my promoter and supervisors have done to enrich my knowledge and teach me how to conduct a scientific research. I would like to give some special sentences to Prof Carolien Kroeze. She always gave important support not only for my thesis work, but also to keep a positive attitude during difficult episodes. Carolien, I learned from you not only the way to do a PhD, but also the way to become a good teacher, a good supervisor, and a good co-operator. I would like to thank to Marcel, Tomas and Robin for their kindness to receive me to work with you at your home. I wish you all have much happiness and success together forever. I also would like to write special words of gratefulness to Simon for his supervision, from whom I learned to be critical in my scientific work. I also would like to thank Catja for her friendship. I would like to express my gratefulness to Dr Nguyen Trung Viet, Head of the Department of Environmental Technology and Management – Van Lang University, who always actively and generously thinks and works with his staff and students. I remember the sentence he said to me when I decided to go to the Netherlands for my MSc in 1997: “Tell me when you meet any difficulty”. It is a short sentence, but it had a large effect on my work and he always repeated it when I was doing something important – including my PhD study in the Netherlands. My acknowledgement also goes to the sources of my financial support without which I could not have finished this thesis. My travelling, study and time spent in the Netherlands came from the budget of the REFINE project, which was funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Netherlands. The funding for the study on shrimp farming in the Can Gio area came from CENTEMA. During the last period, the work on Pangasius projects was financially supported by SMARTCHOICE Company. I would like to thank the rector of Van Lang University, Dr Nguyen Dung, for his support to my work at the University and his encouragement to my studies. vi I would like to thank the colleagues of Van Lang University, who encouraged me a lot during my teaching and work. I love Van Lang University. I highly appreciate my Vietnamese colleagues and the students of the Department of Environmental Technology and Management, among them Huynh Ngoc Phuong Mai, Tran Thi My Dieu and Le Thi Kim Oanh, who share with me the day to day the efforts of teaching, research and carrying out projects. Our long cooperation and friendship for life is unforgettable. The same is true for the collaboration with other good colleagues who have worked with me for a long time: Nguyen Kim Thanh, Nguyen Thi Phuong Loan, Ly Khanh Tam Thao, Pham Hai Yen, Truong Mong Diem and Ho Phung Ngoc Thao. I would like to thank Hoang Quoc Hung and Nguyen Xuan Dong for helping me in assistant and design the thesis’s cover. I also would like to thank the students and colleagues who work with me in the field of shrimp and pangasius at CENTEMA and SMARTCHOICE: Bich Thuy, Xuan Tuong, Ngoc Anh, Thanh Binh, Thuy Van, Minh Trang, Ha Minh. It has always been pleasant to work with the Environmental Policy Group and Environmental Systems Analysis group of Wageningen University. I owe many thanks to Prof Kris Van Koppen, Dr Peter Oosterveer, Prof Gert Spaargaren, Loes Maas, Dr Bas van Vliet, Astrid Hendriksen, Dr Judith van Leeuwen, Elisabeth, for their interesting lectures, and for being good colleagues and friends during my stays in the Netherlands. Special thanks go to Corry Rothuizen and Ria Cuperus for their helpfulness during my work at both departments. Many friends who have shared with me joys and sadness during my work in Vietnam and studies in Wageningen are acknowledged, among them Phuong Khanh and Frank Dumoulin, Ke and Quyen, Mathilde Kupper, Pham Hong Nhat, Phan Thu Nga, Le Van Khoa, Bui Thi Lan Huong, Lai Thi Lan Huong, Minh Dieu, Phung Ha, Thu Ha, Alexi, Kim Dung, Minh Thu, I would like to mention in particular the Willems’ family: Joop and Lise, Edward, Germa, Ellen and Marcel and their children. With them I feel I also have a family in the Netherlands. I would like to thank to Joost van Buuren. He helped me a lot at the beginning of my MSc study, and became a member of my family. Brother Pham Dinh Giot, you shared with us many things, in the Netherlands and Vietnam. I am happy to know you and your family: Aja and Jan Oudendijk and their children, and Anneke van Buuren and Rens Ijland. They all make me feel a close and beloved friend. I am proud to be a daughter of my parents Pham Thong and Huynh Thi Them, and to be a sister of my brothers and sisters, Than, Huong, Thai, Hoa, Chau, Phu, Dinh, Dam, Tam and their husbands, wives and children. I would like to thank to all of them for their love, care and encouragement. All their names cannot be listed here, but I vii remember them all. I dedicated this work to my parents in law for their wishes to my work and cares to my family. Finally, it is my pleasure to express special thanks to my beloved husband, Nguyen Quang Hop, for his love and responsibility to me and the children. Since I married him, I feel more confident and my work has become more efficient. To my son, Quoc Phap and daughter, Hoang Ngan, I would like to say that you are the source of all the energy I have needed to push me to complete this work. I dedicate this work to you all. HCMC/Wageningen, June 2010 viii ix Table of contents Acknowledgement v Table of contents ix List of tables xiii List of boxes xv List of figures xvii Abbreviations xxi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Vietnamese fishery sector 1 1.2 The environmental impacts of aquaculture production in Vietnam 6 1.3 Environmental management of aquaculture production in Vietnam 8 1.4 Research objectives 10 1.5 Research methodology 10 1.6 Structure of thesis 16 Chapter 2 Water pollution by pangasius production in the Mekong delta – Vietnam: causes and options for control 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Materials and methods 25 2.3 Results: Pangasius farming 26 2.4 Results: Pangasius frozen fillet processing 44 2.5 Discussion and conclusions 53 Chapter 3 Water pollution by intensive brackish shrimp farming in South-East Vietnam: causes and options for control 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Material and methods 58 x 3.3 The shrimp farming system 60 3.4 Environmental impact of intensive black tiger shrimp farming 65 3.5 Options to reduce the environmental impact 72 3.6 Conclusions 78 Chapter 4 Towards eco-agro industrial clusters in aquatic production: the case of shrimp processing industry in Vietnam 81 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Shrimp production chains and material balances of frozen shrimp processing 84 4.3 Options in constructing an eco-agro-industrial cluster for shrimp processing industry 93 4.4 Designing a frozen shrimp eco-agro-industrial cluster in Soc Trang province 96 4.5 The governance of eco-agro industrial cluster of shrimp in Soc Trang provinve: Actors and institutions 98 4.6 Conclusions 103 Chapter 5 Multi-level environmental governance in Vietnam: Water pollution reduction in pangasius and shrimp aquaculture 105 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 Multi-level governance of place-based aquaculture 107 5.3 Methodology 108 5.4 International governance through the WWF aquaculture dialogues 109 5.5 National governance 115 5.6 Community-based governance 119 5.7 Discussion and conclusions 123 Chapter 6 Discussion and conclusions 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Main findings 125 6.3 Comparing shrimp and pangasius 128 6.4 Methodological issues 134 [...]... for shrimp processing in Soc Trang province 92 Figure 4.6 Design of an eco-agro industrial cluster for shrimp processing in Soc Trang province 97 Figure 4.7 Networks embedding shrimp processing industry in Soc Trang province (main relations for eco-industrial clusters in bold lines) 98 Figure 5.1 Provincial pangasius production in Vietnam 106 Figure 6.1 Water pollution by pangasius farming and intensive... phosphorus and disease spreading The environmental impacts of shrimp aquaculture have been documented in more detail than pangasius, due to the age of the industry and the global attention to the destruction of coastal habitats in other parts of the world The impacts of shrimp production outlined specifically for Vietnam include increased soil salinity, the destruction of mangrove forests and loss of biodiversity... dimensions of pangasius production in Vietnam However, so far no systematic analysis exists of the causes and effects of environmental pollution caused by shrimp and pangasius production and processing in Vietnam, aiming at identifying environmental management strategies for aquaculture farming and related fish processing There is a need for such integrated and complex environmental studies of aquaculture production. .. issue concerns the use of large amounts of clean water for processing, such as for washing raw material and products, cleaning of machines, containers or flushing the working floor, de-icing, thawing and salt soaking All the water used is later discharged as wastewater The quantity and quality of wastewater are highly dependent on the final products, fresh raw species processed and production processes... problems and management approaches of aquaculture and fish processing in Vietnam Recently, Phan et al (2009) studied the current status of farming practices of pangasius in the Mekong Delta, and Trai and colleagues (2006) conducted a study on water pollution concerns in shrimp farming Bush and his colleagues (2009) and Mantingh and Dung (2007) also recently reviewed the governing of environmental and social... diseases and impacts on aquatic biodiversity; (3) significant loss of mangroves and wetlands from conversion of coastal areas and estuaries to aquaculture (shrimp) farming; (4) the dramatic recent rise in the use of trash fish in marine and freshwater aquaculture Pangasius and shrimp aquaculture production are both representative of most if not all of these concerns The unstructured development of pangasius. .. ton of pangasius fresh fish 48 Figure 2.10 Water pollution by the production of frozen pangasius fillet The graph shows pollution from ponds and processing Units: kg pollutant per ton of fillet 51 Figure 3.1 Area and production of shrimp farming in Vietnam in 1999 – 2008 57 Figure 3.2 Schematic overview of Shrimp production in Can Gio area and its environmental impact 64 Figure 3.3 Overview of water. .. pollution and climate change (4) Odor and aesthetic damage: Odor problems are commonplace due to spoiling debris and offal Discharge of wastewater containing high levels of solids, spoiled offal, oils and fat from the fish can spoil the natural beauty of surrounding beaches and cause the pollution for the fresh and marine water bodies Islam and colleagues (2004) identified effluents from fish and shrimp. .. addressing key issues such as water use and water pollution Both issues have been publicly debated in the development of a range of national and international environmental and social standards for aquaculture being developed in Vietnam (seeMantingh and Dung 2007; Bush et al 2009), including the World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF) aquaculture dialogues The Pangasius Aquaculture Dialogue (PAD) and the Shrimp. .. pangasius farming, one of the most common voiced environmental concerns of pangasius farming, and one that is gaining increasing attention in policy and practice, is the discharge of wastewater and sludge to rivers and canals (Trai et al 2006; Anh and Mai 2009b; Bosma et al 2009; Phan et al 2009) The main concerns of wastewater and sludge removal from pangasius ponds include water contamination with . i Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture production and processing industry The case of pangasius and shrimp Pham Thi. pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture production and processing industry: the case of pangasius and shrimp PhD- Thesis Wageningen University, with summary in

Ngày đăng: 13/03/2014, 18:58

Từ khóa liên quan

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

  • Đang cập nhật ...

Tài liệu liên quan