Thông tin tài liệu
i
Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture
production and processing industry
The case of pangasius and shrimp
Pham Thi Anh
ii
Thesis committee
Thesis supervisors
Prof. dr. ir. A.P.J. Mol
Professor of Environmental Policy, Wageningen University
Prof. dr. C. Kroeze
Personal chair at the Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University
Thesis co-supervisor
Dr. S.R. Bush
Assistant professor, Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University
Other members
Prof. dr. J.A.J. Verreth, Wageningen University
Prof. dr. L. Hordijk, the Joint research Center of the European Commission (IES-JRC),
Italy
Dr. J.M. Bavinck, University of Amsterdam
Dr. Nguyen Trung Viet, Van Lang University, Vietnam
This research was conducted under the auspices of SENSE - Research school for Socio-
Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment
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Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture
production and processing industry
The case of pangasius and shrimp
Pham Thi Anh
Thesis
Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor
at Wageningen University
by the authority of the Rector Magnificus
Prof. dr. M.J. Kropff
in the presence of the
Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board
to be defended in public
on Wednesday 27
th
October 2010
at 4 p.m. in the Aula
iv
Pham Thi Anh
Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture production and processing
industry: the case of pangasius and shrimp
PhD- Thesis Wageningen University, with summary in English, Dutch and
Vietnamese
ISBN 978-90-8585-772-3
v
Acknowledgement
With great support from Prof Arthur Mol, Prof Leen Hordijk and Dr Nguyen Trung
Viet, I was accepted as a sandwich PhD student of Wageningen University at the end of
2001. I would first like to thank them for their help in making my PhD possible.
From the start to the completion of this book a long time has passed during which I
gained many experiences in work, relationships and life. I am very grateful for the help
of many people during this long period. I greatly appreciate the valuable advice,
guidance and encouragement from the supervisors’ team: Prof Arthur Mol – Chair of
Environmental Policy group, Prof Carolien Kroeze – Environmental System Analysis
group, and Dr Simon Bush – Environmental Policy group. Without their critical and
detailed comments on design, analysis and writing, this dissertation would not have
been what it has now become. There are no words to entirely express my gratitude to all
what my promoter and supervisors have done to enrich my knowledge and teach me
how to conduct a scientific research. I would like to give some special sentences to Prof
Carolien Kroeze. She always gave important support not only for my thesis work, but
also to keep a positive attitude during difficult episodes. Carolien, I learned from you
not only the way to do a PhD, but also the way to become a good teacher, a good
supervisor, and a good co-operator. I would like to thank to Marcel, Tomas and Robin
for their kindness to receive me to work with you at your home. I wish you all have
much happiness and success together forever. I also would like to write special words of
gratefulness to Simon for his supervision, from whom I learned to be critical in my
scientific work. I also would like to thank Catja for her friendship.
I would like to express my gratefulness to Dr Nguyen Trung Viet, Head of the
Department of Environmental Technology and Management – Van Lang University,
who always actively and generously thinks and works with his staff and students. I
remember the sentence he said to me when I decided to go to the Netherlands for my
MSc in 1997: “Tell me when you meet any difficulty”. It is a short sentence, but it had a
large effect on my work and he always repeated it when I was doing something
important – including my PhD study in the Netherlands.
My acknowledgement also goes to the sources of my financial support without which I
could not have finished this thesis. My travelling, study and time spent in the
Netherlands came from the budget of the REFINE project, which was funded by the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The Netherlands. The funding for the study on shrimp
farming in the Can Gio area came from CENTEMA. During the last period, the work on
Pangasius projects was financially supported by SMARTCHOICE Company.
I would like to thank the rector of Van Lang University, Dr Nguyen Dung, for his
support to my work at the University and his encouragement to my studies.
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I would like to thank the colleagues of Van Lang University, who encouraged me a lot
during my teaching and work. I love Van Lang University.
I highly appreciate my Vietnamese colleagues and the students of the Department of
Environmental Technology and Management, among them Huynh Ngoc Phuong Mai,
Tran Thi My Dieu and Le Thi Kim Oanh, who share with me the day to day the efforts
of teaching, research and carrying out projects. Our long cooperation and friendship for
life is unforgettable. The same is true for the collaboration with other good colleagues
who have worked with me for a long time: Nguyen Kim Thanh, Nguyen Thi Phuong
Loan, Ly Khanh Tam Thao, Pham Hai Yen, Truong Mong Diem and Ho Phung Ngoc
Thao. I would like to thank Hoang Quoc Hung and Nguyen Xuan Dong for helping me
in assistant and design the thesis’s cover.
I also would like to thank the students and colleagues who work with me in the field of
shrimp and pangasius at CENTEMA and SMARTCHOICE: Bich Thuy, Xuan Tuong,
Ngoc Anh, Thanh Binh, Thuy Van, Minh Trang, Ha Minh.
It has always been pleasant to work with the Environmental Policy Group and
Environmental Systems Analysis group of Wageningen University. I owe many thanks
to Prof Kris Van Koppen, Dr Peter Oosterveer, Prof Gert Spaargaren, Loes Maas, Dr
Bas van Vliet, Astrid Hendriksen, Dr Judith van Leeuwen, Elisabeth, for their
interesting lectures, and for being good colleagues and friends during my stays in the
Netherlands. Special thanks go to Corry Rothuizen and Ria Cuperus for their
helpfulness during my work at both departments.
Many friends who have shared with me joys and sadness during my work in Vietnam
and studies in Wageningen are acknowledged, among them Phuong Khanh and Frank
Dumoulin, Ke and Quyen, Mathilde Kupper, Pham Hong Nhat, Phan Thu Nga, Le Van
Khoa, Bui Thi Lan Huong, Lai Thi Lan Huong, Minh Dieu, Phung Ha, Thu Ha, Alexi,
Kim Dung, Minh Thu,
I would like to mention in particular the Willems’ family: Joop and Lise, Edward,
Germa, Ellen and Marcel and their children. With them I feel I also have a family in the
Netherlands.
I would like to thank to Joost van Buuren. He helped me a lot at the beginning of my
MSc study, and became a member of my family. Brother Pham Dinh Giot, you shared
with us many things, in the Netherlands and Vietnam. I am happy to know you and your
family: Aja and Jan Oudendijk and their children, and Anneke van Buuren and Rens
Ijland. They all make me feel a close and beloved friend.
I am proud to be a daughter of my parents Pham Thong and Huynh Thi Them, and to be
a sister of my brothers and sisters, Than, Huong, Thai, Hoa, Chau, Phu, Dinh, Dam,
Tam and their husbands, wives and children. I would like to thank to all of them for
their love, care and encouragement. All their names cannot be listed here, but I
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remember them all. I dedicated this work to my parents in law for their wishes to my
work and cares to my family.
Finally, it is my pleasure to express special thanks to my beloved husband, Nguyen
Quang Hop, for his love and responsibility to me and the children. Since I married him,
I feel more confident and my work has become more efficient. To my son, Quoc Phap
and daughter, Hoang Ngan, I would like to say that you are the source of all the energy I
have needed to push me to complete this work. I dedicate this work to you all.
HCMC/Wageningen, June 2010
viii
ix
Table of contents
Acknowledgement v
Table of contents ix
List of tables xiii
List of boxes xv
List of figures xvii
Abbreviations xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Vietnamese fishery sector 1
1.2 The environmental impacts of aquaculture production in Vietnam 6
1.3 Environmental management of aquaculture production in Vietnam 8
1.4 Research objectives 10
1.5 Research methodology 10
1.6 Structure of thesis 16
Chapter 2 Water pollution by pangasius production in the Mekong
delta – Vietnam: causes and options for control 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Materials and methods 25
2.3 Results: Pangasius farming 26
2.4 Results: Pangasius frozen fillet processing 44
2.5 Discussion and conclusions 53
Chapter 3 Water pollution by intensive brackish shrimp farming in
South-East Vietnam: causes and options for control 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Material and methods 58
x
3.3 The shrimp farming system 60
3.4 Environmental impact of intensive black tiger shrimp farming 65
3.5 Options to reduce the environmental impact 72
3.6 Conclusions 78
Chapter 4 Towards eco-agro industrial clusters in aquatic
production: the case of shrimp processing industry in
Vietnam 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Shrimp production chains and material balances of frozen shrimp
processing 84
4.3 Options in constructing an eco-agro-industrial cluster for shrimp
processing industry 93
4.4 Designing a frozen shrimp eco-agro-industrial cluster in Soc Trang
province 96
4.5 The governance of eco-agro industrial cluster of shrimp in Soc
Trang provinve: Actors and institutions 98
4.6 Conclusions 103
Chapter 5 Multi-level environmental governance in Vietnam: Water
pollution reduction in pangasius and shrimp aquaculture 105
5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Multi-level governance of place-based aquaculture 107
5.3 Methodology 108
5.4 International governance through the WWF aquaculture dialogues 109
5.5 National governance 115
5.6 Community-based governance 119
5.7 Discussion and conclusions 123
Chapter 6 Discussion and conclusions 125
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Main findings 125
6.3 Comparing shrimp and pangasius 128
6.4 Methodological issues 134
[...]... for shrimp processing in Soc Trang province 92 Figure 4.6 Design of an eco-agro industrial cluster for shrimp processing in Soc Trang province 97 Figure 4.7 Networks embedding shrimp processing industry in Soc Trang province (main relations for eco-industrial clusters in bold lines) 98 Figure 5.1 Provincial pangasius production in Vietnam 106 Figure 6.1 Water pollution by pangasius farming and intensive... phosphorus and disease spreading The environmental impacts of shrimp aquaculture have been documented in more detail than pangasius, due to the age of the industry and the global attention to the destruction of coastal habitats in other parts of the world The impacts of shrimp production outlined specifically for Vietnam include increased soil salinity, the destruction of mangrove forests and loss of biodiversity... dimensions of pangasius production in Vietnam However, so far no systematic analysis exists of the causes and effects of environmental pollution caused by shrimp and pangasius production and processing in Vietnam, aiming at identifying environmental management strategies for aquaculture farming and related fish processing There is a need for such integrated and complex environmental studies of aquaculture production. .. issue concerns the use of large amounts of clean water for processing, such as for washing raw material and products, cleaning of machines, containers or flushing the working floor, de-icing, thawing and salt soaking All the water used is later discharged as wastewater The quantity and quality of wastewater are highly dependent on the final products, fresh raw species processed and production processes... problems and management approaches of aquaculture and fish processing in Vietnam Recently, Phan et al (2009) studied the current status of farming practices of pangasius in the Mekong Delta, and Trai and colleagues (2006) conducted a study on water pollution concerns in shrimp farming Bush and his colleagues (2009) and Mantingh and Dung (2007) also recently reviewed the governing of environmental and social... diseases and impacts on aquatic biodiversity; (3) significant loss of mangroves and wetlands from conversion of coastal areas and estuaries to aquaculture (shrimp) farming; (4) the dramatic recent rise in the use of trash fish in marine and freshwater aquaculture Pangasius and shrimp aquaculture production are both representative of most if not all of these concerns The unstructured development of pangasius. .. ton of pangasius fresh fish 48 Figure 2.10 Water pollution by the production of frozen pangasius fillet The graph shows pollution from ponds and processing Units: kg pollutant per ton of fillet 51 Figure 3.1 Area and production of shrimp farming in Vietnam in 1999 – 2008 57 Figure 3.2 Schematic overview of Shrimp production in Can Gio area and its environmental impact 64 Figure 3.3 Overview of water. .. pollution and climate change (4) Odor and aesthetic damage: Odor problems are commonplace due to spoiling debris and offal Discharge of wastewater containing high levels of solids, spoiled offal, oils and fat from the fish can spoil the natural beauty of surrounding beaches and cause the pollution for the fresh and marine water bodies Islam and colleagues (2004) identified effluents from fish and shrimp. .. addressing key issues such as water use and water pollution Both issues have been publicly debated in the development of a range of national and international environmental and social standards for aquaculture being developed in Vietnam (seeMantingh and Dung 2007; Bush et al 2009), including the World Wild Fund for Nature (WWF) aquaculture dialogues The Pangasius Aquaculture Dialogue (PAD) and the Shrimp. .. pangasius farming, one of the most common voiced environmental concerns of pangasius farming, and one that is gaining increasing attention in policy and practice, is the discharge of wastewater and sludge to rivers and canals (Trai et al 2006; Anh and Mai 2009b; Bosma et al 2009; Phan et al 2009) The main concerns of wastewater and sludge removal from pangasius ponds include water contamination with . i
Mitigating water pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture
production and processing industry
The case of pangasius and shrimp
Pham Thi. pollution in Vietnamese aquaculture production and processing
industry: the case of pangasius and shrimp
PhD- Thesis Wageningen University, with summary in
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