Taxonomic/Nomenclatural History
Morphology
The following description is condensed from Pilsbry (1948) and Branson (1972):
H burringtoni is a relatively small slug, 8-20 mm long Its body is depressed under the visceral pouch, then the tail is raised into a prominent keel The head and tentacles are black The mantle lacks the distinct papillae found on the very similar H glandulosa, and is speckled with gray and black There is a row of distinct gray to black dots along the sides just above the pedal furrows Below the pouch, the body is marked posteriorly by 7 to 9 broad, dark gray diagonal bands The penial stimulator of H burringtoni is smooth within while that of H glandulosa is rugose (wrinkled)
This article provides valuable direct quotes that can assist personnel in differentiating between slugs of the genus H burringtoni and its relation to H glandulosa These insights are particularly useful for accurate identification and understanding of these species.
The body exhibits a depression beneath the pouch, which elevates to create a pronounced, compressed keel at the rear The horn located over the caudal pit is either absent or significantly reduced Additionally, the visceral pouch appears nearly smooth, while the penial stimulator is also smooth on the inside.
1975) In an earlier description Branson (1972) said, "Posteriorly, the moderately developed hornlike protuberance above the caudal mucous gland is bluntly rounded behind, but is rather triangular in lateral view."
The species closely resembles H glandulosa but features a smooth mantle without papillae Its foot displays spaced oblique lines that end in gray dots above the pedal groove, with some pigmentation towards the middle Additionally, the elevated tail exhibits these lines breaking into a coarse, pigmented network.
Between fall 1998 and spring 2000, early surveys conducted by Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management employees identified 195 sites of the Burrington jumping slug, characterized by distinctly papillose mantles and a row of gray to black dots along the sides, as described by Pilsbry and Branson However, the papillose mantle suggests these specimens may need reclassification to H glandulosa, especially given supporting DNA evidence Observations of Burrington jumping slugs copulating with H glandulosa and the discovery of numerous intermediate morphological forms on the Olympic Peninsula indicate a complex relationship between these species Variations include slugs resembling H burringtoni with inconsistent dot patterns, highlighting the potential need for new species descriptions and identification keys.
Reproductive Biology
Most terrestrial gastropods in the Pacific Northwest, including Hemphillia, are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs While some species can self-fertilize, cross-fertilization is more common Bayne (1973) highlighted the challenges of self- and cross-fertilization in Pulmonates, noting the preference for allosperms over autosperms Hemphillia are oviparous, laying small clutches of eggs H malonei has been successfully reared in captivity, and Burrington jumping slugs have been observed mating with H glandulosa (Ziegltrum 2000).
Research on the reproduction of H malonei in captivity reveals that eggs are laid 1 to 6 days post-copulation, typically in clutches ranging from 19 to 61 eggs, with each individual capable of producing up to 4 clutches At a temperature of 14°C, the development time for these eggs varies from 47 days.
63 days from oviposition to hatching (Leonard & Ovaska 2002).
Ecology
Hemphillia burringtoni is a species of low to mid elevation rain forests
Particular foods and cover types are not documented, but most
Hemphillia slugs typically inhabit decaying logs and forest floor litter, where they feed on decomposing wood, fungi, and associated microorganisms By aiding in the decomposition of forest debris, they play a crucial role in enriching soil organic matter With a digestive efficiency rate in the high forties, these slugs excrete viable fungal spores and hyphal fragments, making them significant dispersers of fungal species year-round.
Jumping slugs face predation from various animals, although specific enemies have not been identified Their distinctive jumping behavior is believed to be an evolutionary adaptation for evading predators, though detailed information on these threats remains undocumented.
Range, Known Sites
Hemphillia burringtoni, as currently recognized, is known from the Olympic
The region of Peninsula, Washington, stretches southward along the coast to the Columbia River, extending eastward to southern Puget Sound and the western Cascade Mountains, particularly south of Mt St Helens in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest The area is notably defined by its type locality at Rialto Beach, located within Olympic National Park.
Quillayute River mouth, Clallam County, Washington (H B Baker 1929; cited in Pilsbry 1948)
Branson (1977) reported 9 specimens from 7 locations on the Olympic Peninsula in
Clallam, Jefferson, Mason, and Grays Harbor counties, and 1 from Bush State
Park, Pacific County, Washington Branson and Branson (1984) reported a probable immature specimen from Clatsop (Tillamook) County, Oregon
Recent surveys by the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management have identified new locations in Washington State, primarily on the Olympic Peninsula, within the Olympic and Gifford Pinchot National Forests These sites are concentrated in Clallam, Jefferson, Grays Harbor, and Mason Counties, as well as Skamania County in the western Washington Cascades Notably, around 5-10% of the specimens found on the Olympic Peninsula exhibit intermediate characteristics of H burringtoni and H glandulosa Additionally, Leonard (Ziegltrum 2000) reported three new locations on the southern Washington coast in Pacific County, where specimens appeared to be hybrids of H glandulosa and H burringtoni.
He also found one location of the Burrington jumping-slug in Clallam County, Washington.
Habitat Characteristics and Species Abundance
Habitat Characteristics
Hemphillia species thrive in moist forests predominantly composed of conifers, complemented by a moderate presence of hardwood trees The forest floor maintains a moist environment without becoming overly wet or saturated, and is characterized by an abundance of large woody debris, including both conifer and hardwood logs, particularly those in decomposition class 3.
The litter and duff layers in cool shaded forests are typically deep and continuous, while low vegetation is often patchy, featuring sword ferns and various other plant species.
Hemphillia burringtoni inhabits rainforests and other wet forest areas in western Washington to northwestern Oregon from sea level to at least
At an elevation of 1050 meters (3445 feet), Branson (1977) identified this area as a "transition zone," characterized by a habitat that suggests general rainforest or moist forest conditions These environments feature heavy shading and dense vegetative cover, which are crucial for the survival of various species, including gastropods Additionally, logs and other woody debris play a significant role in supporting the ecosystem of Hemphillia.
Branson (1977 & 1984) identified this species in dense rainforests characterized by hemlock, spruce, western red cedar, pines, ferns, and mosses, often found in association with fallen logs, talus, and shrubs His research (1972 & 1977) documented the species at elevations between 166 and 1050 meters (545 to 3435 feet), highlighting its presence in diverse habitats, including areas with heavy Pacific dogwood growth and locations featuring talus, ferns, and fallen logs.
According to the USDA Forest Service and the USDI Bureau of Land Management (1994), H burringtoni is categorized as a riparian associate, suggesting a connection to moist riparian forests that host various snails and slugs However, there is no evidence to support that H burringtoni prefers riparian habitats over other moist forest environments.
(1993) called it an "Old growth and riparian associate ", which better aligns with the meager descriptions of the locations by Branson (op cit)
Recent surveys conducted by the Forest Service (FS) and Bureau of Land Management (BLM) reveal that Hemphillia burringtoni inhabits similar environments as H glandulosa This species has been observed across diverse forest conditions, including various old-growth sites and numerous second-growth conifer forests aged between 40 years and older.
At 80 years old, only a limited number of old-growth sites have been identified, primarily due to the emphasis on project surveys for commercial thinning timber sales (Ziegltrum 2000) Most existing records stem from surveys aimed at project clearances, focusing mainly on proposed commercial thinnings in young, second-growth forests dominated by species such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and occasionally Pacific silver fir (Abies amabalis) Consequently, only a fraction of the potential old-growth habitat for H burringtoni and H glandulosa has been surveyed, likely underestimating the significance of this habitat type for these species.
Burrington jumping slugs were found in elevations ranging from 300 to
The study area has an elevation of 2,700 feet, with an average height of 833 feet Slopes vary significantly, ranging from flat ground to steep inclines of 75%, with 60% of the sites situated on level terrain and an average slope of 19% for the remaining locations The predominant aspect is south-southeast (149 degrees), though all compass directions from 0 to 360 degrees are represented Canopy cover across the sites varies widely from 2% to 100%, with an average canopy cover of 78%.
Species Abundance
Hemphillia burringtoni is a local endemic species found in western Washington, particularly thriving in the Olympic Peninsula, where it is more common and well distributed However, its abundance varies in other regions Currently, there are 23 documented records of this species in the Interagency species database.
Pilsbry (1948) initially reported the species from its type locality, while Branson (1977) discovered nine specimens across seven of 269 surveyed sites on the Olympic Peninsula, along with one specimen near Willapa Bay In their 1984 surveys of the Oregon Cascades and Coast Range, Branson and Branson identified a single specimen that might belong to this species However, Frest and Johannes (1993) noted that they did not encounter it in their Washington sites during their surveys from 1986 to 1991.
The disparity in abundance between early surveys and current FS and BLM assessments of Burrington jumping slugs may stem from varying interpretations of their morphology, specifically the distinction between papillose and smooth mantles Many specimens previously identified as H burringtoni may actually belong to H glandulosa, as earlier classifications were based on the assumption that H glandulosa exclusively had a papillose mantle In 2002, records lacking specific details about the mantle type were revised to classify them as H glandulosa Additionally, the existence of intermediate forms between H burringtoni and H glandulosa further complicates accurate identification.
Status History
The FEMAT assessment indicated that under the preferred alternative (Option 9), the species has a 33% chance of being well-distributed across Federal lands, a 27% chance of being locally restricted, a 20% chance of being confined to refugia, and a 20% chance of being extirpated Current knowledge reveals significant gaps between populations, but the discovery of additional surviving populations could enhance the likelihood of a more favorable outcome The species' rating is influenced by potential reductions from its historic distribution, uncertainties regarding its current status, and the absence of specific protections in the Olympic AMA (USDA, Forest Service, and USDI, Bureau of Land Management, 1994: J2-347).
In 2001, a species was classified as rare under Survey and Manage Category A due to its limited occurrences, low detection rates in suitable habitats, and small geographic range Following the 2002 Annual Species Review, it was reclassified to Category E, reflecting challenges in taxonomy, identification, and management needs The Washington Natural Heritage Information Center lists this species with a Global ranking of G1 and a State ranking of S1, indicating it is critically imperiled both globally and within the state due to its extreme rarity and vulnerability to extinction In 2004, the Forest Service's Region 6 designated this species as Sensitive in Washington.
Major Habitat and Viability Considerations
The Burrington jumping-slug inhabits rainforests and riparian areas on the Olympic Peninsula, where extensive logging has occurred While some of its habitat is protected within Olympic National Park, other areas are designated as Late-Successional Reserves (LSR) or Adaptive Management Areas (AMA) in the Olympic National Forest The experimental management of AMAs may lead to habitat degradation or loss during project implementation In contrast, occupied habitats within LSRs are more likely to remain suitable, as thinning projects in mid-successional stands (40-80 years old) aim to promote the development of late-successional conditions.
Occurrence and distribution needs to be clarified for H burringtoni and H glandulosa
To accurately assess population trends, species status, and habitat relationships, it is essential to clarify the differences and similarities in the distribution, habitats, ecology, and biology of the two species Confusion may arise from historical classifications of species or subspecies, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of their ranges and ecological requirements.
The exact number of population sites needed to ensure species viability remains uncertain; however, it is generally believed that having more populations enhances the chances of species survival by facilitating interactions among them Increased heterozygosity, or genetic variation within a species, contributes to its adaptability in the face of environmental changes Consequently, a decline in heterozygosity is detrimental to a population's survival, and smaller populations face greater challenges in recovering their genetic diversity.
Threats to the Species
Burrington's jumping slug faces significant threats from habitat loss and fragmentation due to timber harvesting and development for housing and recreation These activities lead to isolated populations, which in turn decreases their size and density, ultimately compromising the species' survival.
The Olympic National Forest, Gifford Pinchot Forest, and Olympic National Park are home to most known populations of this species Management activities in these forests have caused only minor disturbances, mainly through thinning operations While the population segments within the National Park may be secure, the extent of their historic range in the Park remains largely unknown due to a lack of additional surveys Given the species' broader range, it is likely that the populations within the Park represent a relatively small fraction of the total.
The Gifford Pinchot National Forest has fewer sites, which may increase the risk of isolation for local populations due to heightened forest management and a lower density of existing habitats Consequently, smaller and more isolated populations are less likely to sustain genetic diversity.
There is also a threat when exotic and introduced species compete or predate these jumping slugs.
Species Description
The following description is condensed from Pilsbry (1948) and Branson (1972):
H burringtoni is a small slug measuring 8-20 mm in length, characterized by a depressed body under the visceral pouch and a prominent keel at the tail Its head and tentacles are black, while the mantle is speckled with gray and black, lacking the distinct papillae seen in the similar H glandulosa A row of gray to black dots is present along the sides above the pedal furrows, and the body features 7 to 9 broad, dark gray diagonal bands posteriorly Notably, the penial stimulator of H burringtoni is smooth, contrasting with the rugose (wrinkled) stimulator of H glandulosa.
This article includes direct quotes that may assist personnel in distinguishing between slugs of the H genus, specifically H burringtoni and its relationship to H glandulosa.
The body features a depressed area beneath the pouch, which elevates to create a pronounced compressed keel The horn above the caudal pit is either absent or diminutive The visceral pouch exhibits a nearly smooth texture, while the penial stimulator is also smooth internally.
1975) In an earlier description Branson (1972) said, "Posteriorly, the moderately developed hornlike protuberance above the caudal mucous gland is bluntly rounded behind, but is rather triangular in lateral view."
The species closely resembles H glandulosa but is distinguished by its smooth mantle, lacking any papillae Notable features include spaced oblique lines on the sides of the foot that end in gray dots above the pedal groove, with pigmentation present behind the middle Additionally, these lines form a coarse network on the elevated tail, exhibiting pigmentation.
Between fall 1998 and spring 2000, Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management employees conducted surveys that identified 195 Burrington jumping slug sites, characterized by their distinctly papillose mantles and a row of gray to black dots along the sides, as described by Pilsbry and Branson However, the papillose mantle in these specimens suggests a need for re-evaluation, potentially reclassifying them as H glandulosa, particularly in light of DNA findings Observations of Burrington jumping slugs mating with H glandulosa have been recorded, and various intermediate morphological forms have been discovered on the Olympic Peninsula, including slugs that exhibit characteristics of H burringtoni but with incomplete dot patterns The diversity of these intermediates indicates that new species descriptions and identification keys may be necessary.
Most terrestrial gastropods in the Pacific Northwest, including Hemphillia species, are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs While some species can self-fertilize, cross-fertilization is more common Bayne (1973) highlighted challenges related to self- and cross-fertilization in Pulmonates, noting that allosperms (sperm from other individuals) typically dominate over autosperms (self-sperm) Hemphillia are oviparous, laying small clutches of eggs H malonei have been successfully reared in captivity, and Burrington jumping slugs have been observed copulating with H glandulosa (Ziegltrum 2000).
Reproduction in H malonei has been extensively studied in captivity, revealing that eggs are laid between 1 to 6 days post-copulation in clutches ranging from 19 to 61 eggs Each individual can produce up to 4 clutches, with development time at 14°C varying from 47 days For more detailed information, refer to the reproduction section specific to this species.
63 days from oviposition to hatching (Leonard & Ovaska 2002).
Hemphillia burringtoni is a species of low to mid elevation rain forests
Particular foods and cover types are not documented, but most
Hemphillia slugs are typically found in decaying logs or forest litter, where they feed on decomposing wood, fungi, and microorganisms By aiding in the decomposition of forest debris, they contribute significantly to the organic matter in the soil With a digestive efficiency rate in the high forties, these slugs excrete viable fungal spores and hyphal fragments, making them a crucial dispersal mechanism for fungal species throughout the year.
Jumping slugs face predation from various animals, although specific enemies have not been documented Their distinctive jumping behavior is believed to be an evolutionary adaptation aimed at evading predators, though the exact types of threats they defend against remain unspecified.
Hemphillia burringtoni, as currently recognized, is known from the Olympic
The region of Peninsula, Washington, stretches south along the coast to the Columbia River, extending eastward to southern Puget Sound and the western Cascade Mountains, located south of Mt St Helens in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest Notably, the type locality is Rialto Beach, situated in Olympic National Park, just north of this area.
Quillayute River mouth, Clallam County, Washington (H B Baker 1929; cited in Pilsbry 1948)
Branson (1977) reported 9 specimens from 7 locations on the Olympic Peninsula in
Clallam, Jefferson, Mason, and Grays Harbor counties, and 1 from Bush State
Park, Pacific County, Washington Branson and Branson (1984) reported a probable immature specimen from Clatsop (Tillamook) County, Oregon
Recent surveys by the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management have identified new sites in Washington State, primarily on the Olympic Peninsula within the Olympic and Gifford Pinchot National Forests These new locations span Clallam, Jefferson, Grays Harbor, and Mason Counties, as well as Skamania County in the western Washington Cascades Notably, 5-10% of the Olympic specimens exhibit intermediate characteristics of both H burringtoni and H glandulosa Additionally, Leonard (Ziegltrum 2000) reported three new locations on the southern Washington coast in Pacific County, where the specimens appear to be hybrids of H glandulosa and H burringtoni.
He also found one location of the Burrington jumping-slug in Clallam County, Washington.
D Habitat Characteristics and Species Abundance
Hemphillia species thrive in moist conifer-dominated forests that also feature a moderate presence of hardwoods The forest floor maintains a moist environment without becoming saturated, and there is an abundance of large woody debris, including both coniferous and hardwood logs, primarily in decomposition class 3.
The litter and duff layers in cool shaded forests are typically deep and continuous, while the low vegetation is often patchy, featuring sword ferns and various other forest plants.
Hemphillia burringtoni inhabits rainforests and other wet forest areas in western Washington to northwestern Oregon from sea level to at least
At an elevation of 1050 meters (3445 feet), Branson (1977) identified this area as the "transition zone." While habitat descriptions are limited, they suggest a general environment resembling a rain forest or other moist forest conditions characterized by heavy shading and dense vegetative cover, which is common for many gastropods Additionally, logs and other woody debris play a crucial role in the habitat of Hemphillia.
Branson (1977 & 1984) identified this species in dense rainforests characterized by hemlock, spruce, western red cedar, pines, ferns, and mosses, often found near fallen logs, talus, and shrubs His research (1972 & 1977) documented its presence at elevations between 166 to 1050 meters (545 to 3435 feet), specifically in rainforests with significant Pacific dogwood growth, talus areas, and environments rich in ferns and fallen logs.
Distribution Relative to Land Allocation
MANAGEMENT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Management of sensitive species in Forest Service Region 6 adheres to the Sensitive Species policy (2670), which mandates the preservation of viable populations of all native and desired non-native wildlife, fish, and plant species across their geographic range on National Forest System lands Additionally, management practices must avoid creating significant trends that could lead to federal listing of any identified sensitive species.
Lessons from History
Gastropod populations are slow to recover after being extirpated, and fire, a natural disturbance factor, can have detrimental effects on these species The impact of fire varies based on intensity, season, and its timing relative to the species' life cycle Fires can destroy snails and slugs directly and eliminate essential moisture-retaining logs and debris that provide necessary microsites for their survival Even after 50 years, previously burned sites may still support few gastropods, despite appearing suitable Larger species often repopulate these areas from nearby habitats once conditions improve, a process that can take many years In western Washington, the first species to return are typically Haplotrema and Vespericola, which are abundant in diverse forest environments The restoration of molluscan abundance and diversity is significantly slower in burned stands compared to old-growth sites, highlighting the ecological roles that mollusks play in maintaining ecosystem functions.
Research indicates that forest areas with large, uncharred logs retain a portion of their mollusk fauna even years after a fire, unlike severely burned regions While the exact number of years remains unclear, the presence of logs—estimated at over 1,000 linear feet per acre and averaging more than 20 inches in diameter—appears crucial for the survival of various gastropods It's uncertain whether these species survived the fire by finding refuge among the logs or if they quickly repopulated the area due to the cover provided In burned areas lacking abundant logs, only one to three mollusk species may be found, whereas five to seven species can thrive in similarly burned areas with logs Unburned stands support a rich diversity of 13 to 20 or more species Consequently, intense fires significantly reduce the molluscan community in moist conifer stands for many years, suggesting that fire management is not suitable for preserving these species' habitats.
Identification of Species Habitat Areas
This Conservation Assessment identifies all sites on federal lands managed by the Forest Service and BLM in Oregon and Washington as relevant areas for application A species habitat area includes both the suitable habitat occupied by a known population and the surrounding habitat necessary for the species' support.
This document outlines management strategies at two spatial scales for terrestrial mollusks At the local population scale, habitat areas must be designed to support functional populations, with sizes ranging from a few acres to over 25 acres, depending on dispersal distances and genetic neighborhood estimates It is crucial to consider the surrounding habitat's condition to maintain suitable moisture levels Additionally, the daily and yearly activity cycles of slugs should inform data collection Within each habitat area, essential elements like large downed wood and rock features must be protected to support critical life stages such as aestivation, hibernation, and reproduction The remaining habitat should be managed to facilitate foraging and dispersal during active seasons.
The primary goal of species habitat areas is to ensure that habitat conditions support the long-term viability of species at a suitable scale, in alignment with agency policies Key management considerations must be taken into account to achieve this objective.
Hemphillia species are sensitive to heat and drying, relying on refugia such as logs, large woody debris, and rocky spaces that maintain low temperatures and high humidity Effective management should prioritize the preservation of these microsites by ensuring adequate overstory crown cover and understory vegetation This vegetation plays a crucial role in shading the ground, enhancing humidity through evapotranspiration, capturing fog and dew, retaining underground water, and reducing air movement that could displace the cool, moist air Although data on crown cover in these habitats is limited, observations in western hemlock/Douglas-fir stands suggest that summer crown cover can reach 70-90% or more.
To enhance the naturally occurring diversity of plant species in Species Habitat Areas, it is crucial to maintain a mix of hardwood and conifer trees This approach will increase the availability of various food substrates and host species for fungi, supporting a wider range of wildlife Additionally, it ensures that critical plant species essential for the life cycle of certain mollusks are preserved Although our understanding of these species' specific needs is still limited, creating mixed stands of conifers and hardwoods appears to offer the best habitat, fostering a more diverse and functional ecosystem.
Maintaining and recruiting both large and small woody debris, along with a thick layer of litter and duff on the forest floor, is crucial for providing cool, moist habitats for various animals These elements serve as safe havens for hiding from predators, laying eggs, and foraging for food Different sizes of large woody debris, particularly logs, function as dispersal corridors and enhance habitat quality, though excessive debris can disrupt the forest canopy's ability to regulate shade and humidity The specific types of cover and debris needed will depend on the target species for management efforts.
To safeguard Species Habitat Areas from the detrimental effects of wildfires, it is crucial to implement measures that prevent direct mortality and habitat loss Utilizing prescribed fire treatments can effectively reduce fuel accumulation in surrounding areas, thereby protecting these vital habitats from catastrophic wildfire incidents.
Activities that cause soil compaction or disturbance to forest floor litter should be avoided within Species Habitat Areas.
To mitigate negative impacts from road construction, quarrying, and other disruptive activities, it is essential to manage occupied rockslides and talus areas These areas should be recognized as potential habitats, especially when located within or adjacent to suitable moist forest regions or the borders of moist or wet mountain meadows, as they can be sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity.
Consider increasing the width of occupied Riparian Reserves as needed, as part of management for these mollusk species
Mollusk species exhibit limited dispersal capabilities, leading to unique characteristics developed over generations in isolated populations To prevent further isolation, it is crucial to manage these species within designated Species Habitat Areas while also connecting these habitats to one another and to other reserves, such as Riparian Reserves and Late-Successional Reserves (LSRs) This can be achieved by situating them adjacent to occupied habitats or by preserving essential habitat elements in project areas, thereby creating potential bridges or temporary "bank accounts" to facilitate future habitat development.
D Other Management Issues and Considerations
During the FEMAT Analysis, many species were only recorded from limited locations, with few observed by living malacologists Their natural habitats had largely been transformed into urban or agricultural zones, raising concerns about their survival Consequently, it remained uncertain whether some of these species still existed.
Hemphillia pantherina is a species that requires extensive research due to its limited distribution, being identified at only one location To ensure its survival, studies and interactions with its habitat must be carefully managed to avoid unintentional extinction caused by researchers and other interested individuals.
Prescribed fire can be an effective tool for reducing the risk of catastrophic wildfires, although other fuel reduction methods are often preferred It is essential that prescribed burning and related treatments are carefully designed to minimize significant impacts on habitat conditions within species habitat areas, as detailed in Section IV-C When conducting burns during active animal seasons, it is crucial to maintain a mosaic of unburned patches to enhance the likelihood of survival for some individuals.
The successful implementation of the Aquatic Conservation Strategy in Riparian Reserves necessitates a thorough analysis of habitat conditions and occurrences via watershed analysis This process is essential to ensure that actions taken within riparian reserves align with the objectives of the Aquatic Conservation Strategy Additionally, it is crucial to document the effectiveness of these land allocations in conserving the habitat of the species.
V RESEARCH, INVENTORY, AND MONITORING NEEDS
This section aims to pinpoint opportunities for enhancing species management through additional information The items listed have not been prioritized or assessed for their significance in species management Although research, inventory, and monitoring data are not mandatory, it is essential for a regional coordinating body to consider these recommendations.
A Data Gaps and Information Needs
The Natural Heritage Program contracts have recorded various species sites, and any modifications to the field unit's documented or suspected status must be promptly communicated to the Special Status/Sensitive Species Specialist.
Other Management Issues and Considerations
RESEARCH, INVENTORY, AND MONITORING OPPORTUNITIES
This section aims to uncover opportunities for enhancing species management through additional information Although the items listed have not been prioritized or evaluated for their significance in species management, it is essential that a regional coordinating body addresses these recommendations While research, inventory, and monitoring data are not mandatory, they can play a crucial role in improving management strategies.
Data Gaps and Information Needs
The Natural Heritage Program contracts require the documentation of species sites, and any changes to the field unit's determination of documented or suspected status must be promptly reported to the Special Status/Sensitive Species Specialist.
The Regional/State Office identifies significant gaps in data, particularly regarding a comprehensive description of species, notably H pantherina Additionally, there is a need for a reliable method to differentiate and classify specimens of H glandulosa.
H burringtoni complex); ã specific habitat conditions required (i.e., temperature and moisture tolerances, and how these are maintained within the natural habitat); ã biology - breeding season, egg depositories, life span, seasonal habits
(e.g., aestivation, hibernation); ã ecology food, ecosystem functions; ã predators, diseases, and other natural threats. ã relocate and map historical H pantherina location
Research Questions
What is the specific geographic range of each of these species?
What is the range of habitat conditions tolerated by each species? What is the range of conditions required for populations to remain secure and viable?
• Specific plant species required/used;
• Amount of large woody debris desired;
• Optimum forest crown cover to maintain desired conditions;
• Other stand structure and components (e.g., small woody debris, litter, duff, water, etc.)?
• Soil types, geology, trace elements;
What are the stand characteristics (canopy cover, age, large woody debris, litter and duff, etc.) required to support the conditions required?
How do the required stand characteristics vary under different circumstances (elevation, slope, aspect, etc.)?
What stand size is required to provide sufficient area of suitable habitat?
How much time is required for recolonization of a site by species from adjacent populations?
What are the effects on mollusk populations of herbicides and other chemicals used in forest management?
Monitoring Opportunities
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USDA, Forest Service, and USDI, Bureau of Land Management 1994a Final
Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement on Management of Habitat for Late-
Successional and Old-Growth Forest Related Species within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl Portland OR
USDA, Forest Service, and USDI, Bureau of Land Management 1994b Final
Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement on Management of Habitat for Late-
Successional and Old-Growth Forest Related Species within the Range of the