Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature

Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Linda Cinková West Indian Experience in Britain in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: Bittersweet Homecoming Master’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: Prof Mgr Milada Franková,CSc.,M.A 2010 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography …………………………………………… I would like to thank prof Franková for her advice and kind encouragement Table of Contents INTRODUCTION CONCEPTS AND THEMES 2.1 Historical Overview 2.2 The Post-Colonial Question 2.2.1 Legacy of Colonialism 2.2.2 Caryl Phillips, Andrea Levy and Michelle Cliff as Post-Colonial Writers 9 2.3 National Consciousness and Political Awakening in an Era of Globalisation 11 2.4 Race, Ethnicity and Identity 12 2.5 Racism, Discrimination and End of Binary Oppositions 12 2.6 Myth, Prejudice, Stereotype and Sexuality 14 2.7 Belonging: Myth of England as the ´Mother Country´, Hybridity and Generations 16 2.8 British National Identity, European and Caribbean Identities 17 ANDREA LEVY: DISCRIMINATION AND BELONGING THROUGH GENERATIONS 22 3.1 Andrea Levy, Small Island: Loyal West Indians with a British Passport: Bittersweet Homecoming 3.1.1 Prejudice, Stereotype, Racism and Cultural Imperialism 3.1.2 Sexuality 3.1.3 Racism and Discrimination 3.1.4 Cultural Imperialism 3.1.5 Myth of England and the British Reality 3.1.6 Caribbean Identities in Small Island 22 23 28 29 31 32 35 3.2 Andrea Levy, Fruit of the Lemon: Second-Generation, Born and Bred in Britain 3.2.1 Racism, Discrimination and Prejudice 3.2.2 Caribbean and British Identities 3.2.3 Belonging and Roots 3.2.4 First and Second Generation 37 37 41 42 44 CARYL PHILLIPS: THE HIGH ANXIETY OF BELONGING 4.1 A New World Order, The European Tribe: a Quest to Understand Europe Caught in Historical 46 Paradoxes 4.1.1 Belonging and Roots 4.1.2 ´Belonging with Vigilance´ 4.1.3 Caribbean Artistic Expression Interwoven with Hybridity 4.1.4 Rootedness and Rootlessness through Generations 4.1.5 Race and Sexuality 4.1.6 The Fusion of British, Caribbean and European Identities: Europe's Multicultural Heritage, Deconstruction of British Identity and European Myth of Homogeneity 4.1.7 Cultural Imperialism, Prejudice and Stereotyping 4.1.8 Europe's Own Sense of History: the Glorious Past 4.1.9 Cultural Imperialism 4.1.10 Stereotype and Prejudice 48 49 53 57 59 62 4.2 The High Anxiety of Belonging: In the Falling Snow, Foreigners, The Final Passage 4.2.1 Belonging and Multiple Roots 4.2.2 European, British and Caribbean Identities, Hybridity 4.2.3 Discrimination, Prejudice and Stereotypes 4.2.4 Race and Sexuality 4.2.5 Three Generations of West Indians in Britain 76 79 83 84 86 88 65 73 74 75 75 MICHELLE CLIFF, NO TELEPHONE TO HEAVEN: THE PARADOXES OF HISTORY 91 5.1 National Consciousness and Political Awakening 92 5.2 Colonial Narrative and Neocolonialism 93 5.3 Neocolonialism 95 5.4 Hybridity and Representation 5.4.1 Diverse, Hybrid Selves and Diluted Concept of Beauty: Now and Then 5.4.2 Imposed Identity and Lighter Skin 97 98 101 5.5 Myth and Refuge of England 103 Conclusion Bibliography 106 108 Introduction In the aftermath of World War II, significant changes blew through the ashes of the disintegrating British Empire The accelerated pace of social change required British society to be re-defined much like the postwar landscape had to be reconstructed History, culture and identity were all challenged and strained by a new world order and immigration from the former colonies My primary goal in this thesis is to analyze the effects of immigration from the former British Empire, specifically focusing on West Indian immigration to Britain, and how it contributed to this re-evaluation and re-definition of British society Thus my main concentration is on the experience of West Indian newcomers who offer an interesting perspective of Britain - and Europe - through a critical lens unaccustomed to British reality Certain aspects of the West Indian experience in Britain were confined solely to the settlers coming from the former Commonwealth who had to reconcile with the ideological illusion of Britain as their 'mother country' that was willing to embrace them only in their respective homelands or at times of war when West Indians voluntarily participated in the RAF in WW II The immigration shaped the contours of contemporary Britain and in that process, several concepts have been re-defined as well A comparative and thematic analysis of the chosen works by Michelle Cliff, Andrea Levy and Caryl Phillips will expose different aspects of the West Indian experience in Britain compared with secondary sources drawing on sociological, political, cultural and anthropological research in order to demonstrate how the texts reflect the British society, West Indians in the twentieth century Britain and overall change However, it would be incomplete to omit the Caribbean from the analysis and as such, certain aspects of Caribbean history, culture and identities had to be mentioned in order to understand West Indian experience of Britain Before the analysis, a brief exposition of concepts and themes is briefly explained The selected concepts and themes are quite numerous, yet they encapsulate the different facets of collective and personal experience (which is in no way totalising nor essentialising but suggests certain transcendence of common experience), that cross-cut and interweave in many aspects These parallels will be exposed in order to provide the most complete analysis possible In Cliff's chapter, the main focus is on historical paradoxes, 'silenced' history and national identity, in Levy's chapter, the primary focus turns to discrimination and in Phillips' chapter, the notions relevant to belonging and exile are examined While all three authors write about experiencing Britain from an etic perspective, certain concepts and themes are analyzed recurrently Since three generations of post-Empire Windrush West Indians have lived in Britain, the comparison of how the selected concepts and themes unfold throughout the second half of the twentieth century will be drawn To conclude, there are two important aspects that have been influential in shaping the post-colonial society in the latter half of the century - globalization (altogether with neo-colonialism) and multiculturalism Both have been quite topical with respect to the current development of Britain and Europe since many countries have been questioning their national and European identities The presentday Europe rather suggests that West Indians are rather assimilated by now, firmly rooted in the British society The social change is fast and efficient transportation makes movement relatively quick and easy West Indian experience in Britain can be linked to diasporas throughout the world but due to the shared history of the British Empire, the West Indies' special relationship with Britain cannot be overlooked - and examining literature by West Indian authors reveals as much about Caribbean identities as it does about Britain The writers engage in writing in order to fight prejudice, discrimination and stereotype while they expose hypocrisy of the mainstream society Such writing gives space to intercultural interaction and thus it is an interesting journey that involves three continents, multiple identities and hybrid Britishness As it will be argued, the knowledge and pride of cultural roots help the reconciliation with the British society While the question of race is becoming rather obsolete, with binary oppositions´ gradual erosion, new identities are appearing while the old ones become more complex The socio-political context is critical for deeper understanding of contemporary Britain As I will argue, the change in representation and discrimination practices reflects how social constructs changed their conceptual content in Britain over the course of several decades Depicted concepts are placed in the cultural context and several of them must be viewed in close connection to each other Concepts and Themes The thesis' main aim is to establish recurring themes of AfroCaribbean experience in Britain in the second half of the twentieth century While the Caribbean area is extremely diverse in many respects, many West Indians in Britain had very similar experiences as a result of a social climate that put stress on differentiation among people on the basis of their skin colour Such shared experience included overt and covert racism, discrimination, burgeoning and strengthening of prejudices and stereotypes (often based on myth or popular representation) From a migrant´s perspective, such shared experience involved negotiation and re-definition of identity, roots, belonging, negotiation of approach to the new country – whether it was assimilation, integration or more recent acknowledgement of hybridity and generational change For historical reasons, I find it imperative to draw attention to postcoloniality as it clarifies many aspects of West Indian experience in post-colonial Britain As a result of the society's change, it is relevant to attempt to construct 'imaginary' borders around the British and European identities because of the gradual preference for cultural racism in Britain Lastly, the recurring theme of disillusion with Britain as the 'mother country' who failed its West Indian settlers is a theme of great importance since it was a culturally powerful and disheartening experience, often undertaken in literature Tradition." 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The Changing Face of Home: the Transnational Lives of the Second Generation Eds Peggy Levitt and Mary C Waters New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002 341-66 Print Walkowitz, Rebecca L "The Location of Literature: the Transnational Book and the Migrant Writer." Contemporary Literature 47.4 (2006): 527-45 JSTOR Web 16 Mar 2010 Younge, Gary "'I Started to Realise What Fiction Could Be And I Thought, Wow! You Can Take on the World'" Guardian 30 Jan 2010, Review sec.: 10 30 Jan 2010 Web 30 Mar 2010 152 English Summary The thesis ´West Indian Experience in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: Bittersweet Homecoming' analyzes the aspects of West Indian immigration to Britain which marks the beginning of a new, multicultural era in Britain In 1948, the Empire Windrush carried 492 passengers from Jamaica who were to settle in Britain and this date is symbolically referred to as the beginning of multicultural Britain In the thesis, I analyze the works of Michelle Cliff, Andrea Levy and Caryl Phillips All of them explore the experience of Britain through a West Indian perspective which offers a different point of view on the British society A comparative and thematic analysis of the chosen works by Michelle Cliff, Andrea Levy and Caryl Phillips expose different aspects of the West Indian experience in Britain and are complemented with secondary sources drawing on sociological, political, cultural and anthropological research in order to demonstrate how the texts reflect the British society, West Indians in Britain and overall change in terms of decades Before the analysis, a brief exposition of concepts and 153 themes is briefly explained The selected concepts and themes are quite numerous yet, while they encapsulate the different facets of collective and personal experience (which is in no way totalising nor essentialising but suggests certain transcendence of common experience), cross-cut and interweave in many aspects These parallels will be foregrounded in order to provide the most complete analysis possible In Cliff's chapter, the main focus is on historical paradoxes, 'silenced' history and national identity, in Levy's chapter, the primary focus turns to discrimination and in Phillips' chapter, the notions relevant to belonging and exile are examined While all three authors write about experiencing Britain from an etic perspective, certain concepts and themes are analyzed recurrently Since three generations of post-Empire Windrush West Indians have lived in Britain, the comparison of how the selected concepts and themes unfold throughout the second half of the twentieth century will be drawn West Indian experience in Britain can be linked to diasporas throughout the world but due to the shared history of the British Empire, the West Indies' special relationship with Britain cannot be overlooked - and examining literature by West Indian authors reveals as much about Caribbean identities as it does about Britain Thus it is an interesting journey that involves three continents, multiple identities 154 and hybrid Britishness The aim of the thesis was also to prove the instability of social constructs over time – certain constructs such as the British national identity, the myth of England in the Caribbean or the conceptual content of the common enemy, the ´Other´, have all been re-defined while other constructs have become more powerful, such as multiple identities which benefited from recognition of hybridity and transnationalism in an era of globalization Resumé v češtině Diplomová práce ´West Indian Experience in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: Bittersweet Homecoming' je založená na srovnání literární tvorby Michelle Cliff, 155 Andrey Levy a Caryla Phillipse a textová analýza je doplněná historickými, kulturními, politologickými a sociologickými zdroji Cílem předložené práce je poukázat a osvětlit určité aspekty imigrace z Karibiku Británie po druhé světové válce současnosti Tato imigrace sdílí určité prvky s dalšími skupinami imigrantů, ale zároveň poukazuje na určité aspekty, které jsou jí specifické – např mýtus Británie v Karibiku a kulturní prvky karibské identity, které pochází ze společné historie Tři hlavní oblasti jsou analyzovány – diskriminace a rasismus, historické a kulturní aspekty, které významně ovlivnily celkový charakter britského přijetí imigrantů z Karibiku a koncept ´belonging with vigilance´ - ´ostražité sounáležitosti´, který je symbolickým tématem karibské diaspory Tyto oblasti jsou rozvedeny dalších podsekcí, které spolu úzce souvisí, např diskriminace a její souvislost se sociálním postavením, mýty a stereotypickým zobrazováním imigrantů, předsudky a sexualitou; aspekty kolonialismu a institucí, které byly utvořeny v Karibiku za účelem upevnění loajality obyvatel Commonwealthu, kontinuita britské identity a demografické změny v Británii V neposlední řadě bylo také cílem poukázat na mezigenerační změny a celkovou změnu britské společnosti v jejím vztahu k imigrantům, národní identitě a své vlastní historii O redefinici historie či britské národní identity se také pokusili výše zmínění spisovatelé, kteří 156 vystavují čtenáře novým perspektivám na život v Británii z pohledu imigranta či neúplně uznaného člena společnosti Vybrané texty se zabývají problematikou imigrace z Karibiku, Levy a Phillips se také věnují dalším generacím, tzn Britům s karibskými předky, kteří se ale narodili v Británii Diplomová práce dokazuje, jak se určité společenské konstrukty mění a redefinují v čase V tomto případě je názorně ukázana souvislost mezi britskou národní identitiou, rasismem, předsudky a mýty Zároveň je tato souvislot ukázana v kontextu ve kterém se, díky různým vlivům, změnily Na druhou stranu další společenské konstrukty získaly na síle díky vlivu multikulturalismu a globalismu 157 ... demographics and culture of the Caribbean and Britain and continues to shape the population of the Caribbean and its diaspora The themes of exile and migration are often treated in the works of Caribbean... deconstruct the official version of Englishness (Lima 57) 3.1.5 Myth of England and the British Reality Similarly to Cliff and Phillips, Levy explores the implications of the myth of England as the... he was a man of class, character and intelligence (Small Island 61) Her manners and polished language make her act and sound like the Queen of England yet she faces the humiliation of being mistaken