Effect of urban policy on transformation of natural water system in hanoi proceeding IACSC 2013 – the 4th international academic consortium for sustainable cities symposium

generic LE Quynh Chi NGUYEN thi Thuy Hang [EFFECT OF URBAN POLICY ON TRANSFORMATION OF NATURAL WATER SYSTEM IN HANOI ] Proceeding IACSC 2013 – The 4th International academic consortium for sustainable cities symposium Hanoi with a history of more than 1000 years owns a large number of lakes and ponds endowing with an amazing water network that is very rare in the world, giving Hanoi the characteristics of wetland area This character is also reflected in its name which comes from old language with literally meaning “the city inside river” The natural water surface system of inner city consists of Red River and its four tributaries, 24 main lakes, and numerous small lakes and ponds (CSUR, 2010, pp42) Figure 2: The change of Red River’s course1 Four river tributaries have a total length of 40km Its function has been drastically changed from main transportation route and daily life serving to main drainage axes of the city In addition, an agriculture drainage system in suburban area also empty into those rivers Since the amount of unprocessed waste water surpassed their transport capacity, couple with gentel relief, these rivers has been seriously polluted Figure 1: Hanoi natural water system The main and the most important river is Red River In the old days, the Red River had been given another common name as Mother River, since Hanoi is situated on an ancient soil area deposited from time memorial with layer after layer of alluvium carried down from Northern Mountain ranges by Red River and its tributaries Red River originates in Van Nam (China) with the section flowing through Hanoi 40km long Red River constantly threatens to cause flooding because in the flood season, the water level is usually 4 to 6m higher than topography of Hanoi (CSUR, 2010, pp41) A dyke system was constructed from 9th century to early 20th century to protect people, paddy field, and other infrastructure The Red River shape has been not stable yet due to the change in the course, the component including sand and silt of riverbed and riverbank which is easily eroded Figure 3: To Lich River in 1890 (left) and 2011 (right) The lake system had been formed mainly by water remaining after flood (Gourou, 1936) Several big lakes are the remains of previous horseshoe-shape river The total 24 main lakes occupy an area of 765 ha The size of those lakes varies in wide range, the largest one the West Lake 516 ha, followed by Linh Dam 52.2 ha, the smallest one Ho Me 1.3ha (CSUR, 2010, pp41-43) Those main lakes are considered as giant lungs of the city, which covered with shade trees to make city more close to the nature Hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities utilize the lake in various ways to benefit from natural scenery of water body Besides main lakes, there exists small lakes and 1Workshop on Hanoi water urbanism http://vietnamstudio.blogspot.com/ pond scattering inside the city with main function of recycle and store water, stabilize climate, feed fish, receive waste water In the last 50 years, under the pressure of development, 80% of water surface area has been filled up for development 2 It causes serious problems, especially flooding and inundation It is estimated that if the amount of rain water is around 100mm, there would be 21 flooding locations inside Hanoi (Thanh, 2012) Flood and inundation in the Hanoi area not only leads to economic damage, but also directly impacts on the social activities, daily life, resident health, traffic jams Hanoi inner city has experienced administration boundary change several times After getting independent in 1945, the municipality conducted the first administrative boundary expansion in 1961, the urban area increased from 12.2km2 to 38km2 Over the course of next 30 years, from 1961 to 1990, urban boundary had been maintained because of constraining of central planning economy In 1990s and 2000s, due to pressure of steeply population growth, international and national projects, living standard improvement, urban administrative boundary has been increased drastically with the establishing of new urban districts Three new urban districts were formed in 1990s, and another three new urban districts in 2000s, resulting in urban area increasing from 40 km2 to nearly 180km2 (Chi, 2009) Figure 4: Flood in Hanoi inner city in 2013 3 In order to reduce the flood and inundation problems, the city government has 13 projects on renovation 20 lakes and construction 3 pump stations which totally cost 14 billion VND (Thanh, 2012) However, besides those projects, it is crucial to conserve the remaining natural water body to function as rainwater store The paper aim is to understand the relationship between water surface’s area decrease and urban policy, based on it to propose revised policy The methodology is to analysis set of geographical maps to clarify the typology transformation By integrating river-lake typology transformation and the change in urban policy in different periods, the paper discuss the reason of changing in natural water system 2In 50 years, Hanoi has purchased 80% of water surface for developmenthttp://ashui.com/mag/tuongtac/phanbien/80950-nam-qua-ha-noi-san-lap-80-phan-tram-dien-tich-matnuoc-de-xay-dung.html 3Terrible images of Hanoi in flood dayshttp://soha.vn/xahoi/ha-noi-nhung-hinh-anh-ngap-lut-dang-so-ngay-8820130808143450346.htm Figure 5: Hanoi zoning based on urbanized time The paper will analysis the change of natural water surface area in three zones (urbanized in 1960s, urbanized in 1990s, urbanized in 2000s) with hypothesis that the natural water system in each zone has changed in different ways; therefore, it needs specific strategy for each zone in order to maintain natural water surface effectively The GIS will be applied to connect data, maps, satellite images as well as other ancillary data that can efficiently enhance the analysis of the city’s natural water surface transition through different periods We particularly use the Landsat satellite images in 1989, 1999, 2009 for mapping the water bodies transformation Hanoi historical development vs natural water surface Feudal time (11th-19th century): Thang Long (old name of Hanoi) used to consist of Royal City (Hoang Thanh), Commoners’ City (Kinh Thanh) As the Asian concept of living in harmony with nature, the city had been built mostly based on topographical feature; the natural water system had maintained and played role of providing fertilized agriculture land, main transportation route, water supply, water store, and irrigation Moreover, the water body had decisive role in constructing city and building because according to fengshui regulation, water body should be regarded as accumulation of good fortune Last but not least, according to historian Prof Tran Quoc Vuong, the Red River and its tributaries, namely To Lich River, Kim Nguu River, was formed the feudal city structure, the city gate located right at these river’s junction Western bishops used to name Hanoi as Asian Venice city the indigenous population and to overcome the most urgent of Hanoi’s many environmental problems” (Logan, 2000) To increase hygiene in the city, as part of “mission civilisatrice”, French program filled hundreds of swamps and ponds inside Royal City and Commoners’ City with sand from the Red River (Stephanie, 2007) In the second phase starting from 1888, Hanoi was proclaimed a municipality and became to take on the appearance of a “western-like” town, especially similarities with buildings and urban structure in Paris, leading to fill up large number of ponds and lakes in the southern part for block development Figure 7: Hanoi natural water system in French colony time Above: from left to right: Hanoi in 1873, 1890 Left: Hanoi in 1936 After getting independence (1954 – now) Figure 6: Hanoi City in 1866-1873 (Lancret, 2003) French time (1858 - 1954): The French had conducted modernization process in two phases Logan described the first phase of French occupation (1873-1888) as a period characterized by “bold steps to tame the place they had acquired, to subdue Figure 7: Hanoi natural water system after getting independence After the French left in 1954 following the Indo-China War, Hanoi became the capital of Democratic Republic of Vietnam The contemporary Hanoi has been under the influence of two periods: socialist planned economy and socialist market – oriented economy In the first period (before 1986), the socialist ideals were reflected in constructing large number of micro rayon model development In those neighborhood units, the natural water surface had been maintained, playing function of open space for community, climate stabilizing, local waste water and rain water store when the city drainage system had not been fully developed In the second period, especially since greater economic liberalization mid 1990s, along with the booming in housing development, the natural water surface’s area has decreased steeply It is estimated that in 15 years, Hanoi has lost half of its main lakes (JICA) Satellite images analysis shows that the four core urban districts of Hanoi lost 64.5% of the water surface area of ponds and lakes but experienced a 22.4% increase in residential area in 10 first years of development, from 1986 to 1996 (VACNE 2006) The change in legislation system Institutional Reform The shift from the centrally planned economy to market oriented one in Vietnam in 1986 was associated with drastic change in regulatory environment; investment management, private property right have changed significantly under the new policies Institutional Reform on Investment Management The core of economic renovation is to build a socialist market-oriented economy regulated by the state The previous absolute domination of the state economic sector is being replaced by diversification, which includes non-state ownership forms and types of employment, such as private and joint-venture capitalist economic enterprises (Beresford 1988; Vylder 1995; Dixon and Kilgour 2001), and the new participation of foreign enterprises, foreign investment and new international trade In term of water environment improvement, it is worth to note on the investment flow of ODA “Total commitment ODA from 1st January to 17th November 2009 accounts for US$ 5,401.62 million, which is 36.62% higher than ODA commitment in the same period of 2008 Key donors with large committed ODA amount are: Japan (US$ 2,112.28 million), WB (US$ 1,445.86 million), and ADB (US$ 1,330.7 million)” Almost 13% of committed ODA programs/projects focus on transportation, water supply and drainage, and urban development” (CG Meeting 2009, page 3) Net commitment to social infrastructure (including urban upgrading and water/waste water projects) of some US$ 1.5 billion (+58%) was led by JICA/JIBC (net new commitments of US$ 1.1 billion) (Sixth Joint Portfolio Performance Review, Page 11, 2009).The first phase of project on upgrading water/waste water in 1995-2005 has improved the drainage canals The second phase starting in 2006 with total investment US 370 million (ODA accounts for more than 76%) has target to improve the To Lich river (main axe of city drainage) to reduce the flood and inundation problems.4 Institutional reform for Private Property Right Since the socialist reform of private production and trade in 1958-1960, private properties and land were gradually converted to state ownership Until 1980, Constitution stipulated that the state had the land 4 503 billion Vietnam Dong for Hanoi Drainage Improvement Project http://moitruongxanh.org.vn/Default.aspx? Module=Site&Function=News&Id=672 ownership for whole country Thus, no private rights in land were allowed As all land belonged to the state, any private land transaction were considered unconstitutional and unlawful (Quang, 2003) Since 1986 and the “DoiMoi” policy, as far as land rights are concerned, the regulatory environment witnessed two major changes By 1988, the State enacted a Land Law affirming that all land is owned by people and the State functioned as an administrator, but permitting the grant of land use right to organizations and individuals However, not until 1993, the new Land Law established a legal basis for land allocation and lease, securing land use rights of landholders including the rights for long-term use, transfer, inheritance, lease, mortgage, and compensation for expropriation Coupled with this is the issuing Land use rights (LUR) certificate to register land only and Building Ownership and Land use Right Certificate (BOLUC) to register house with land lot as a whole for houses located inside urban area The institutional reform in land use right has stimulated and control the formal land market Under the land reform policy in which properties with attached land use rights can be transferred freely among state and private owners, the number of household reporting sale of land increase ten-fold, from 1% to 10% in 1993 and 1998 respectively (Do et al, 2002) Hanoi Urban Planning Throughout nearly 60 years of construction and development of Hanoi since its liberation in 1954, there have been significant changes to many factors that affect urban planning such as economic capacity, speed of economic growth, economic structure, population size, advancement of science and technology, living standards, process of awareness and thought Hanoi master plan 1980 was assembled, approved in 1981, for a population of 1,5millin by 2010, with a total area of urban construction around 13,500ha The city center would be developed around the southern and western part of West lake and southwest axis In 1992, the Hanoi master plan was revised and approved By the innovative policies, the city center was located at Hoan Kiem and Ba Dinh district, while most of the west lake area was reserved for cultural, tourism, sport development Urban land area was considered to be only 8000-9000 ha by 2010 In 1998, Hanoi Government and Ministry of Construction considered some changes in the Master Plan of Hanoi by 2020 The central city will be developed along the banks of Red River On the south bank, four districts and the West Lake will become administrative zone On the north bank, a new Hanoi will be developed along of the Hong River and both side of Duong River(CSUR, 2010) The new Master Plan of Hanoi until 2020, vision to 2030 continues with developing the city of both side of Red River, remains and improves the administration center around Hoan Kiem Lake, renovates main lakes as open space for Hanoian Therefore, with regard to natural water system, Hanoi urban planning mostly focus on Red River and main lakes, in which two main lakes named West lake and Hoan Kiem Lake has been paid special attention as hub of administrative and cultural activities Figure 8: Hanoi master planning in 1981, 1992, 1998, and 2011 Natural water surface management The Red River is under the management of The Communication and Public Work Survey ha 400 120 200 0 80 ha 60 101.76 100 80.88 600 To tal area o f small rivers in Hano i 87.44 800 790.15 1000 1121.66 Tot al area o f main lakes in Hano i 1200 1009.28 and the Vietnam River Road Survey Its river tributaries (To Lich River, Lu River, Set River, Kim Nguu River) is under the management of Hanoi Drainage Company The West Lake and its neighbor Truc Bach Lake which is hub of cultural activities are under the joint management of district government and private company (West lake Investment and Exploitation Company) Other main lakes are under the management of Hanoi Drainage Company and private one.(CSUR, 2010) For small lakes and ponds in Hanoi, it was private property before 1957 In 1958-1960, with the socialist reform of production, those water areas had been converted to under the management of cooperative as community property Since 1986, the cooperative has lost its power, the control of water area has moved to under local government 40 20 0 1989 19992009 Sub-zone scale Zone 1: The transformation of natural water surface typology and area The transformation of Hanoi natural water system from 1986 to present is clarified through set of map and data resulted from GIS and remote sensing analysis Hanoi city scale: Figure 9: From left to right: Natural water system in Hanoi in 1989, 1999, 2009 Figure 11: From up to down: Natural water system in 1989, 1999, 2009 Total area of main lakes in z one 1 74 72 32.94 20 5 Figure 13: From left to right: Natural water system in 1989, 1999, 2009 0 1989 1999 2009 Zone 2: Urbanized since 1990s Zone 3: urbanized since 2000s 19.84 43 Total area of small lake and ponds in zone 2 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 ha 15 10 5 0 25 7 4 528.58 579 581.51 Total area o f main lakes in z one 2 590 580 570 560 550 540 ha 530 520 510 500 197.12 Figure 12: From left to right: Natural water system in 1989, 1999, 2009 361.93 467.96 Total area of main lakes in z one 3 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 ha 150 100 50 0 Total area of small lake and ponds in zone 3 300 280.68 60 250 200 27 7 44 10 240.7 62 4.22 ha 15 64 8.39 66 64.45 ha 25 68.35 68 35 30 72.19 70 Total area of small lake and ponds in zone 1 150 ha 100 50 0 4 Discussion The typical character of original Hanoi topography is dense network of water system which gave Hanoi another name Asian Venice The natural water system had played an important role in our ancestor period, especially they tried to conserve it as a sign of good fortune In our traditional custom, they even called lakes and ponds as Earthen Mother’s eye However, the historical development has witnessed the decrease in natural water surface area In French colony time, in order to solve the hygiene problems and make Hanoi as western city, all of natural water system in 12km2 except a lake was filled up The problem has been worsening in recent time under pressure of development, especially since greater economic liberalization mid 1990s It causes floods and inundation inside Hanoi City By classify the natural water system to three categories namely river tributaries, main lakes, small lakes and ponds, the paper analysis the change of each category in three different zones, including urbanized since 1960s, urbanized since 1990s, urbanized since 2000s With regard to river tributaries, the figure show that in 10 years from 1989 to 1999, the area had been slightly decreased from 87,44 ha to 80,88 ha After 1999, its area has been recovered and even increased , from 80,88 ha to 101,76 ha, thanks to the drainage improvement project initiated and sponsored by international organization In term of main lake, in 20 years, Hanoi lost 26% its water surface, from 1129 ha to 790 ha In zone 1 and zone 2, the figure depicts slightly change, However, the change mostly happened in zone 3, decrease from 467 ha to 197 ha, since the main lakes in this area were not under the control of city until 2000s In term of small lakes and ponds, the area has been sharply decreased in 20 years In zone 1, only 12% of its area was left In zone 2, more than 50% of its area has been disappeared The figure of zone 3 is interesting, since it even increases, it is attributed for new ponds and lakes have been creating in new urban area as landscape element Therefore, it is crucial to pay attention to small lakes and ponds in Hanoi In the time being, urban policy mostly focus on the river tributaries and main lakes as for drainage and open space for city people However, it should maintain the small lakes and ponds for social interaction in community scale, for reduce the flood and inundation in larger scale It also shows that ineffective of local government on water surface control It should involve the role of community to protect such area under the pressure of development Reference: Center for Sustainable Urban Regeneration, The University of Tokyo (2011), “Growing with water – Hanoi’s conflict and possibility”, Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science, The University of Tokyo CHI, Le Quynh(2009), ““A Study on Place Identity of Urbanized Agriculture-based Settlement - Process of Change and Transformation in Urban Village in Hanoi”, PhD Dissertation, University of Tokyo, Japan DO, QuyToan; Lakshmi Iyer(2003), Land rights and Economic Development, World Bank Research Working Paper No 3120 GEERTMAN, Stephanie (2007),“The SelfOrganizing City in Vietnam”, PhD Dissertation, Bouwstenen Pulicatieburo, The Netherland GOUROU, Pierre (1936), Les paysans du delta tokinois, Etude de geogrpahiehumanie, Paris, Les editions d’art etd’historie, France LANCRET, Natalie (2005), “Representation of Urban Space in South East Asia”, “Hanoi-Periods of change”, Science and Technique Publishing House, Vietnam LOGAN, William.S (2000), “Hanoi-Biography of a City”, University of New South Wales Press, Australia QUANG, Nguyen (2003), Review of the Existing Planning System: Obstacles and IPlanning Approaches, World Bank Report ... change of natural water surface area in three zones (urbanized in 1960s, urbanized in 1990s, urbanized in 2000s) with hypothesis that the natural water system in each zone has changed in different... power, the control of water area has moved to under local government 40 20 1989 19992009 Sub-zone scale Zone 1: The transformation of natural water surface typology and area The transformation of Hanoi. .. set of geographical maps to clarify the typology transformation By integrating river-lake typology transformation and the change in urban policy in different periods, the paper discuss the reason