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CELLS
CELLS
Structure and Function
Structure and Function
Cell = smallest unit of life
Cell = smallest unit of life
Two Major Cell Types
Two Major Cell Types
Cell Type
Cell Type
Example
Example
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Bacteria
Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
Protists
Protists
Fungi
Fungi
Plants
Plants
Animals
Animals
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
(protist, animal)
(protist, animal)
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
(plant)
(plant)
Differences Between Cell Types
Differences Between Cell Types
Prokaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Single circular
Single circular
chromosome
chromosome
Multiple linear
Multiple linear
chromosomes
chromosomes
Chromosome found
Chromosome found
in a cytoplasmic
in a cytoplasmic
region called the
region called the
nucleoid.
nucleoid.
Chromosomes found
Chromosomes found
in a membrane-
in a membrane-
bound nucleus.
bound nucleus.
No internal
No internal
membranes
membranes
Some infolded
Some infolded
plasma membrane
plasma membrane
Extensive network of
Extensive network of
internal membranes
internal membranes
Common Components
Common Components
and Cellular Organization
and Cellular Organization
•
Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
–
boundary surrounding the cell
boundary surrounding the cell
•
Genetic material: DNA
Genetic material: DNA
–
located in a membrane-bound nucleus
located in a membrane-bound nucleus
for eukaryotic cells
for eukaryotic cells
•
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
–
Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes
Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes
and organelles
and organelles
(enzyme = biological catalyst)
(enzyme = biological catalyst)
•
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
–
network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm
network of filaments and tubules in cytoplasm
that maintains cell shape, allows movement
that maintains cell shape, allows movement
Features of
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
All prokaryotic cells contain
All prokaryotic cells contain
Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Plasma
Plasma
Membrane
Membrane
Regulates flow of
Regulates flow of
substances into and out
substances into and out
of cell
of cell
Nucleoid
Nucleoid
Cytoplasmic region
Cytoplasmic region
containing genetic
containing genetic
material
material
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Cytosol: fluid
Cytosol: fluid
Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Enzymes
Enzymes
Features of
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Other possible prokaryotic structures
Other possible prokaryotic structures
Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
Supports cell
Supports cell
Maintains shape
Maintains shape
Capsule
Capsule
Protects from drying
Protects from drying
Protects against
Protects against
white blood cells
white blood cells
Infolded Plasma
Infolded Plasma
Membranes
Membranes
Metabolism
Metabolism
Cell division
Cell division
Features of
Features of
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Other possible prokaryotic structures
Other possible prokaryotic structures
Structure
Structure
Function
Function
Bacterial
Bacterial
Flagellum
Flagellum
Movement
Movement
Plasmid
Plasmid
Small circular DNA
Small circular DNA
Replicates
Replicates
independently
independently
[...]... Plasma Membrane Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Peroxisome Function Removes harmful oxidants from cells Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Mitochondrion Function Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features StructureFunction Chloroplast Photosynthesis: Uses light (protists, plants) energy to produce organic molecules Functions of... Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Cytoskeleton Function( s) 1 2 3 Maintains cell shape Anchors organelles and proteins Allows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some cell types Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features StructureFunction Centriole Gives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia or flagella Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) Vacuole 1 Central vacuole... cell? B Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? C Which site acts as a protein packaging and distribution center? Thought Questions 1 What are similarities for a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? b animal and plant cells? 2 What are differences between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? b animal and plant cells? Analogy If the cell were a factory the would be (name a cell component) a... Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) 1 2 3 Lipid Synthesis Drug detoxification Transport of proteins from RER Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) Golgi Apparatus Collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids from ER Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Lysosome Function( s) Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles Endomembrane... Nucleoid In bacterial cells • where is the genetic material located? • which one is used for movement? • which one provides structural support for the cell? Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) 1 Regulates passage of Plasma materials into and out of cell Membrane 2 Cell-Cell Recognition Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Cell Wall (protists, fungi, plants) Function( s) 1... cell shape, protects, supports Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Nucleus Function( s) 1 Carrier of genetic material DNA + protein = chromatin 2 Governs cell activities 3 Directs cell reproduction 4 Surrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelope 5 Contains nucleolus— produces ribosomes which synthesize proteins SER RER Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function( s) Rough 1 Associated... vacuole (plants) stores waste, maintains turgidity 2 Contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance 3 Food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Cilia and Flagella Function( s) 1 Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes 2 Cell movement in sperm, protists Applying Your Knowledge 1 2 3 4 5 Cilium Rough ER Golgi... Messenger Second Messenger initiates Cellular Response Cellular Interactions Cell Adhesion: joining of cells controlled by proteins called Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) important in Inflammatory Response Placenta Formation Learning and Memory Lack of cell adhesion is implicated in cancer and arthritis