Authority, Section 519
Authority for this study comes from Section 519, Water Resources Development Act of
The primary goal of the program established in 2000 is to plan and implement conservation measures for fish and wildlife habitats in the Illinois River Basin (ILRB) This includes evaluating and constructing strategies aimed at rehabilitating and enhancing both land and water resources.
Proposed Sponsors
STUDY FRAMEWORK AND PURPOSE
The Senachwine Creek Watershed Assessment (SCWA) aims to document the watershed's historical and current conditions to identify restoration needs and locations By analyzing both existing and newly acquired data, the assessment seeks to understand watershed conditions and catalog previously implemented conservation practices The SCWA will assist in locating, characterizing, and prioritizing potential conservation and restoration efforts The information gathered will guide future project considerations, including feasibility studies and the design of multi-objective restoration projects, ultimately aimed at reducing erosion, restoring habitats, and enhancing ecosystem health in alignment with the goals of the Illinois River Basin.
The Comprehensive Plan (USACE, 2007) aims to achieve sustainable restoration through immediate, independent projects that address multiple goals and create systemic impacts It emphasizes the evaluation of alternatives to tackle common system issues and incorporates adaptive management principles to ensure responsiveness to long-term management and maintenance requirements.
The Assessment serves as a crucial scientific guide for the planning process, helping to identify suitable locations for detailed reconnaissance studies Key decisions are informed by an initial evaluation of Federal interest, cost estimates, potential benefits, and environmental impacts of various alternatives Additionally, this assessment aligns potential projects with relevant Federal agencies for further evaluation and implementation.
To effectively restore ecosystem functions in the Illinois River Basin, a framework for assessing and selecting potential restoration targets is essential (White et al., 2005a) The IDNR-USACE System Team, with input from Regional Teams and study committees, prioritized watersheds for ecosystem restoration assessment based on specific criteria (Table 1, USACE; White et al., 2005a) Rapid assessment protocols were utilized to identify significant erosion problem areas, as erosion and sedimentation are critical issues highlighted in the Integrated Management Plan (State of Illinois, 1997) and the Comprehensive Plan (USACE, 2007) Key criteria for selecting initial assessment areas included sediment delivery and biological conditions, among others, to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the basin's restoration potential (White et al., 2005a).
• Location in the basin (primarily sub-basins, watersheds, and sub-watersheds draining directly into Peoria Pool and areas upstream and then Alton and LaGrange Pools)
• Sediment budget information for the Basin (begin assessments in watersheds that have the most potential to value sediment delivery to the Illinois River)
• Potential to reduce sediment delivery to the Illinois River,
• Increase base flows and/or decrease peak flows
• Threats to ecological quality or system integrity (population and rate of population change, rate of change in impervious surface, water quality impairment, etc…)
• Biologically significant areas and ecosystem partnership concerns (Biologically
Significant Streams, Resource Rich Areas, regionally significant species and areas, etc…)
• Potential to improve, protect, and expand habitat for regionally significant species, patch size and spacing
• Potential to be self sustaining
• Level of local, state, and federal support, including recommendations from agencies, non- government organizations, the Illinois River Basin Ecosystem Restoration Project
Regional Teams, Conservation 2000 Ecosystem Partnerships (now called Partners in Conservation), regional planning commissions, watershed planning and technical advisory groups, and other local coordination groups
Senachwine Creek, a key watershed among several tributaries to the Peoria Pool, has been prioritized for reconnaissance-level assessment due to specific criteria outlined in Table 1 To effectively target and prioritize potential restoration sites within these watersheds, additional criteria were developed, focusing on individual project needs These criteria, while similar to those used for selecting the initial watersheds, are tailored to address specific concerns for each restoration project (White, et al., 2005a).
• Sediment contributions from the watershed and particularly from the site in question
• Availability of a watershed plan and progress with planning and implementation
• Future potential damages if a project is not implemented
• Federal, state, and local ability to improve the area
• Economic opportunities or limitations influencing success
Location of Project
The Senachwine Creek watershed, spanning 58,185 acres (90.9 square miles), is situated in the middle sub-basin of the Illinois River Basin, primarily within western Marshall County and northeastern Peoria County This watershed drains directly into Upper Peoria Lake, a significant riverine lake on the Illinois River It encompasses three distinct hydrologic units, identified by the codes 071300011401, 071300011402, and 071300011403, as classified by the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Senachwine Creek, which begins near Camp Grove, stretches about 29 miles before merging with the Illinois River near Chillicothe This waterway is fed by several significant tributaries, including Henry Creek, Hallock Creek, Gilfillan Creek, Deer Creek, and Little Senachwine Creek.
Study Area Congressional District
PRIOR STUDIES, REPORTS, AND EXISTING PROJECTS IN THE
This section briefly reviews prior studies, reports, and relevant documents related to the research, highlighting the historical planning and execution of erosion control and water management projects within the Senachwine Creek watershed.
Assessment Goals
Senachwine Creek is located within the Illinois River Bluffs Ecosystem Partnership Area, a segment of which is recognized as the Peoria Wilds Resource Rich Area These regions were identified through the Critical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP) and the Ecosystems Program of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources.
In the 1990s, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) conducted regional analyses of the Partnership Areas using statewide data to establish baseline information for prioritizing and developing management plans The Illinois River Bluffs Ecosystem Partnership reports consist of four volumes that detail area geology, water resources, living resources, and a socio-economic profile, including environmental quality and archaeological resources Despite the comprehensiveness of the CTAP assessments, the existing data's coarse scale limited its effectiveness in accurately assessing the watershed and fluvial systems, hindering the ability to suggest project implementation priorities.
The SCWA is a key component of a long-term initiative aimed at delivering watershed-specific information tailored for ecosystem restoration, surpassing the scales of previous assessments like the CTAP This study aligns with the directives outlined in the Integrated Management Plan for the Illinois River Watershed (State of Illinois, 1997), focusing on generating site-specific data to identify the causes of tributary stream instability and assessing public lands for potential wetland and surface water restoration Additionally, it addresses four out of the five goals of watershed assessment as recommended by Holtrop et al (2004).
• identify defining physical limits of the watershed
• document past and current conditions in the watershed
• identify practices and processes impacting the watershed
• recommend restoration projects based on identified cause-effect relationships
This study does not include a reference watershed in its scope as recommended by Holtrop et al (2004)
The Illinois River Basin (ILRB) has experienced disturbances in its stream systems due to various intrinsic factors like land use, land cover, and geology, as well as extrinsic factors such as climate change (IDNR 1998b) Historically, the swift conversion of native prairie to agricultural land led to significant changes in land and water use, triggering erosional and depositional cycles that negatively impact native habitats, soils, and properties To address these disturbances, traditional water management and erosion control measures, including grassed waterways, terraces, ponds, and Water and Sediment Control Basins (WASCOBs), have been implemented in the Senachwine Creek watershed While these projects aim to mitigate issues, they can also alter water and sediment loadings to the Senachwine Creek mainstem, leading to both positive and negative effects For instance, sediment detention in upland areas, if not accompanied by adjustments to flow regimes or channel slopes, may result in channel migration or incision, ultimately causing channel erosion and altering channel morphology (White et al., 2007, In Review).
By contrast, coordinated implementation of beyond-channel with in-channel BMPs should result in reduced peak discharge, increased base flow, and a more balanced sediment regime
The SCWA seeks to leverage insights from previous Best Management Practice (BMP) implementations to inform future projects, emphasizing the integration of upland and in-channel initiatives aimed at enhancing ecological systems Key treatment strategies may include channel bed grade control, streambank stabilization, and the restoration of wetland and riparian habitats Proposed projects encompass riffle-pool structures for improved water oxygenation and channel stability, Lunker structures for fish habitat and bank protection, bioengineering techniques for bank stabilization and promoting native plant diversity, as well as enhancing stream and riparian connectivity for better fish passage and nutrient filtering Additionally, channel remeandering is suggested to restore natural hydraulic and sediment conditions while improving habitat quality.
Enhancing, safeguarding, and expanding habitats for regionally significant species is crucial, with patch size and spacing playing a vital role Similar to stream and riparian management, these factors will be addressed and pursued as opportunities become available Further insights into the biological conditions and potential strategies, such as forest management, will be explored in subsequent sections of this study.
The reports from these initiatives detail past planning and implementation efforts, as outlined in sections 4b, 4c, and 4d Although the locally guided committee became inactive after the completion of these projects, it is now being re-established due to the current efforts of the SCWA (Josh Joseph, Personal Communication, 2006).
Draft Preliminary Investigation Report: Senachwine Creek watershed, Peoria and
In 1986 a group of landowners concerned with erosion control who lived in the
Senachwine Creek watershed established the Senachwine Creek Resource Planning
The Senachwine Creek Watershed Committee (SCWC) was formed through grassroots collaboration, guided by the Soil and Water Conservation Districts of Peoria and Marshall Counties Public meetings were conducted to engage watershed residents and stakeholders, allowing them to express their concerns and interests This initiative led to the establishment of a local Technical Advisory Committee and the preparation of a preliminary investigation report The report, based on data collected by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, assessed the feasibility of a project under the Public Law 83-566 Watershed Protection and Flood Protection Act.
Erosion and sediment damages were the primary concern of the Resource Planning
In 1986, a public meeting revealed various resource concerns, with 21 addressing watershed erosion, 15 focusing on flooding issues, and others discussing economic, social, and sedimentation problems (SCS, 1990) The SCS reported that erosion estimates in the watershed ranged from 9 to 10 tons per acre per year, with cropland responsible for 82% of all water-related erosion, despite contributing only 58% of the sediment reaching the Illinois River and Upper Peoria Lake.
Streambank and gully erosion, while only responsible for 16% of total watershed erosion (approximately 88,000 tons per acre per year), significantly contributed to 42% of the sediment entering the Illinois River and Upper Peoria Lake In 1988, the watershed received funding for one year through the state Watershed Land Treatment Program (WLTP), which facilitated two major initiatives aimed at erosion control and enhancing water quality, stemming from comprehensive watershed planning efforts.
The SCS (1990) concluded that the WLTP-funded conservation program was insufficient to effectively reduce annual sediment yields from erosion Although the specifics of the projects and their funding are unclear, the SCS recommended four key alternatives: first, to implement traditional land treatment in the steeper areas of the watershed; second, to construct seven large and fifty small sediment basins; third, to stabilize eight miles of severely eroded streambanks and twenty-five miles of moderately eroding lands; and fourth, to compile a comprehensive watershed inventory along with a cost-benefit analysis of the first three alternatives to evaluate their effectiveness in reducing erosion, sediment, and flood damages.
Senachwine Creek Nonpoint Source Control Project Phase I
In 1994, a collaborative initiative between the SCWC and the Illinois River Soil Conservation Task Force led to a successful grant application to the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency under Section 319 of the United States Clean Water Act.
The collaboration between the Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Clean Water Act (CWA) aims to enhance water quality by mitigating non-point source (NPS) runoff, particularly by addressing erosion in sheets, rills, gullies, and streambanks Agricultural practices have been identified as a significant contributor to NPS pollution, leading to severe streambank erosion that jeopardizes farmland, infrastructure stability, and overall water quality while increasing sedimentation in creeks and the Illinois River To achieve NPS reduction objectives, the initiative employs treatments in uplands and floodplains, alongside educational outreach and training programs.
The SCWC, with support from a technical committee, allocated funding for upland treatments, ponds, and streambank stabilization projects Funding for ponds and upland treatments was shared at 75% federal and 25% local, capped at $7,500 per landowner, while streambank stabilization received a 90% federal and 10% local cost share In total, 53 projects were successfully completed with technical assistance from NRCS.
Designs and construction efforts were performed in accordance with USDA/NRCS
Standards and Specifications Thirty-nine (39) upland projects comprising 46,725 feet of terraces, 24.9 acres of waterways, 38 Water and Sediment Control Basins (WASCOBs) and
2 grade stabilization structures were constructed (Miller et al., 1997) Streambank stabilization projects addressed 4,650 linear feet of stream channel and 8 ponds
Streambank stabilization workshops aimed to educate landowners and the public on effective techniques for managing streambank erosion These initiatives have significantly enhanced water quality, preventing approximately 23,600 tons of soil from entering the Illinois River each year.
The total proposed project costs amounted to $500,000, comprising $300,000 in support from the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) and a local match of $200,000 Notably, $268,665, or 89.5% of the IEPA funding, was allocated specifically for conservation practices on the land Additionally, the matching funds ultimately reached a total of $384,931.
$184,931 (92%) over the needed $200,000 local match (Miller et al., 1997).
Miller et al (1997) emphasized the necessity for substantial future efforts due to insufficient funding for public awareness, education, and technical support They highlighted the importance of financing structural practices and incentives for sustainable long-term solutions The report specifically identified the need for control structures such as WASCOBs, ponds, dry dams, terraces, and grassed waterways to effectively reduce runoff and trap sediment.
D Senachwine Creek Nonpoint Source Control Project—Phase II
In December 1999, the Senachwine Creek Phase II project was launched with funding from Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, managed by the IRSCTF and the Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs) of Peoria and Marshall Counties This initiative aimed to enhance the achievements of Phase I by tackling non-point source (NPS) pollution from uplands, floodplains, and streams Key objectives included the development of updated farm plans, the implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs), and raising public awareness about the project and NPS pollution.
Between March 2000 and February 2002, 107 Best Management Practices (BMPs) were successfully completed, despite the initial proposal of only 92 projects (Joseph et al., 2003) As of 2007, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) reported a total of 143 sites installed within the watershed This Phase II report specifically details the 107 constructed projects, which include 2,800 feet of streambank and shoreline protection, 11 ponds, and 55,270 feet of terraces.
The WASCOBs project encompasses 11.2 acres of waterway, featuring three grade stabilization projects and one animal waste management system Additionally, three more projects were approved by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) as matching initiatives and were constructed using alternative funding sources, including a Conservation project.
The Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP) project, along with two additional stream stabilization initiatives, was initially funded through a Financial Assistance Agreement of $696,600, featuring a 60-40% cost share with $471,960 from EPA funds and $278,640 from local and state sources Ultimately, the project utilized approximately $386,000 in EPA funds and $439,000 in matching funds, significantly surpassing the anticipated match requirements (Joseph, et al., 2003) The overall budget allocation comprised 53% from landowner matching, 33% from EPA, 10% for NRCS technical assistance, 1% for SWCD technical assistance, 1% for SWCD administration, and 2% for SWCD clerical work.
E Related Efforts of Significance to Forest Management in Senachwine Creek Watershed
The Tri-County area benefits from robust commitments at local, state, and federal levels aimed at preserving the Illinois River, Peoria Lakes, and surrounding natural areas Various projects are underway or have been completed to safeguard these vital resources In 2002, the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission developed the Mossville Bluffs Master Plan, funded by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources' Conservation 2000 program, which addressed crucial issues such as erosion control, forest management, stormwater management, and habitat enhancement This plan highlighted the potential for establishing a ravine overlay district (R.O.D.) to further support the preservation and restoration of the Peoria Lakes and Illinois River Valley Following encouragement from the Illinois River Valley Council of Governments (IRVCG), efforts to explore the development of a regional R.O.D have become a priority.
The R.O.D was established as a zoning district model aimed at safeguarding rapidly eroding bluffs and wooded areas, especially those facing developmental pressures Recent analyses using the Land Use and Evaluation and Impact Assessment Model (LEAM) forecast that approximately 8,500 acres, or 9.5%, of forested land in the Peoria area will be lost to encroaching development over the next 30 years Developed at the University of Illinois, Champaign/Urbana, the LEAM model serves as a tool for predicting regional growth patterns and assessing their impacts This initiative was supported by various organizations, including the IDNR, IDOT, Illinois Department of Agriculture, Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, and the Governor’s Sub-cabinet.
The Balanced Growth model supports the development of the R.O.D by pinpointing threatened natural areas, engaging local communities, and assessing the potential effects of growth on these ecosystems The outcomes from the leam modeling system reveal opportunities to conserve significant portions of these sensitive areas through the proposed R.O.D ordinance Designed for broad applicability, the R.O.D model aims to facilitate adoption by various stakeholders within and beyond the Tri-County region.
F Lake Front and River Development Plan
1 General Geomorphic Setting and Recent Geologic History
The Senachwine Creek watershed is situated in a valley formed between two glacial moraines from the last glaciation As the glacier advanced over the Illinois River valley, it eroded the sedimentary cover down to bedrock, leaving behind various deposits upon its retreat Subsequently, wind-blown dust (loess) blanketed the area, while erosion and re-sedimentation shaped the developing drainage network Prairie grasses thrived on the lower slopes, while forests established themselves on the steeper ones The upper watershed features a mix of deposits from melting ice, including till, debris flow, and stratified sediments, alongside outwash streams and glacial lakes The valley's lowest section cuts through the Illinois River bluff, flowing over a terrace formed from outwash deposits, with tributaries primarily incised into the till plain.
The watershed features gently sloping regions on the moraines' flanks in its upper section, transitioning to steeper valley areas along the middle reaches of Senachwine and Little Senachwine creeks Additionally, it includes lower-relief zones of the Illinois River terrace and floodplain situated between the North Hampton bluff and the Illinois River Notably, the Senachwine Creek valley upstream of North Hampton spans 1 to 1.25 miles in width.
E - Related Efforts of Significance to Forest Management
Condition of the Watershed
General Geomorphic Setting and Recent Geologic History
The Senachwine Creek watershed is situated in a valley formed between two glacial moraines from the last glaciation As the glacier advanced over the Illinois River valley, it removed sedimentary layers down to bedrock, leaving behind various deposits upon its retreat Subsequently, a layer of wind-blown dust, known as loess, was deposited, while erosion and re-sedimentation occurred as the drainage network evolved This led to the establishment of prairie grasses on lower slopes and forests on steeper areas The upper watershed features a mix of deposits from melting ice, including till, debris flow, and stratified sediments, alongside outwash streams and glacial lakes The valley's lowest section intersects the Illinois River bluff, flowing over a terrace formed by outwash deposits, with tributaries primarily carved into the till plain.
The watershed features gently sloping regions on the moraines' flanks in its upper section, transitioning to steeper valley areas along the middle reaches of Senachwine and Little Senachwine creeks Additionally, it includes lower-relief zones of the Illinois River terrace and floodplain, situated between the North Hampton bluff and the Illinois River Notably, upstream of North Hampton, the Senachwine Creek valley spans a width of 1 to 1.25 miles.
Senachwine Creek can be divided into three distinct reaches based on its planform configuration The upper reach, covering the upstream half of HUC401, features a gently meandering and partially channelized stream, with an average valley slope of 2-3% within 1,000 feet of the channel The headwaters are cut into the Providence Moraine, which serves as the western watershed divide, while the lower section flows across the Glacial Lake Plain, a feature previously analyzed by Lineback.
The elevation drop from the headwaters to the lake plain is 90 feet, ranging from approximately 800 to 710 feet above mean sea level In contrast, the elevation change across the lake plain is only about 20 feet, from 710 to 690 feet above mean sea level Despite this minimal drop, the lake plain features a gently undulating surface, which likely indicates a complex interaction between fluvial and lacustrine environments.
The Middle Senachwine Valley originates where the stream exits the glacial lake plain and flows through the Ablation Plain, which was formed by the downwasting of ice from the Providence Moraine and meltwater streams from the Eureka Moraine The stream's channel in this area is moderately meandering, with larger meanders observed downstream The valley slope is approximately 13% within 1,000 feet of the channel, steepening abruptly as the stream cuts through the Illinois River bluffs, then gradually shallowing to around 3% below the confluence of Little Senachwine Creek This valley encompasses the lower section of the region.
HUC401, all of HUC402, and the upper portion of HUC403.
The lower reach of the Ancient Mississippi floodplain features a gently meandering channel with significant modifications, characterized by a gentle valley slope that descends only 20 feet over 3 miles East of Illinois Route 29, the channel has been straightened and maintained since before 1939 Historical maps from 1902-1904 indicate two outlets for Senachwine Creek, but by 1939, one outlet, labeled Spring Branch, had been abandoned and no longer received flow The stream mouth lacks a distinct delta due to rapid sediment transport downstream by the Illinois River, as well as deposition in oriented bars and islands Additionally, channel constriction and maintenance activities for navigation and bridges may further influence the morphology at the stream mouth.
2 Native Landscape and Pre-European Landcover; Influences from Soil
In the early 1800s, settlers in the Senachwine Creek watershed encountered a diverse landscape featuring oak woodlands and prairie openings According to Schwegman (1973), Illinois's natural environments and biotic communities are classified based on factors such as topography, soils, bedrock, glacial history, and the distribution of flora and fauna The Senachwine Creek watershed is primarily situated in the Grand Prairie Section of the Grand Prairie Division, with portions extending into the Illinois River Section of the Upper Mississippi River and Illinois River Bottomlands Division, and a small area in the Illinois River Section of the Illinois River and Mississippi River Sand Areas Division Descriptions of the Natural Divisions within the watershed are partly adapted from Schwegman's work.
The Grand Prairie Section, located outside the Northeastern Morainal Division, features a vast plain shaped by the Wisconsinan stage of Pleistocene glaciation Its fertile soils originated from loess, glacial lake beds, and outwash sediments, although natural drainage was poor, leading to numerous marshes and prairie potholes This region was primarily covered in prairie grasses, with forests lining the rivers and streams, particularly in the lower segments of Senachwine Creek and its tributaries Notable groves of trees, such as those in the small town of Camp Grove, can still be found on the moraines, while prairie potholes, rivers, and creeks serve as the main aquatic habitats in the area.
Tallgrass prairie once dominated the upland landscape, providing habitat for bison and abundant waterfowl in marshes and floodplains However, by 1814, bison were hunted to extinction in the area The introduction of the steel plow in the mid-1800s accelerated the transformation of these prairies into farmland By the 1870s, extensive drainage systems, developed using steam shovels and drag lines, drained nearly all marshes and potholes, leading to significant displacement of waterfowl Today, the tallgrass prairie is one of Illinois' rarest plant communities, with nearly 90% of native wetlands either degraded or destroyed, despite being home to many rare and endangered plant species.
The headwaters of Senachwine Creek are situated in a poorly drained glacial drift plain, characteristic of the Illinois Section of the Grand Prairie Division While this region is generally level, it features transitional micro-environments along the flanks of end moraines, ground moraines, dissected till plains, and outwash plains, contributing to the unique topography of the Senachwine Creek watershed.
The forests of the Grand Prairie Section are primarily found in stream valleys and moraine crests, featuring dry sites dominated by white oak, black oak, and shagbark hickory, with shingle oak and bur oak as common companions In mesic areas, these species give way to basswood, sugar maple, slippery elm, American elm, hackberry, red oak, and white ash, while black walnut, butternut hickory, and bigtooth aspen are prevalent in the northern regions Floodplain forests typically consist of silver maple, American elm, and ash Prairie groves, such as Camp Grove near Senachwine Creek, have developed due to recurrent fires, showcasing two main types: one dominated by burr oak and the other by American elm and hackberry.
The lower portion of the Senachwine Creek watershed is situated within the Illinois River Section of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois River Bottomlands Division, characterized by its bottomlands and backwater lakes south of LaSalle Originally, this area featured forested landscapes interspersed with prairie marshes The lower Senachwine Creek flows through the Illinois River valley's bottomlands, which experience backwater effects and are marked by extensive floodplain features and glacial outwash terraces The soils in this region, formed from glacial outwash and recent alluvium, are typically poorly drained, ranging from alkaline to slightly acidic, and exhibit a variety of textures from sandy to clayey Notably, springs can be found near the gravel terraces along the Illinois River, particularly around Chilicothe.
The Illinois River Section of the Illinois River and Mississippi River Sand Areas Division includes the sand areas and dunes located in the bottomlands of both the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, with a small portion of lower Senachwine Creek also situated within this region.
The Mississippi River Sand Areas Division features a diverse natural landscape, including scrub oak forests and various types of sand prairies—dry, mesic, and wet—as well as marshes This region is home to several plant species that are more commonly associated with the short-grass prairies found to the west of Illinois.
The unique "relict" western amphibians and reptiles are exclusively found in these sandy regions, characterized by common topographical features such as dunes and blowouts This section also hosts diverse plant associations that thrive in unstabilized sand environments.
Cultural Setting
Early settlement in Marshall County was minimal, with Joliet and Marquette noting an Algonquian Indian settlement by Upper Peoria Lake in 1673 While there may have been some initial French settlements in the Senachwine Watershed, the first permanent European settlers likely arrived around 1829, a decade before Marshall County was officially established.
The Senachwine Watershed remains primarily rural, with urban development concentrated in Chillicothe, which has a population of around 6,000 Although Woodford County has experienced a 70% population increase since World War II, the overall growth rate since 1870 has been only half that of the state average The Illinois River Bluff Assessment Area, which encompasses the Senachwine Creek watershed, is part of the Tri-County Peoria metropolitan area, where suburban development is increasingly taking place in the uplands as the population expands outward from Peoria.
The watershed spans Peoria and Marshall Counties, governed by local county ordinances and municipal laws County Engineers and Township road commissioners are particularly focused on stream channel projects due to the 207 bridge crossings and fords located within the Senachwine Creek watershed Additionally, non-governmental organizations play a role in managing and preserving these vital water resources.
Some of the Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that operate or have interest in the Senachwine Creek watershed include the Illinois River Bluffs Ecosystem
Partnership, Heartland Water Resources Council, The Nature Conservancy, Audubon Society, Sierra Club and the Illinois River Soil Conservation Task Force. d Other Stakeholders
The local historical society, Illinois River Valley Council of Governments, and Audubon Society are key stakeholders in the area The inactive Saratoga Drainage District, established in June 1921, spans 1,824 acres and is situated near the north-western drainage divide of Senachwine Creek, primarily outside its watershed Similarly, the Whitefield-Saratoga Drainage District, created in June 1925, covers 1,375 acres and lies 5 miles east of the Saratoga District, also outside the northeastern drainage divide of the watershed The future status of these inactive drainage districts remains uncertain, and no other drainage districts are known to exist within or near the Senachwine Creek watershed.
Current Landcover, Landuse, and Other Existing Conditions
The land cover in the Senachwine Creek watershed, as illustrated in Figure 10, is primarily characterized by row crop agriculture, with limited areas of rural grasslands and upland/ravine forests Although winter wheat is present, its acreage is minimal compared to other land uses These land cover statistics, sourced from IL-GAP (2001) and provided by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, offer a concise overview of the watershed's ecological landscape.
Agriculture remains a significant focus in the region, with limited urban development Chillicothe, home to approximately 6,000 residents, stands as the largest town Nonetheless, there is a noticeable trend of suburban expansion, especially in the upland areas.
The data for each HUC within the watershed are shown at original scale (IL-GAP
In HUC401, approximately 98% of the land is dedicated to corn and bean production, as illustrated in Figs 11–13 Grassland and forest areas are primarily restricted to narrow strips along stream courses, with a notable widening of the riparian corridor occurring downstream of 950 N.
Row-crop agriculture is also the predominant land cover of HUC402 (Fig 12)
Forested land is found along stream valleys where the stream flows down the bluff, contributing to the overall ecosystem Although floodplain forest wetlands represent a minor part of the watershed's land cover, they play a crucial role in the overall forest cover within the area.
HUC403 features two primary landscapes: steep slopes along the bluffline and lower relief areas in the Illinois River floodplain The steep slopes are shaped by Senachwine Creek and its tributaries, which have carved into the Tiskilwa Till Plain, resulting in predominantly forested valley walls In contrast, the less dissected regions of the till plain and floodplain are primarily dedicated to row crop agriculture Rural grasslands are found at the edges of forested areas on moderate slopes and along waterways, with patches extending several acres across the Post-glacial Floodplain and Outwash Terrace regions The majority of wetlands in the watershed are located within the Illinois River valley, especially near the mouth of Senachwine Creek in the Marshall State Fish and Wildlife area Additionally, abandoned aggregate mines northwest of Chillicothe fall under categories such as Surface Water and Urban Open Space.
—ISGS; should have soon) i Agriculture ii Industry (fig 16) iii Transportation (fig.17) iv Urban Areas and Impervious Surfaces
The buried bedrock surface in the Wyoming bedrock valley slopes downward alongside Henry Creek, where the drift thickens significantly This valley and its sediment fill are crucial for watershed assessment, as they represent the sole groundwater source for residential and other developments in the area Consequently, the Wyoming Valley is likely to be the focal point for future development In contrast, recent residential projects outside the valley depend on alternative water sources, such as ponds and transported or piped water.
2006) Forested bluffs occur within this area and are being developed at a rapid rate. v Zoning vi Prime Farmland vii Public Lands with Ecological Designations
• Public Managed Lands (Illinois River Bluffs (ILRB) Assessment Area)
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cwe/rra/site13.html
The Senachwine Creek watershed is situated within the Peoria Wilds region, part of a broader IRB Assessment area This area features the Illinois River floodplain, characterized by steeply dissected bluffs and hills that flank the floodplain, along with relatively flat agricultural lands located away from the river.
A vast forest stretches along the bluff west of the Illinois River, while non-forested wetlands are primarily located adjacent to the river This region features several hill prairies that are recognized in the Illinois Natural Areas Inventory The west and southwest-facing slopes of these hill prairies, exposed to sun and wind, present a challenging environment that favors prairie ecosystems over forest growth.
The Peoria Wilds RRA encompasses 24 diverse natural areas, featuring woodlands, hill prairies, marshes, fens, and seeps Notably, the Marshall County Conservation Area Hill Prairies are part of this region, with few being plowed due to their steep terrain, although some are occasionally grazed While the Senachwine Creek watershed lacks hill prairies, it does contain two significant Natural Areas totaling 62 acres, including the 21-acre Hancher Woods and the 41-acre Leigh Woods.
Senachwine Creek's mainstem is classified as a Class B stream, indicating its significance as a highly valued aquatic resource This classification highlights the stream's quality, supporting robust fisheries for important gamefish species.
The Root Cemetery Savanna, a 2.5-acre Nature Preserve located near Northampton in Hallock Township, is the only nature preserve within the watershed Dedicated in February 1994, this mesic savanna belongs to the Illinois River Section of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois River Bottomlands Natural Division For more information about this sensitive ecological site, please contact the Illinois Nature Preserve Commission at One Natural Resources Way, Springfield, IL 62702-1271, or call 217/785-8686.
The Marshall State Fish and Wildlife Area, located in the Illinois River Floodplain, is a notable destination for nature enthusiasts Adjacent to this area is the Spring Branch Conservation Area, managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, which lies at the mouth of Senachwine Creek on the northern side of Chillicothe, near Upper Peoria Lake.
• Threatened and Endangered Species—Senachwine Creek is highly disturbed It does have two locations of one Threatened and Endangered Species (Softleaf Arrow-Wood; Viburnum molle)
• 303D Streams—No 303D stream segments have been designated in this watershed and other reports characterizing the watershed and its needs are lacking.
5 Abiotic Environment a Geologic Setting i Bedrock Geology
The Senachwine Creek watershed is primarily composed of Pennsylvanian age sedimentary rocks, featuring a variety of interbedded materials including shale, clay, sandstone, limestone, and coal Shale is the dominant rock type, reaching thicknesses of several tens of feet, while limestone, coal, and clay are generally much thinner, measuring only a few feet in thickness.
Field investigations reveal that the glacier responsible for the Providence Moraine significantly eroded the northern half of the Senachwine watershed down to bedrock, resulting in a generally thin layer of drift deposits In this area, bedrock is often near the surface, with notable outcrops at elevations between 590 and 600 feet, particularly north of Chillicothe along the Illinois River bluffs and near the Gilfillan and Hallock Creek valleys The buried bedrock surface slopes towards the Wyoming bedrock valley, which runs parallel to Henry Creek and is crucial for watershed assessment as it contains the only groundwater source for residential and other developments within the watershed Recent residential growth outside this valley has had to depend on alternative water sources, highlighting the Wyoming Valley as a key area for future development.
Upstream from CR700 N to CR950 N, the stream is carved into bedrock, primarily consisting of shale, which can rise up to 10 feet above the channel bottom on one or both sides In areas where the shale is more erodible, a layer of alluvial sediments several feet thick covers the bedrock Occasionally, resistant sandstone and limestone form ledges within the creek bed From CR950 N to CR500 E, shale fragments are prevalent in the subsurface till, indicating that the bedrock is close to the surface due to the rapid pulverization of shale by glacial ice In lower Senachwine Creek, the bedrock appears to deepen, although large shale and limestone blocks are found as inclusions within till outcrops.
Biotic Environment
Forested ravines in the Senachwine Creek watershed present significant management opportunities, encompassing forests on interfluves, slopes, terraces, and riparian zones along Senachwine Creek, Little Senachwine Creek, and various smaller tributaries By selectively clearing non-native and invasive woody species, we can enhance the understory, promoting erosion control and improving habitats for diverse wildlife, including amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
Discuss threats to Ecological integrity (per Table 1) b Wetlands
Hydric soils, indicative of past or present wetland conditions, are identified within the watershed as shown in Figure Wet1 (Soil Survey Staff, 2005a, 2005b) These areas present significant potential for wetland recreation and restoration, contributing to ecosystem restoration goals such as sediment runoff reduction, enhanced wetland quality, and improved flood control Hydric soils are found in various locations, including upland areas, headwater stream bottoms, and larger stream floodplains, covering approximately 14% of the watershed Their sizes vary from 0.04 to 640 acres, with a median size of 5.8 acres In Peoria County, some soil map units contain small inclusions of hydric soils, typically less than 0.3 acres, making them unlikely candidates for wetland projects.
The land cover map (nominal 1:100,000 scale) of existing wetlands, as interpreted from IL-GAP 2001, is independent of the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data (nominal 1:24,000 scale) Despite the lower accuracy and coarser scale of the IL-GAP data, it is preferred over NWI due to its more recent aerial imagery, characterization of fluctuating water regimes, and avoidance of digitization errors associated with NWI Wetlands constitute approximately 2% of the watershed, with occurrences found in uplands and floodplains, particularly in the lowest areas of HUC *01, as well as across HUC *02 and *03.
The glacial lake plain of HUC*01 contains the most extensive area of hydric soils, yet it is notable for the absence of any wetland landcover class.
In July 1939 aerial photography, the northern tributary was partly ditched and tiled, but the main stream appeared to be strongly meandering and freely flowing (Fig Wet2)
By 1988, however, both the mainstem within the glacial lake plain and northern tributary were almost completely altered.
To effectively prioritize potential wetland restoration projects, we focused on areas within 1000 feet of main stream courses and the existing occurrence of wetlands Proximity to stream corridors ranked higher due to their significance in restoration efforts Existing wetlands hold value as they can serve as foundational elements for larger wetland systems, facilitating easier enhancement However, for broader ecological benefits, we opted to prioritize areas lacking current wetland functions to promote a more even distribution of wetlands across the watershed.
Wetlands are classified into four priority categories based on their proximity to major stream channels and existing wetland conditions Priority 1 wetlands are areas not currently classified as wetlands but are located within 1,000 feet of a major stream channel Priority 2 wetlands have one or more occurrences of wetland and are also within this distance Priority 3 wetlands are currently wetland areas situated more than 1,000 feet from a stream channel Lastly, Priority 4 includes areas with hydric soils that lack existing wetlands and are more than 1,000 feet from a stream channel Most soils identified as Priority 1 are poorly drained, which can significantly affect project goals, design, and long-term success.
In 1984, a Biological Stream Characterization (BSC) Work Group was established to create a comprehensive biological classification system for streams in Illinois The initial findings were published in Special Report No 13 by the State Water Plan Task Force, authored by Hite et al.
In 1989, a comprehensive map of streams was created, detailing the BSC process and criteria for developing BSC ratings, which serve as an aquatic resource management tool The identification of streams or stream segments relied primarily on the fish community, assessed through the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) As outlined by Karr et al (1986), the IBI consists of 12 metrics that evaluate the trophic composition, abundance, and condition of the fish community To ensure accuracy, the IBI scoring system was modified to account for regional variations and differences in stream size, as noted by Hite and Bertrand.
The study produced scores between 12 and 60, indicating that higher scores represent fish communities that are minimally impacted by human activities, while lower scores signify communities that significantly deviate from the ideal reference condition.
In the absence of qualitative stream fish data, BSC ratings were based on subjective assessments of fishery information or macroinvertebrate community data The Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index (MBI), adapted from a Wisconsin biotic index (Hilsenhoff 1982), assigns tolerance values to various taxa and calculates their relative abundance to produce a scale from 0 to 11 Lower scores indicate better water quality, while higher scores reflect degraded conditions (Hite et al., 1989) The MBI is mainly utilized to evaluate streams classified as poor (Class D) and very poor (Class E) (Bertrand et al., 1993; Table BSC).
The BSC aimed to assess the characteristics, scope, and distribution of stream resources in Illinois, while also identifying exceptional stream segments that deserve special protection To achieve this, a five-tier classification system was established, categorizing streams based on their quality and significance.
Senachwine Creek's mainstem is designated as a Class B stream, recognized for its high value as an aquatic resource and a good fishery for important gamefish species, despite a moderate species richness that may fall short of expectations for its size and region However, smaller tributary streams feeding into Senachwine Creek remain unrated due to insufficient data on these drainage systems.
On September 9, 1997, the IDNR conducted a fish survey along a 1,200-foot stretch of the lower Senachwine Creek, just upstream of the Benedict Road Bridge and approximately 2.5 miles from the creek's mouth This area includes the Bob Shepard site, known for its completed streambank stabilization efforts Notably, this segment had also been sampled for fish on June 30.
1967 The sample data indicate an increase in the species diversity from 16 species in
1967 to 25 species in 1997 The additional species from the 1997 survey included, golden redhorse (Moxostoma erythrurum), stonecat (Noturus flavus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), blackside darter (Percina maculate), fantail darter
The study highlights several fish species, including Etheostoma flabellare, Etheostoma spectabile, and Percina caprodes, which serve as indicators of good water quality and habitat Notably, the data shows an increase in the total catch and biomass of fish over the years In 1997, a total of 88 smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), a highly sought-after sport fish, were collected, a significant rise from just three smallmouth bass recorded in 1967 (Miller et al., 1997).
In 1999, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) conducted fish surveys on Senachwine Creek, revisiting the same segment surveyed in 1967 and 1997 The results revealed a notable increase in species diversity, with the survey identifying 30 different species Additionally, the Index of Biotic Integrity showed significant improvement, rising from 46 in 1997.
Expected Future Without Project Conditions of Watershed
Prioritization Screening Criteria
Data indicates that stream channels in the Senachwine Creek watershed are transitioning from unstable to more balanced forms, leading to reduced sediment production However, ongoing habitat fragmentation, urban development increasing impermeable surfaces, and intensive agriculture are likely to sustain high erosion and sediment transport rates, hindering ecosystem integrity and water quality improvement While some initiatives may aim to enhance water quality independently, those not part of a comprehensive plan are expected to have limited impact.
[Suggest addressing each criterion as below Most of the contents could come from the original second paragraph]
Without the watershed project, planning and implementation efforts may lack vigor, leading to ongoing high sediment contributions to the Illinois River, particularly affecting valuable habitats from the Senachwine Creek watershed The absence of this project is expected to result in reduced habitat acres in connected vegetated floodplain areas, forests, grasslands, and riparian zones Additionally, there will likely be no decrease in unnatural peak discharge along Senachwine Creek and its tributaries, nor a reduction in low-water stress for aquatic organisms Exposed pipelines pose risks to ecosystem health and potentially threaten public safety Achieving and maintaining adequate support for aquatic life in certain areas remains questionable, and there may be diminished efforts to identify and remediate contamination sites related to hazardous wastes.
Geomorphic and Hydrologic Future
Bank erosion and mass wasting along Senachwine Creek contribute sediment to the channel, while ongoing adjustments in the watershed are influenced by past disturbances, including channel modifications and land use changes Evidence of long-term net incision and continued landscape erosion has been observed However, the extent to which these sources contribute excessive sediment to Senachwine Creek and the Illinois River remains undetermined in this watershed assessment Evaluating excessive sedimentation requires a comparison of intrinsic behaviors, potential land use and climate changes, and their impacts on ecosystem goals such as habitat quality, sediment delivery, peak and base flow variations, and overall water quality.
To effectively manage sediment yield in the Illinois River watershed, it is crucial to implement treatments that address both actively eroding areas and the underlying mechanisms driving increased erosion rates Without such comprehensive approaches, we anticipate that sediment yield will remain comparable to current levels as the stream network continues to adapt to historical disturbances Future alterations to the channel or shifts in land use could initiate a new cycle of channel adjustment, potentially exacerbating sediment delivery and undermining previous efforts to mitigate erosion.
Sediment yield is closely linked to the hydrologic regime of the watershed, with future erosion rates influenced by climate change and hydrologic management While this study cannot predict the specific impacts of climate change on watershed hydrology, it is anticipated that ongoing regional warming will lead to decreased total precipitation, more intense storms, increased runoff, and reduced base flows Data indicates that higher annual discharges correlate with increased sediment yield, and Senachwine Creek and its tributaries demonstrate significant hydrologic variability, resulting in fluctuating erosive power and sediment transport capacity This variability, partly due to geological factors, is also influenced by changes in land use and land cover Without targeted watershed management projects, the existing flashy hydrologic regime is likely to persist, and a shift toward a wetter climate could further elevate sediment yield.
The stream system's transport of water and sediment results in dynamic channel changes, characterized by both bank erosion and deposition, leading to a net sediment export Channel dynamics assessments indicate that the primary mode of change is downstream and lateral migration, particularly in the mid- and lower segments of Senachwine Creek While channel change tends to increase downstream, comparisons between 1939 and 1998 show significantly less change in HUC 402, likely due to local bedrock control and coarse bedload Natural planform dynamics suggest that lateral and downstream migrations will persist, especially in the lower watershed, while the middle section remains stable due to geological constraints Notably, significant ditching and channelization in the upper watershed from 1939 to 1998 may lead to smaller-scale planform adjustments as channelized areas tend to re-meander.
Residential development is anticipated to persist, particularly in the floodplain areas near Chillicothe, which may lead to habitat fragmentation without proper planning This growth can result in increased runoff due to impervious surfaces like roofs and roads, negatively affecting water quality from sources such as septic systems and lawn chemicals The rise in impervious cover diminishes infiltration rates, potentially causing upland erosion and heightened stream flashiness during storms Additionally, the demand on groundwater and surface water may lower base flow in streams if shallow aquifers are overexploited Some new developments may depend on surface impoundments, which can have complex implications for stream flow.
Biologic (Terrestrial, Wetland, and Aquatic) Future
A variety of problems in the watershed involving flooding, erosion, and sedimentation have been attributed to erosion and sediment yield from agricultural land (SCS 1990, Miller et al
Research indicates that many environmental issues stem from channel and hillslope changes initiated by significant modifications and ditch construction in the early to mid-20th century (Joseph et al 1997; Greer et al 2002) While recent best management practices (BMPs) have reportedly improved agricultural productivity and reduced upland erosion and flooding (Miller et al 1997; Joseph et al 2003), their effectiveness in relation to geomorphological processes remains unassessed The impact of these BMPs on ecosystem goals such as sediment delivery reduction, water quality enhancement, and habitat improvement is still unclear However, with well-documented locations of previous BMP implementations, there is a valuable opportunity to analyze their long-term effects Understanding the successes and failures of past projects within a process-based watershed framework can lead to more informed management decisions and increase the likelihood of success for future initiatives.
Unmet data requirements significantly hinder the effective planning and design of restoration projects This study predominantly utilized existing datasets, which were originally gathered to analyze long-term trends at the state and regional levels, such as those from CTAP and the U.S EPA 305(b)/303(d) program Consequently, these datasets offer only generalized insights into watershed characteristics and are often not suited for evaluating specific conditions and processes within individual watersheds Additionally, the limited watershed-specific data available are typically collected at intervals that are too broad, such as water quality assessments, or over monitoring periods that are too brief to accurately assess the practices and processes influencing sediment production, hydrology, and habitat within the watershed.
While a long-term fish survey offers insights into the fish community in Lower Senachwine Creek, its data is insufficient for evaluating other habitats like riparian, wetland, and terrestrial areas Additionally, the existing elevation data, which is 20-30 years old and possesses a regional accuracy of 100 feet, lacks the necessary detail for effective watershed assessment High-resolution elevation data is essential for understanding channel vertical stability and slope stability Although the current data sets do not entirely hinder watershed restoration planning, relying on them for project implementation could jeopardize the success of restoration efforts and compromise prior management initiatives.
This study documented the current conditions of various tributaries to the Senachwine Creek mainstem, highlighting the need for further research on both historical and ongoing processes in these areas Special attention should be given to tributaries in valleys with steep, high walls near the bluffline, as they are particularly susceptible to slope failure Natural events, such as climate change, and artificial modifications can initiate new cycles of channel degradation and recovery, potentially causing bank instability, landslides, and increased sedimentation Future research should involve rapid field assessments and correlate vertical and planform channel changes with land and water use, as well as climate changes, to better understand these dynamics.
D Significance: (Technical, Institutional, and Public)
This study compiles and analyzes existing data while introducing new findings from field investigations and aerial imagery It utilizes emerging technologies, including established methods that are underutilized in Illinois and experimental techniques A significant focus is on providing a scientifically-based context for project planning by adapting established classification schemes to evaluate biological integrity, channel stability, and channel evolution Additionally, innovative methods were developed and applied to identify issues and processes in both upland areas and channel corridors.
• Interpretive maps were compiled using existing geographic datasets providing a summary perspective on geologic, physiographic, hydrographic, and socioeconomic character of the watershed
• Video imagery of the channel corridor taken by helicopter flyover provided rapid synoptic reconnaissance and documentation of current watershed condition
A systematic analysis of historical aerial photography has enabled us to evaluate changes in channel planform, offering essential baseline data on past channel processes and enriching the historical context surrounding the issues observed in the Senachwine Creek watershed.
This study serves as an initial step towards a comprehensive process-based analysis of the Senachwine Watershed aimed at achieving ecosystem restoration goals While it was designed to be rapid rather than exhaustive, the available data lacks the resolution for definitive characterization Further research is essential, particularly focusing on flow dynamics, sediment delivery, water quality, and both terrestrial and aquatic biology.
While various agricultural best management practices (BMPs) have been implemented in the watershed, their primary focus has been on addressing non-point sources of sediment from agricultural lands These BMPs are designed to maintain or enhance productivity; however, their impacts on terrestrial and aquatic habitats, fluvial hydrology, and sediment delivery remain largely uncharacterized It is possible that these BMPs may create new conditions within the watershed that have yet to become apparent due to inherent process lag times, or they may be contributing to the existing conditions.
The SCWA report highlights the significance of understanding point-sources of sediment in the floodplain-channel corridor and provides historical context for changes in the watershed system, which is vital for achieving Ecosystem Restoration goals The assessment identifies opportunities for integrated management of water-sediment systems both on the landscape and within channel corridors While individual practices may temporarily alleviate specific issues like streambank erosion, they risk overlooking system-wide problems such as abrupt changes in sediment and water discharge, potentially leading to long-term negative impacts on erosion, sedimentation, and habitat To address these challenges, it is essential to identify and characterize the variability and rates of geomorphic and habitat processes for informed project decision-making Additionally, potential projects stemming from this SCWA report should include long-term monitoring to evaluate performance, ensure viability, and address adaptive management needs, with baseline data from the SCWA enhancing future monitoring efforts.
Various Federal, State, and Local Agencies, along with NGOs, are invested in the ecosystem restoration of the Senachwine Watershed Effective planning and implementation of restoration efforts necessitate collaboration among multiple agencies at different levels Key potential partners in this initiative include the USDA-NRCS, particularly through programs like CREP.
Environmental Quality Incentives Program [EQIP], Conservation Reserve Program [CRP], Conservation Practices Program [CPP], etc.); USDA Farm Service
The administration of local Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs), along with programs from the Illinois Department of Agriculture and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), play a crucial role in streambank stabilization and habitat management Key initiatives include the State portion of the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), Acres for Wildlife, and Forestry Incentives Program Collaboration with the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act is essential Additionally, County Engineers and Township road commissioners are invested in stream channel work due to the numerous bridges spanning Senachwine Creek This presents a significant opportunity for integrating various agency efforts in the planning and implementation of water, sediment, and habitat resource management systems as outlined in the Senachwine Creek Watershed Assessment (SCWA).
Effective coordination among state scientific surveys, including ISWS, ISGS, and INHS, was crucial in the development of the comprehensive SCWA report This collaboration highlighted important lessons regarding data availability, the application of analytical methods, and the unique strengths of each agency, fostering potential synergies Utilizing this report as a framework will enhance the efficiency of future watershed assessments.
Implementing ecosystem restoration activities as recommended in the SCWA offers numerous benefits to the public, including enhanced preservation of land and water resources for diverse uses Through improved land planning and direct treatment, these initiatives will effectively support multiple objectives outlined in the Comprehensive Plan (USCOE).
In 2007, efforts to reduce sediment loads in the Illinois River mainstem aimed to enhance water quality and agricultural productivity, while also improving recreational opportunities like fishing, hunting, and bird watching Enhancements to land use could lead to better protection of transportation and economic infrastructure, including roads and bridges The Illinois River Valley Council of Governments (IRVCG), composed mainly of local municipal representatives, actively supports the development of the Ravine Overlay District, fostering regional project buy-in and collaboration.
The future activities outlined in this study align with the goals of the Comprehensive Plan (USACE, 2006), which aims to restore sustainable floodplain and aquatic habitats in tributaries like Senachwine Creek A key objective is to restore 150,000 acres of both isolated and connected floodplain areas throughout the Illinois River Basin, contributing to the overall ecological health of the region.
18 percent of the Illinois River Basin tributary floodplain and riparian habitat areas
Significance: (Technical, Institutional, and Public)
Technical
This study compiles and analyzes existing data while introducing new findings from field investigations and aerial imagery It utilizes emerging technologies, including established methods not widely recognized in Illinois and experimental techniques A key objective is to provide a scientifically-based framework for project planning, which involves adapting established classification schemes to evaluate biological integrity, channel stability, and channel evolution Additionally, innovative methods were developed and applied to identify issues and processes in both upland areas and the channel corridor.
• Interpretive maps were compiled using existing geographic datasets providing a summary perspective on geologic, physiographic, hydrographic, and socioeconomic character of the watershed
• Video imagery of the channel corridor taken by helicopter flyover provided rapid synoptic reconnaissance and documentation of current watershed condition
A systematic review of historical aerial photography has enabled the assessment of channel planform changes, offering essential baseline data on historical channel processes and enriching the historical context regarding the challenges faced in the Senachwine Creek watershed.
This study serves as an initial exploration of the Senachwine Watershed, focusing on key aspects such as flow, sediment delivery, water quality, and both terrestrial and aquatic biology While it is not exhaustive and the available data lacks definitive resolution, further analysis is essential to support Ecosystem Restoration goals.
While various agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been implemented in the watershed to address non-point sources of sediment from agricultural lands, their primary focus has been on maintaining or improving productivity However, the potential impacts of these BMPs on terrestrial and aquatic habitats, fluvial hydrology, and sediment delivery remain largely uncharacterized These practices may create new conditions within the ecosystem that are yet to be observed due to intrinsic process lag times, or they may be influencing the current environmental conditions.
The SCWA report highlights the importance of understanding point-sources of sediment in the floodplain-channel corridor and offers historical insights into watershed changes, which are vital for achieving Ecosystem Restoration goals The assessment identifies opportunities for integrated management of water-sediment systems across the landscape and channel corridors While individual practices may temporarily mitigate specific issues like streambank erosion, they risk overlooking systemic problems such as significant sediment and water discharge changes, potentially leading to long-term negative effects on erosion, sedimentation, and habitat To ensure informed decision-making for project implementation, it is essential to identify and characterize the variability and rates of geomorphic and habitat processes Additionally, proposed projects should include long-term monitoring to assess performance, viability, and adaptive management needs, with the SCWA providing baseline data to enhance future monitoring efforts.
Institutional
Various federal, state, and local agencies, along with NGOs, are invested in the ecosystem restoration of the Senachwine Watershed Effective planning and implementation of restoration efforts necessitate collaboration among multiple stakeholders Key partners in this initiative may include the USDA-NRCS, particularly through programs like the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP).
Environmental Quality Incentives Program [EQIP], Conservation Reserve Program [CRP], Conservation Practices Program [CPP], etc.); USDA Farm Service
The administration of local Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs), along with programs from the Illinois Department of Agriculture and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR), play a crucial role in streambank stabilization and habitat management Key initiatives include the State portion of the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), Acres for Wildlife, and the Forestry Incentives Program Additionally, the involvement of the USEPA and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act highlights the collaborative efforts in water quality improvement County Engineers and Township road commissioners are also stakeholders due to the numerous bridges spanning Senachwine Creek This context presents a significant opportunity for integrating various agency efforts into effective project planning and implementation for water, sediment, and habitat resource management as outlined in the Senachwine Creek Watershed Alliance (SCWA).
The successful preparation of the SCWA report relied heavily on the coordination among state Scientific Surveys, including ISWS, ISGS, and INHS This collaborative effort highlighted valuable lessons regarding data availability, analytical methods, and the unique strengths of each agency, paving the way for enhanced synergies Utilizing this report as a framework will enable more efficient assessments of other watersheds in the future.
Public
Implementing ecosystem restoration activities recommended in the SCWA offers numerous benefits to the public, including enhanced preservation of land and water for diverse uses By focusing on improved land planning and direct treatment, these initiatives aim to fulfill several objectives outlined in the Comprehensive Plan (USCOE).
Improving land management in the Illinois River Valley can significantly reduce sediment loads and enhance water quality, leading to increased agricultural productivity and better recreational opportunities such as fishing, hunting, and bird watching Additionally, improved infrastructure, including roads and bridges, can be better safeguarded over time The Illinois River Valley Council of Governments (IRVCG), composed mainly of local mayors, actively promotes the Ravine Overlay District's advancement and development, ensuring strong regional support for these initiatives.
Goals and Objectives
The goals and objectives of future activities based on this study follow those outlined in the Comprehensive Plan (Table G&O; USACE, 2006) Within the Comprehensive Plan the desired future condition for tributaries such as Senachwine Creek is the restoration of sustainable levels of floodplain and aquatic habitat functions A portion of this would be accomplished by restoring 150,000 acres (collectively) of isolated and connected floodplain areas within the entire Illinois River Basin (USACE, 2006) This represents approximately
18 percent of the Illinois River Basin tributary floodplain and riparian habitat areas
(USACE, 2006) This level of restoration would provide the necessary building blocks for a sustainable floodplain ecosystem within the tributaries in conjunction with other restoration efforts undertaken as part of this effort, particularly reduction of sediment delivery General conditions for floodplains and riparian areas include establishment, protection, and management of terrestrial patches of land (forests, prairies, savannas, etc.) Overall needs for bottomland hardwood forest ranges from 500 to 1,000 acres in size with 3,000 acres needed for some interior avian species Grassland restorations require range from 100 to 500 acre plots Non-forested wetlands require a minimum of 100 acre plots, spaced 30 to 40 miles apart, and riparian zones for streams require a minimum of 100 feet on each side
Approximately 1,000 miles of impaired streams would need to be restored and this represents approximately one-third of the streams impaired by channelization within the Illinois River Basin.
Projects implemented in the Senachwine Creek watershed could provide incremental progress towards several of these basin-wide goals The watershed contains channel, wetland, major river and tributary floodplain, and terrestrial areas that may be suitable The overarching goal is to restore and maintain ecological integrity, including habitats, communities, and populations of native species, as well as the processes that sustain them Additional criteria have been developed as part of the Comprehensive Plan (USCE, 2007) including giving priority to projects that improve quality and connectivity of habitats, provide habitat for regionally significant species, reduce sediment delivery, naturalize hydrology, maximize sustainability, consider and address threats, improve water quality, consider other agency activities, have public support; etc
With specific criteria in mind all parties need to work together to:
To address the issue of excessive sediment load in the Illinois River mainstem, it is essential to decrease total sediment delivery from sources within the Senachwine Creek watershed The goal is to achieve a basin-wide reduction of at least 10 percent in sediment delivery by the year 2025.
2) Reduce excessive sediment delivery to specific high-value habitat both along the
Senachwine Creek mainstem and tributary streams.
3) Restore, rehabilitate and maintain as many additional acres of habitat in currently connected areas of the floodplain as landowner support and incentive will allow.
4) Look for opportunities to restore large patches of forests and grasslands and search for opportunities to provide incentives for this effort.
5) Restore acreage of isolated and connected floodplain along the Senachwine
Creek mainstem and tributaries to enhance floodplain habitats and promote floodplain functions The basin-wide goal is to restore an additional 10% of acreage of isolated and connected floodplain.
6) Restore and/or protect additional stream miles of instream and riparian habitat in the Senachwine Creek watershed.
7) Restore and/or protect mainstem to tributary connectivity, where appropriate, to maintain fish mobility and community structure.
8) Reduce unnatural peak discharge along Senachwine Creek mainstem and tributaries to the extent possible with a subjective target of a 2-3% reduction for the 2 to 5 year recurrence storm events by 2023 The basin-wide target is to reduce peak discharge by 20% over the long term.
9) Reduce the incidence of low-water stress to aquatic organisms in the Senachwine
Creek system by increasing base flows The basin-wide goal for tributary streams is to increase base flows by 50%.
10) Ensure protection of exposed pipelines by instream geo- and bio-technical means or negotiation with pipeline owners for a reasonable settlement between economics and public interests.
11) Maintain full use support for aquatic life in all surface waters with Senachwine
Creek watershed, as defined in 303(d) of the Clean Water Act Achieve full use support for all waters in the Senachwine Creek watershed by 2055.
12) Encourage remediation of contaminated sites that affect habitat.
13) Achieve USEPA nutrient standards by 2025, following standards to be put in place by USEPA by 2008.
14) Work with the USACE and the State of Illinois (IDNR) to identify beneficial uses of sediments.
Preliminary Evaluation of Alternatives
Mainstem
Thirty (30) problem sites were initially identified from recent GPS tracked aerial flights along the assessed portion of the mainstem An additional forty-nine (49) potential problem areas were identified along the mainstem by carefully reviewing the recently acquired aerial video tapes in the office Another eighteen (18) more potential problem areas were identified from office review of contemporary and historic panchromatic still aerial photos (Table AerialPoints) Additional sites of concern were identified from in- channel field work.
The upper target reach is approximately 1 mile in length (Fig
Field reconnaissance was conducted to assess channel morphology, stability, and habitat conditions along a stretch of Senachwine Creek, where only existing panchromatic aerial photos were available This methodology was also applied to Little Senachwine, Deer, and Hallock Creeks to identify potential problem areas for restoration Aerial imagery was captured for the mainstem of Senachwine Creek, tracked with GPS for future GIS applications, with the next target reach measuring approximately 3.5 miles Recommended treatments focus on grade control and habitat enhancement through the construction of riffle/pool structures, particularly in upper reaches where bedrock is exposed Given the instability and poor habitat indices downstream, the bedrock presents a suitable location for anchoring multi-objective riffle and pool structures Additionally, severely eroded stream reaches may necessitate the installation of Lunker Structures and bioengineering alongside the riffle/pool habitat enhancements.
The third target reach spans 3.9 miles and is recommended for treatments such as grade control and habitat enhancement, potentially incorporating riffle and pool structures alongside bioengineering and Lunker Structures The fourth reach, measuring 2.3 miles, has identified 11 potential projects from aerial reconnaissance and is characterized by complex conditions, primarily aggrading with some areas of channel degradation due to exposed pipeline segments Implementing riffle and pool structures could help protect these pipelines, although low bank elevations have raised concerns among landowners about potential flooding of fields from water backup Engineering surveys are essential for further design considerations across all four stream reaches.
Four (4) sites with extensive mass wasting occur within the 3.5 mile project reach Two
Mass wasting events are more frequent in the uppermost section of the project, specifically between the 1-mile and 3.5-mile reaches, with an additional five occurrences near the bluff line between the 3.5-mile reach and the lower 2.3-mile project reaches These events primarily happen where the stream exerts pressure on the base of the eastern valley walls.
Additional eroding streambanks exist in isolated areas beyond the recommended project reaches outlined in this report While treatments in the suggested areas may positively affect some of these outlier sites, further research is necessary to confirm this Stabilizing these eroding streambanks could be regarded as potential individual projects; however, their impacts should be evaluated within the framework of the overall plan.
Evaluating the effects of previously installed Best Management Practices (BMPs) on the stream channel in the uplands is essential for identifying further opportunities for integrated resource management.
Little Senachwine Creek, spanning 8.5 miles, features 5 to 6 segments that are potential candidates for restoration projects The uppermost segment is approximately 1 mile long, where tree root exposures suggest ongoing erosion Various restoration practices could be implemented, including the construction of riffle and pool structures to enhance grade control, improve water oxygenation, and provide aesthetic and habitat benefits while dissipating energy These multi-objective structures can be integrated with bioengineering techniques or reinforced with "hard" structures like stone toe protection.
The downstream channel segment is divided into two smaller sections, which could potentially be combined for further feasibility study assessments, spanning approximately one mile This area contains two mass wasting sites that require significant effort, financial resources, and cooperation from landowners for restoration In the lower third of the stream, the last segment features one mass wasting site, while three others are located upstream in the second-to-last segment, totaling four sites within the lowest two miles of the creek These channel segments would greatly benefit from bioengineering techniques, stone toe protection, and the implementation of riffle pool structures.
Deer Creek, measuring approximately 4.5 miles in length, has been assessed and identified to have three specific reaches facing channel stability issues and poor habitat conditions The longest of these problem areas is located in the middle section of the creek, followed by another reach at the upper end, and a shorter segment situated about a quarter mile upstream from its confluence with Little Senachwine Creek Restoration practices recommended for these reaches are consistent with typical methods used for stream rehabilitation Notably, there are no reported mass wasting sites along this channel.
Hallock Creek is about 6 miles long Preliminary field data from Hallock Creek indicated
Three areas of concern have been identified along Hallock Creek, particularly where a pipeline is exposed in the lower channel segment, characterized by a steeper gradient compared to the middle section It is crucial to exercise significant caution regarding this exposed pipeline, as it may be inactive due to a lack of recent activity.
For many years, pipelines have been "doped and wrapped" for protection, yet they remain exposed If the pipeline is active, common solutions to address public safety and pollution concerns include relocating the line or applying armoring techniques It's essential to contact the pipeline company to ensure these issues are properly managed Additionally, forest management is a significant factor in the mid and upper sections of Hallock Creek, alongside potential restoration practices applicable to other stream segments.
The southwestern region of the Senachwine Creek watershed presents significant opportunities for woodland management, particularly in forested ravines, interfluves, slopes, terraces, and riparian areas It is highly recommended to eliminate invasive plant species and consider the removal of certain understory biomass and less desirable short-story trees as part of timber stand improvement practices Enhancing the connectivity and structure of fragmented vegetated areas, especially in riparian zones, will greatly benefit water quality and provide vital habitat for various floral and faunal species, including birds.
Many forests are confined to ravines due to the steepness of the slopes, which makes them unsuitable for agriculture or residential use However, these steep slopes provide less value for wildlife compared to gentler slopes Therefore, it is essential to explore opportunities for restoring more forested areas in low-sloping uplands and floodplains.
In the watershed, several agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been established, primarily in areas outside the channels These include traditional water management and erosion control projects such as grassed waterways, terraces, ponds, and Water and Sediment Control Basins (WASCOBs), which are designed to enhance water quality and reduce soil erosion.
The Senachwine Creek watershed focuses on addressing non-point sources of sediment from agricultural lands through Best Management Practices (BMPs) While these agricultural BMPs primarily aim to enhance productivity, their impact on terrestrial and aquatic habitats, fluvial hydrology, and sediment delivery can be significant However, the effects of these practices in Illinois watersheds remain under-researched and warrant further investigation Beyond-channel projects may influence water and sediment loadings to the Senachwine Creek mainstem, potentially leading to both positive and negative outcomes post-construction For instance, sediment detention in upland areas without considering flow regime changes or channel slope adjustments could cause channel migration or incision, resulting in erosion and altered channel morphology Conversely, the coordinated application of beyond-channel and in-channel BMPs is expected to reduce peak discharge, enhance base flow, and create a more balanced sediment regime.
G Proposed Methods for Benefit Assessment
Deer Creek
Deer Creek, spanning approximately 4.5 miles, has been assessed and found to have three specific reaches with channel stability issues and poor habitat The longest problematic segment is located in the middle of the creek, followed by another at the upper end, and a shorter segment about a quarter mile upstream from the confluence with Little Senachwine Creek Restoration practices previously mentioned are applicable for addressing the challenges in these three areas Notably, there are no reported mass wasting sites along this channel.
Hallock Creek
Hallock Creek is about 6 miles long Preliminary field data from Hallock Creek indicated
Three areas of concern have been identified in Hallock Creek, particularly in the lower channel segment where the gradient is steeper An exposed pipeline in this region requires careful attention, as it may not be currently active It is crucial to monitor this pipeline to ensure safety and environmental protection.
For years, pipelines have been "doped and wrapped" for protection, even when exposed When a pipeline is active, common solutions to address public safety and pollution concerns include relocating the line or armoring it It is essential to contact the pipeline company to ensure these issues are properly managed Additionally, forest management plays a crucial role in the mid and upper sections of Hallock Creek, alongside various restoration practices applicable to other stream segments.
Forestland
The southwestern region of the Senachwine Creek watershed stands to gain significantly from effective woodland management, particularly in its forested ravines, which serve as vital habitats Key strategies include the elimination of invasive plant species and the removal of undesirable understory vegetation and short story trees to enhance timberstand quality Additionally, improving connectivity and structural integrity among fragmented vegetated areas, especially in riparian zones, will greatly benefit both water quality and the diverse flora and fauna, including bird populations, that rely on these ecosystems.
Most forests are found in ravines due to the steepness of surrounding slopes, which limits agricultural and residential development However, gentle slopes are more beneficial for wildlife compared to steep ones Therefore, it is essential to explore opportunities for restoring forested areas in low-sloping uplands and floodplains.
Agricultural Land
In the watershed, several agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been established, primarily in areas outside of the channels These practices include traditional water management and erosion control projects such as grassed waterways, terraces, ponds, and Water and Sediment Control Basins (WASCOBs), which have been effectively constructed to enhance land and water conservation.
The Senachwine Creek watershed faces challenges related to non-point source sedimentation from agricultural lands, necessitating the implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) that not only enhance productivity but also significantly impact terrestrial and aquatic habitats, fluvial hydrology, and sediment delivery Current research on these effects in Illinois is limited, highlighting the need for more comprehensive studies Beyond-channel projects can influence water and sediment loadings to the Senachwine Creek mainstem, potentially leading to both positive and negative outcomes For instance, sediment detention in upland areas, if not properly managed, may cause channel migration and incision, resulting in increased erosion and altered channel morphology Conversely, a well-coordinated approach that integrates beyond-channel and in-channel BMPs can lead to reduced peak discharge, improved base flow, and a more stable sediment regime.
G Proposed Methods for Benefit Assessment
Monitoring stream hydrological conditions is essential for assessing improvements in peak discharges and increased summer base flows, which can enhance habitat and support plant and animal communities By normalizing these discharges, we can significantly benefit local ecosystems Additionally, tracking sediment and nutrient data alongside rainfall patterns will provide insights into sediment delivery and transport changes within the watershed Ongoing monitoring of channel stability and habitat indices will further clarify the response of these conditions, provided that other influencing factors are isolated and controlled.
Potential project features will require resources from several federal, local, and state agencies
Effective ecosystem restoration in the Senachwine Creek watershed and the broader Illinois River Basin hinges on the integrated planning and management of resources Federal interest will be fully realized when project plans and resources align closely with local and state organizations This collaborative approach will enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of restoration efforts However, the challenge of integration requires cooperation from federal, state, and local agencies alike Key project features and necessary federal interests are summarized in Table ProjFeat.
The study highlights several strategies to enhance the ecological integrity of the Senachwine Creek watershed, aligning with the goals outlined in Alternative 6 of the Comprehensive Plan (USCE, 2007) Notably, the Comprehensive Plan's objectives are relevant to the restoration initiatives in the Senachwine Creek watershed, as detailed in Section V, E.
Effective resource management in a watershed involves a strategic combination of options within a Resource Management Plan Key practices include traditional erosion and sediment control BMPs as per NRCS standards, bioengineering techniques for streambank stabilization, and the use of structures like Newbury Weirs to manage channel incision Additionally, re-meandering channels and reconnecting streams to floodplains, along with wetland restoration, play crucial roles Incorporating contemporary conservation designs for urban and rural stormwater management further enhances these efforts Many of these strategies not only stabilize ecosystems but also improve habitats and restore natural flow regimes.
To enhance erosion and sediment control, it is essential to implement traditional practices alongside innovative channel restoration projects that aim to naturalize the fluvial environment and promote biological diversity Identified unstable channel segments on the mainstem require restoration, as shown in the recommended reaches map Various factors, including glacial history and land use changes, have contributed to the instability of these areas, necessitating a thorough examination of underlying causes before proceeding with stabilization efforts Initiating restoration projects that address active degradation and regulate water and sediment supply can significantly improve watershed habitats, increase the success of additional treatments, and potentially lower long-term maintenance costs.
The application of the Channel Evolution Model (CEM) indicates that most classified stream reaches are in post-Stage III, with a significant portion categorized as Stage V, reflecting a late-stage transitional stability condition This condition is characterized by channel bed aggradation, mild mass wasting, heavy bank accretion, anastomosing channel thalweg, and diverse bank forms According to the CEM, the physical habitat's stability should improve unless impacted by external disturbances However, the duration of these observed conditions remains unclear In West Tennessee, where the CEM was developed, system recovery took approximately 65 years While data collection in Illinois has been limited, ongoing efforts in this and other watersheds aim to address this data gap in the future.
Forest management techniques need to be specifically applied within wooded bluff areas and along riparian zones occurring in the watershed The Illinois River Valley Council of
Governments(IRVCG), as mentioned, encouraged the advancement of the Ravine Overlay District, and strongly supports its development This organization brings immediate buy-in and regional project support.
To effectively manage sediment sources and enhance habitats along Senachwine Creek and its tributaries, it is essential to implement in-stream and riparian naturalization techniques This includes bioengineering, establishing rock weirs, thinning wooded bluffs, and managing understory vegetation Additionally, a comprehensive approach should focus on controlling invasive species, protecting threatened and endangered species, and expanding various terrestrial habitats like forests, prairies, and savannahs Enhancing aquatic habitats for fish and macroinvertebrates is also crucial, necessitating a systematic program to address these interconnected ecological challenges.
Effective solutions to environmental challenges must be coordinated among local, state, and federal agencies with expertise in technical and funding aspects The Senachwine Creek watershed assessment, modeled after the USACE Comprehensive Plan's Special Area Management Plans (SAMPs), was adapted to address scaling issues between the Illinois River Basin and its subwatersheds This comprehensive review of aquatic and terrestrial resources aims to identify key areas for SAMPs or Resource Management Plans where significant planning and restoration efforts are needed By adopting a watershed-scale approach, this effort prioritizes environmental sensitivity over traditional project-by-project methods, which can result in cumulative resource loss The SAMP framework allows for the analysis of potential impacts, helping to pinpoint critical restoration areas and the least damaging locations for new projects Ultimately, the goal is to balance the protection of terrestrial and aquatic resources with sustainable economic development, necessitating collaboration among various agencies.
Potential partners include the USDA-NRCS (CREP, Environmental Quality Incentives
The article discusses various conservation programs and partnerships aimed at environmental preservation, including the EQIP, CRP, and CPP, alongside support from the USDA Farm Service Administration, local Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs), and the Illinois Department of Agriculture's Streambank Stabilization Program Additionally, it highlights the involvement of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) through initiatives like the State portion of CREP, Acres for Wildlife, and the Forestry Incentives Program, as well as contributions from the USEPA and IEPA under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, among other collaborators and funding sources.
Restoration efforts in the Senachwine Creek watershed face challenges due to limited public control over the area, making private landowner participation essential for successful ecosystem restoration To enhance these efforts, we advocate for the continuation of existing "sign-up" programs while also suggesting additional incentives to encourage private landowners to engage in the construction of targeted restoration projects identified in this assessment report.
This report highlights the need for continued restoration efforts in the watershed, despite previous implementation of best management practices (BMPs) It outlines current and historical watershed conditions and recommends targeted restoration techniques aimed at specific areas to mitigate water and sediment discharge variability Key strategies include expanding and managing riparian zones, enhancing upland and floodplain wetlands, improving woodland structure, stabilizing erosion-prone sites, and applying traditional upland conservation methods Recommended channel and streambank treatments involve bioengineered erosion control and naturalized constructions like riffles and pools Emphasizing restoration in targeted areas, alongside engaging local landowners and enhancing their incentives, will foster ecological diversity and maximize restoration efforts.
The U.S Environmental Protection Agency's 1999 publication, "Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Wadeable Streams and Rivers," authored by Barbour, Gerritsen, Snyder, and Stribling, provides essential methodologies for assessing aquatic ecosystems This second edition focuses on the evaluation of periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish populations, offering standardized protocols to enhance the effectiveness of environmental monitoring in freshwater habitats.
In 1993, Bhowmik et al conducted a comprehensive study on sediment inputs for Peoria Lake, published in the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources Report No IENR/RE-WR-93/01 This research, part of the Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 514, focuses on source monitoring and evaluation, providing valuable insights into the sediment dynamics affecting the lake's ecosystem in Champaign, Illinois.
Biological Stream Categorization Work Group, 1993 “Biological Stream Categorization (BSC): Biological Assessment of Illinois Stream Quality through 1993” Edited by W.A Bertrand, R.
L Hite, and D M Day with the Biological Stream Categorization Work Group (W Ettinger,
W Matsunaga, S Kohler, J Mick, and R Schanzle.) Printed by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 41 pp.
Changnon, S.A., J.R Angel, K.E Kunkel, and C.M.B Lehmann, 2004, Climate Atlas of Illinois:
Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois 309 pp.
Demissie, M., R Xia, L Keefer, and N Bhowmik 2004 The Sediment Budget of the Illinois River Illinois State Water Contract Report 2004-13 December 2004 51 pages.
FEDERAL INTEREST
Potential project features will require resources from several federal, local, and state agencies
Integrated planning and management of resources are crucial for significant ecosystem restoration in the Senachwine Creek watershed and the Illinois River Basin Meaningful federal interest will be realized when project plans and resources align seamlessly with local and state organizations This collaborative approach will enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of ecosystem restoration efforts The challenge of integration involves both federal agencies and local and state organizations Potential project features and necessary federal interests are summarized in Table ProjFeat.
The study highlights multiple strategies to enhance the ecological integrity of the Senachwine Creek watershed, aligning with several objectives outlined in Alternative 6 of the Comprehensive Plan (USCE, 2007) Notably, certain goals from the Comprehensive Plan are relevant to the restoration initiatives in the Senachwine Creek watershed, as detailed in Section V, E.
To achieve watershed management goals, it is essential to integrate various resource management strategies into a comprehensive Resource Management Plan Key options include traditional erosion and sediment control Best Management Practices (BMPs) from NRCS standards, bioengineering techniques combined with structures like Lunker and stone toe protection for streambank stabilization, and the use of riffle/pool structures to combat channel incision Additionally, strategies such as channel re-meandering, reconnecting streams to their floodplains, and wetland restoration can enhance ecological health Furthermore, adopting contemporary conservation designs for urban and rural stormwater management can yield multiple benefits, including improved habitat and restored flow regimes.
To enhance erosion and sediment control, it is essential to implement traditional practices alongside innovative channel restoration projects that aim to naturalize the fluvial environment and promote biological diversity Identified unstable channel segments on the mainstem, as shown in Fig Recommended_reaches125k, require careful restoration consideration Given the various factors contributing to instability, such as glacial history and land use changes, a thorough examination of these causes is recommended before proceeding with specific stabilization projects Initiating restoration efforts focused on stabilizing active degradation points and regulating water and sediment supply could significantly improve watershed habitats, increase the success of additional treatments, and potentially lower long-term maintenance costs.
The application of the Channel Evolution Model (CEM) indicates that most stream reaches assessed are in a post-Stage III condition, with a significant number classified as Stage V This suggests that the watershed's general stability is in a late-stage transitional phase, characterized by channel bed aggradation, mild mass wasting, heavy bank accretion, anastomosing channel thalweg, and diverse bank forms According to the CEM, the physical habitat's stability should improve unless impacted by external factors like channel disturbances or modifications However, the duration of these observed conditions remains uncertain In west Tennessee, where the CEM was developed, system recovery took approximately 65 years Meanwhile, data collection in Illinois has been insufficient to establish similar process-response rates, but ongoing research in this and other watersheds is expected to bridge this knowledge gap in the future.
Forest management techniques need to be specifically applied within wooded bluff areas and along riparian zones occurring in the watershed The Illinois River Valley Council of
Governments(IRVCG), as mentioned, encouraged the advancement of the Ravine Overlay District, and strongly supports its development This organization brings immediate buy-in and regional project support.
To effectively manage sediment sources in the Senachwine Creek watershed, particularly from streambeds and riparian areas, it is essential to implement in-stream and riparian naturalization techniques These methods include bioengineering, establishing rock weirs, thinning wooded bluffs, and managing understory vegetation Additionally, addressing invasive species, safeguarding Threatened and Endangered species, and enhancing diverse terrestrial habitats—such as forests, prairies, and savannahs—are crucial A systematic and comprehensive approach is necessary to protect and improve aquatic habitats for fish and macroinvertebrates, ensuring long-term ecological health in the region.
To effectively address environmental issues within the Senachwine Creek watershed, collaboration among local, state, and federal agencies is essential for both technical and funding support The watershed assessment, modeled after the USACE Comprehensive Plan's Special Area Management Plans (SAMPs), was tailored to bridge the gap between the broader Illinois River Basin and the subwatershed level This comprehensive review of aquatic and terrestrial resources aims to identify key areas for developing SAMPs or Resource Management Plans, particularly where significant planning and restoration efforts are needed By adopting a watershed-scale approach, this initiative seeks to minimize the cumulative loss of resources often seen in traditional project-by-project methods, allowing for the identification of priority areas for preservation and critical restoration sites Ultimately, the goal is to balance the protection of terrestrial and aquatic resources with sustainable economic development, necessitating the involvement of various agencies at multiple levels.
Potential partners include the USDA-NRCS (CREP, Environmental Quality Incentives
The USDA Farm Service Administration collaborates with various partners, including local Soil and Water Conservation Districts (SWCDs), the Illinois Department of Agriculture's Streambank Stabilization Program, and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) to implement programs like EQIP, CRP, and CPP Additionally, support from the USEPA and IEPA, particularly under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, enhances these conservation efforts, ensuring a comprehensive approach to environmental stewardship and funding opportunities.
Restoration efforts in the Senachwine Creek watershed face challenges due to limited public control over the area, making private landowner involvement essential for successful ecosystem restoration To enhance participation, we suggest maintaining existing "sign-up" programs while also offering additional incentives to encourage private landowners to engage in the construction of the proposed restoration projects identified in this assessment report.
This report highlights the need for further restoration efforts in the watershed, despite previous implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) It details both historical and current watershed conditions, recommending targeted restoration techniques to enhance specific locations Key strategies include stabilizing mass wasting sites, expanding riparian zones, restoring upland and floodplain wetlands, and improving woodland structure and understory management, particularly in bluff areas Additionally, various channel and streambank treatments, such as bioengineered erosion control and naturalized riffle and pool construction, are proposed A renewed emphasis on restoring identified target areas, alongside support for local landowners and increased incentives, will promote sustainable ecological diversity and maximize restoration efforts.
The U.S Environmental Protection Agency's 1999 publication, "Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Wadeable Streams and Rivers," authored by Barbour et al., provides essential methodologies for assessing the ecological health of aquatic ecosystems This second edition focuses on key biological indicators such as periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish, offering standardized protocols to enhance the effectiveness of environmental monitoring The guidelines aim to facilitate the evaluation of water quality and support conservation efforts in freshwater habitats.
Bhowmik et al (1993) conducted a comprehensive evaluation of sediment inputs into Peoria Lake, as detailed in their report for the Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources This study, documented in Report No IENR/RE-WR-93/01 and Contract Report 514 by the Illinois State Water Survey, focuses on source monitoring to assess the impact of sedimentation on the lake's ecosystem.
Biological Stream Categorization Work Group, 1993 “Biological Stream Categorization (BSC): Biological Assessment of Illinois Stream Quality through 1993” Edited by W.A Bertrand, R.
L Hite, and D M Day with the Biological Stream Categorization Work Group (W Ettinger,
W Matsunaga, S Kohler, J Mick, and R Schanzle.) Printed by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency 41 pp.
Changnon, S.A., J.R Angel, K.E Kunkel, and C.M.B Lehmann, 2004, Climate Atlas of Illinois:
Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois 309 pp.
Demissie, M., R Xia, L Keefer, and N Bhowmik 2004 The Sediment Budget of the Illinois River Illinois State Water Contract Report 2004-13 December 2004 51 pages.
Easterling and Karl (2001) discuss the potential impacts of climate variability and change on the Midwestern United States in their contribution to the National Assessment Synthesis Team's report on climate change effects This chapter highlights significant consequences for the region, emphasizing the need for understanding these changes to inform policy and adaptation strategies The findings underscore the importance of addressing climate-related challenges to ensure the resilience of Midwestern communities and ecosystems.
Evans, R.E and D.H Schnepper 1977 Sources of Suspended Sediment: Spoon River, Illinois.
Proceedings of the North-Central Section of the Geological Society of America, Peoria,
Federal Interagency Working Group 1998 “Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices.” October 1998.
In 2002, Greer, Szafoni, and Sulaway published a detailed map illustrating the land cover of Illinois during the early 1800s This valuable resource, available through the Illinois Natural History Survey in Champaign, provides insights into the historical landscape of the region For access to the map and further information, visit the online resource at http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/cwe/maps/glo.html.
Grissinger, E.H., Bowie, A.J., and Murphey, J.B (1991) examined the issues of bank instability and sediment yield in Goodwin Creek Their findings were presented at the Fifth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, highlighting the critical relationship between sediment dynamics and bank erosion The study, detailed in the conference proceedings, spans pages 5-51 to 5-60, providing valuable insights for understanding sedimentation processes and their implications for water data management.
Hansel, A.K., and W.H Johnson 1996 Wedron and Mason Groups: Lithostratigraphic reclassification of deposits of the Wisconsin Episode, Lake Michigan Lobe area: Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin 104, 116 p.
Herzog, B.L., B.J Stiff, C.A Chenoweth et al 1994 Buried Bedrock Surface of Illinois [Map]: Illinois Map 5, Illinois State Geological Survey and U.S Geological Survey.
Hilsenhoff , W L 1982 Using a Biotic Index to Evaluate Water Quality in Streams Technical Bulletin 132: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Madison, Wisconsin
Hite, R L., and Bertrand, William, A, 1989 Biological Stream Characterization (BSC): A
Biological Assessment of Illinois Stream Quality Special Report No 13 of the State Water Plan Task Force IEPA/AC/89-275 41 p.
Holtrop, A.M and Pegg, M., eds 2004 Illinois River Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring and Watershed Assessment Framework Final report, United States Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island District, 339 p.
Hupp, C.R., 1987, Determination of Bank Widening and Accretion Rates and Vegetation
Recovery along Modified West Tennessee Streams: In International Symposium on
Ecological Aspects of Tree-Ring Analysis, Tarrytown, NY, August 21-26, 1986, pp 224-233
Hupp, C.R., 1992, Riparian Vegetation Recovery Patterns Following Stream Channelization: A Geomorphic Perspective: Ecology v 73, no 4, pp 1209-1226.