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The School of the Future: The Social Construction of Environmental Hazard in the Post-industrial Fringe A Senior Thesis by Bridget Corbett Hanna Bard College, Annandaleon Hudson, NY December 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS PROLOGUE INTRODUCTION .8 Historical Commission Lore .8 THE BEST DOCUMENTED TOWN 15 The Great Swamp 15 Digging Holes 19 Transformations .22 Mapping the Neighborhood .27 THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT .30 Muskrat Pond 30 “A Midway Philosophy” 35 The School of the Future 39 Managing the Facilities 42 Testing the Air 49 Intuiting Danger 53 The National Weather Service 60 Russian Roulette 66 Hot Spots 74 CHANGING PLACES 76 Play Grounds 76 Open Spaces 79 Safety Zones 81 Waste Lands 84 Exporting Toxins .87 THE RIGHT TO KNOW 91 “Bhopal’s Babies” 91 An “Event” Occurs 96 Remember Bhopal 99 It Was Not Possible .102 We All Live in Bhopal 103 Safety in Knowledge .105 CONCLUSION .108 Relevant Differences .108 BIBLIOGRAPHY 110 APPENDIX 114 PROLOGUE I was ten years old when I realized that my mother couldn’t protect me from everything. But because I’ve never been a parent, I hadn’t understood until now, nearly thirteen years later, how much more traumatizing that knowledge must have been to her than it was to me. “Don’t you understand?” she asked me intently last week: “don’t you understand that a mothers’ only job is keeping her child safe?” She paused. “And I” she continued, “…I have failed at this job.” Of course she wasn’t talking about me. She was talking about my younger sister Molly. Molly died of a extremely rare pediatric cancer called neuroblastoma at the age of eighteen, after fighting – with all the explosive energy and exceptional dignity of youth that approaches death – for four years against the disease. Although my mother told me that her one consolation, when Molly died, was the knowledge that “I had tried everything, and done absolutely everything that I could to save her,” she ultimately perceives Molly’s death as her own unredeemable personal failure. I think that most mothers would agree with her; that the failure to save their child is unbearable. I will speculate further that it is perhaps those deaths that are most arbitrary that are the most difficult, when disease or accident arrives suddenly and invisibly. Though the poor must tolerate arbitrariness on a daily basis, cancers are among the ills that visit arbitrariness upon all classes. Not in equal measure; but equally suddenly, equally invisibly and violently. Everyone who has had a sudden calamity befall them has asked the question, Why? They have asked, How? With cancer, frustratingly, the answers are both everywhere and nowhere. The world is increasingly suffused with carcinogenic compounds and untested substances, and yet the science does not exist that can prove, beyond statistical speculation, the exact cause of any given case. And that is not enough. I would like to point a finger. I would like to say there However, particularly within clusters of disease, there are often very strong correlations. In 1990 a book was published called The Truth About Where You Live. Using new computer technology to interpret statistics from the Census Bureau of the United States, Benjamin Goldman created over 100 maps that ranked all of the counties in the US on the basis of mortality rates, toxin emissions and concentrations, and demographics. The vivid colors illustrating the distribution of illness make explicit the relationship between pollution and disease, and the tremendous geographic disparities in mortality rates. Generally the maps show a strong correlation between disease and industry. There is also a very strong correlation between those sites and demographics that are urban and/or poor and/or minority. The distribution of arbitrariness, again, is not completely arbitrary. And in some of the worst areas, there are so many industries and so many hazards, they are so suffused with poisons, that to point a finger at one, and say, you, becomes similarly impossible. The neighborhood that I grew up in, North Cambridge, MA, is by no means poor. Statistically, for diseases like cancer, it is not the worst place in the country to be living; but then, it is by no means the best either. It is a gentrifying neighborhood in a university town, slowly recovering from its tenure as the semiindustrial fringe of the growing city, and it has had some growing pains. One of these growing pains was the John M. Tobin school, where my sister spent three years, and I spent less than one; the fifth grade, in 19901991. My mother had transferred us to escape bad teachers at another school. I immediately got sick: I developed allergies to our pets, began to get repeated pneumonias, respiratory and sinus infections and colds and was diagnosed with asthma. An article from the The Boston Globe (Landon, 1991) writes that I had “an immunesuppressed condition.” I just know that my health has never been the same: and for the first time, I realized that my mother couldn’t protect me from everything. As she would later do for my sister, she did everything absolutely everything she could. She took me to every kind of doctor, she pulled me out of school early in the year and she became involved in a parents group that was convinced that the Tobin school was suffering from “sick building syndrome.” The story I remember as a ten year old about what was going on at that time went something like this: I am sick because the Tobin school is sick. It was built on top of a hazardous dump, and toxic gas seeps up into the classrooms, where the windows don’t open. Almost everyone in my class has an inhaler. My sister didn’t get sick then, and because the school was supposedly safe after a series of renovations, she remained there for several years with a teacher that she liked. When she died, I couldn’t get the Tobin School out of my head, where it embodied, for me, the environmental “problem.” I wanted to point. I wanted to say, there. I went to the Cambridge Historical Commission and asked to see their file on the Tobin. When I got there, the woman who helped me said “I remember when your mother came in and looked at these same files ten years ago.” There were pictures of the “dump” from 1933, trash and old cars strewn across the landscape ; gritty, ambiguous and suggestive. But suggestive of what? I took a photocopy home, and I kept looking at the smoking pit, staring in, trying to push through into the photograph where I could stand up, sniff the air, walk around and touch the ground; pin down the rumors, thick as thieves, that were blowing round and round. I was not naïve enough, even then, to presume that I would find some kind of irrefutable truth in all this searching. In fact, I wasn’t even sure what the question was. I just desperately wanted to look. I wanted to pinpoint the “environmental” problem. I wanted to know where this story I knew so well had come from and whether it was true. This was where I knew to begin. Because I was investigating one “environmental” problem, a professor suggested that I might be interested in a project on another “environmental” problem. It was a project for the 20th anniversary of the chemical disaster in Bhopal, India: and I said “the what in where?” Although Bhopal had caused changes in the way hazardous chemicals were viewed and treated in this country that had impacted my life and my ideas about environmentalism, I had never in fact heard of it. Having mentioned it to a lot of people since then, I know that I wasn’t alone Working on the Bhopal project (and eventually traveling there briefly) alongside my little investigation about the Tobin brought me daily to a frustrating state of cognitive dissonance. It did not make sense that these could be the same kind of issue. The more I looked at these two issues, the more they rubbed against each other in my mind, the more the idea of an environmental problem began to separate into layers: one that was about people using all of the resources available to them to fight for the health of themselves and their families, and another that was about the vastly different informational, economic and civic resources available to do that among different constituencies. While the stories that connect cause and effect are as ubiquitous as the air that we breathe, it turns out that the process that converts them into evidence and ultimately proof is terribly expensive and only available to a few. The issues at the Tobin are not, to this day, completely resolved. However, in essence it is a story of successful activism and wielding of narrative: that is, a problem was identified and represented and then money and cooperation were procured in order to stymie, if not recoup, its potential dangers. Bhopal on the other hand, catastrophic twenty years ago, is, even today, a gigantic open wound, perpetually unresolved and intensely without justice. The scale of the event is beyond my comprehension: it had taken only one death, only one loss, to profoundly traumatize and forever change my family and my community Yet mothers in Bhopal have come out of traditional homes to take on the Indian government, and an American Corporation and fight for the health and welfare of their families and neighborhoods. My mother, an artist, is returning to school at the age of fortyeight to pursue a career in “bioinformatics,” a field that she describes as “part medicine, part computer science, part biology and part chemistry.” All, in their own way, are continuing the fight to create safe spaces for the children they still have. And so although I am anchored in Cambridge, the undercurrent to this project has become the need to be able to face these two issues on the same page. This has become my way of trying to say, there. Not at cancer, or any place, or anyone; but at the specter of suffering and the logic of tragedy. To the ways that ideas about environment, safety and justice have to be able to negotiate with each other around the world, and what their implications are. It is the best I can do. INTRODUCTION Historical Commission Lore On October 12th 2001, an employee of the Cambridge Historical Commission (CHC) wrote a letter to two teachers at the Tobin School in Cambridge Massachusetts. The bulk of the letter was an apology, as follows Now, I must correct a major mistake of mine the fault, I think, of “Historical Commission lore.” In my talk [to your group at the Tobin School] I said that, when the Callanan playground and the playing field were built (both substantially completed by 1938), the trash in the dump had not been removed, but compacted then buried beneath layers of sand. Knowing how important it was to verify this, I looked again in the survey files for the Cofran Pit site and the school for supporting documentation I could not find any information on the treatment of the dump in the creation of the playground and playing field. I asked Charles Sullivan, the Commission’s Executive Director, if he knew of any additional information, which he did not. I am very sorry for making such an important misstatement.(K.R. 2001, emphasis in original) The teachers had brought the CHC in to speak about the history of the site of the Tobin School, one that has been the subject of much conjecture and much investigation. Still, it remains in 2001,at the writing of this letter, that in spite of themselves, no one alive knows, or is ever likely to know, what went into the onetime dump below the Tobin School, or who put it there, and when and where precisely. All that is possible is an understanding of the site as it is today, and the combined effects of the building and its history. Why then this obsession with the history of the site? Why this incessant retelling of a story that, as the letter above evidences, cannot even be proven by the historians, who yet, continue retell the story? Why, as importantly, am I compelled to re tell the story? There was a young woman who in my class at the Tobin in 199091 began working at a house wares store near my mother’s home in Cambridge a few years ago. When I walked by we would exchange a few words. She said she was trying to get to college. As the years past, we exchanged fewer words. Recently I walked by and went in to speak with her and the conversation went as follows: Bridget: Hey S. Can I ask you a question? S: (stacking glass mugs in a precarious pyramid) Yeah B: Were you ever sick with anything when you were at the Tobin? S: No B: D’you know anyone who was? S: No. What’re you trying to be the next Erin Brockovich or something? B: Um, no, not really… I’m writing a paper. (pause) S: I live right next to there and I never had any problem B: Where do you live? S: (pause) C St…(pause) Did you hear Ms. C _ just died? B: No. Who was she? S: Second grade teacher B: I heard Mrs. S _ died too. S: Yeah but that was a few years ago B: What’d Ms. C die of? S: Cancer. But so what. There’s a whole ton of people in Cambridge with cancer.(Hanna Conversation 2003) I hadn’t thought the question was that strange: I’d been sick. From my point of view the story made sense. But this conversation is a microcosm: it shows the narrative of neighborhood environmental activism in relief. The question as to whether there is illness is a flat no. The asking is, however, immediately identifiable: “What’re you trying to be, the next Erin Brockovich?” Meaning making is part of a narrative world that is precisely separate from the actual world. The story has already been told: any other protagonist is an imposter, an indulgent replica. The question is tantamount to “what’re you trying to be, the next Julia Roberts?” However illness is a baseline, used in circular logic to reify its own normalcy. The appropriate reaction becomes “so what” because the normal situation is that “there’s a whole ton of people in Cambridge with cancer.” She wasn’t the only to think so either. The first page in a binder full of notes from a teacher who had gotten sick while he taught at the Tobin begins with the header “Kids that, I know of, who died,” and 10 complex, but return to the preexisting conditions of inequality, that have been further compounded by state secrecy (not allowing the victims to partake in the subjective analysis of the data that does exist, and therefore forcing the production of “alternative data”), and Bhopal’s literal singularity. That is, the combination of factors that made Bhopal an “event” and helped to prevent “other Bhopals” only captured the attention of “particularist” rather than global politics. Yet internationally, Bhopal has remained singular and prelegal. It is therefore the difference in geography not the difference in stories that proves to be most crucial in any discussion of environmentalism, and that is why a universalized discourse is so dangerous. Every experience of an environment that is off balance is situated in and constituted by these “socioecological and politicaleconomic processes.” The question at hand then, being, does this universality function in aggregate to emphasize or deemphasize the distributive injustices of chemical and environmental hazards? It Was Not Possible Reference to Bhopal has become a way to comment on many things. (Fortun, 2001 139) Rajikumar Keswani predicted the Bhopal disaster. For two years before the tragic night of December 2, he wrote article after article in the local papers. He drafted proposals for regulation and sent them to the supreme court of India. He joined the workers union at Carbide and advocated for plant safety from within, and participating in worker protests about the plant conditions. Keswani was not an engineer: he was a journalist; a selfdescribed “layman.” He knew nothing about the composition of chemicals or their behavior. His conviction that 106 the Bhopal plant was headed for disaster grew out of two small pieces of information that he happened to read independently. One was in a Union Carbide report that mentioned in passing that several of the gasses that MIC broke down into, such as phosgene, were “heavier than air.” Reference to phosgene then caught his eye once again while reading an article on WWII; it had been one of the chemicals used in the German gas chambers. With these two incidental pieces of information, Keswani launched an investigation that convinced him that Bhopal was on the road to certain tragedy. He brought his hypothesis that the gas, if it leaked, would travel along the ground as a moving execution chamber, to a science professor at the local University, who told him that it wasn’t true. The professor maintained that the gas would “disperse.” Stubbornly, he remained convinced, but in spite of the shrillness of his warnings, no one paid him any mind. Even his friends thought he was crazy. Bhopal was not yet an “event” and thus could not yet catalyze change. After the disaster, Keswani became a celebrity. He was interviewed on radio and television shows, as he was the only journalist who knew anything about the plant. He was called a “Cassandra” and a “lone voice in the wilderness” (Lapierre and Moro, 2003) He became the youngest person ever to receive the prestigious Indian PTI Award for Excellence in Journalism. In his acceptance speech he noted that he might also be the first to receive the award for such a spectacular journalistic failure – had he succeed at his task no one would have ever taken note. Almost twenty years later he could comment “everyone – businesses, governments, lawyers, filmmakers, photographers, doctors, 107 hospitals, Union Carbide and journalists like myself – have benefited from the disaster. Everyone except the victims.” (Interview with Keswani, Bhopal 2003) Keswani’s became the story of the narrator who could have been a hero, but who no one would listen to. Not only had the disaster benefited those who could apply it to their own lives and dangers, it had benefited those whose business it was to share it internationally, in the media and elsewhere. We All Live in Bhopal The title of the 1984 article from the Fifth Estate (the article that was later reused for a 1990 Bhopal activist’s pamphlet) reads “We All Live In Bhopal.” The below message was heard clearly all across the USA A powerful image: industrial civilization as one vast, stinking extermination camp. We all live in Bhopal, some closer to the gas chambers and to the mass graves, but all of us close enough to be victims…". (Bradford 1985) But what exactly does this phrase mean? We don’t all live in Bhopal. It is meant to signify that we all potentially live in Bhopal, or that Bhopal is as far away as the factory down the road, or the air we breathe at night. But when does it suggest we live in Bhopal? Crucially, the phrase “We all live in Bhopal” seems to set us down in the city in that pause before the leak; we all live in Bhopal on December 2, 1984. Or perhaps even in 1981, before the factory began to be neglected; or perhaps even in 1975, in time to prevent it from having ever been built in our backyards to begin with. While the apparent universality of the “environmental” movement allows us to feel that we can identify with a Bhopali survivor, because We All Live In Bhopal, it is not the post apocalyptic Bhopal of today that we inhabit, and by claiming it we tragically 108 misunderstand this geography, wherein the power to use information proactively to write the dangers of our own lives has been purchased by the geography of difference. And so, too, we most certainly Do Not All Live In Bhopal. Take, for example, the fact that while thousands and thousands, many at some distance from the plant, died, not a single Union Carbide employee lost their life that night. One reason for that is because they knew that covering your mouth and nose with a wet piece of cloth, closing your eyes, and minimizing any movement that might force deep inhalation, the damage resulting from exposure to MIC can be effectively limited to tolerable levels.30 It was therefore the lack of warning, the lack of a basic concern or thought for the safety of people living in the plant’s vicinity, and the utter lack of information that made a terrible disaster into a horrifying mass disaster. UC’s representatives had told the citizens and the government of Bhopal that the plant was “as harmless as a chocolate factory.” Piled on top of the already extraordinary poverty of those hundreds of thousands who bore the brunt of the gas exposure was a poverty of information that cost them their lives. It is a timeworn fact that calamity strikes the poor more often and with greater violence than it does the rich. But calamity generates its own capital: a wealth of information, a cache of understanding of that which was previously unthinkable. As Keswani said, when asked why no one believed him before December 3, 1984, “they said it could not happen because it had never happened before.”(Interview with Rajkumar 30 This is why some of the very elderly, too frail to get up off their beds and run away, survived. This is why an ascetic, trained through meditation to breathe only once every three or four minutes, survived (Lapierre and Moro). And this is why Keswani, the only person outside of Carbide who understood the nature of the factory’s danger, wrapped scarves around his families mouths, put on goggles, and drove everyone to relative safety on the family’s two scooters 109 Keswani 2003) However, once Bhopal had happened, one could say that We All Live In Bhopal However, the chain of small, disastrous actions and accidents that caused the gas release in Bhopal would not have caused the same reaction in the plant in Institute because the safety systems in the two factories were designed differently.31 Whether this was a case of consciously valuing safety less in India than in the US is up for debate. However the fact that the plant was less safe is not. So again, We Do Not All Live In Bhopal. Because legislation in India has not changed; because lives that were valued at less before the opening of the plant than they would have been valued at in the USA, are still valued at less. Safety in Knowledge Neither the government hospitals nor the Trust hospital set up by Union Carbide with the funds the generated by liquidating their Indian site and their assets in India (and conveniently making themselves untouchable in that country) have put together any comprehensive research on the symptoms of the victims or the development of their 31 That they were different is agreed upon. The Bhopal plant did not have a constant builtin monitoring system for the MIC tank and the pipelines that led to it. More of the monitoring systems were manual, and the tank in Bhopal stored more of the highly reactive MIC than anywhere else in the world. This was partly because the Bhopal plant produced Sevin in batches, rather than continuously, and therefore needed to store MIC because it would not necessarily be used immediately. The Bhopal plant did not produce continuously because the market was in the process of being invented; it was built on a grand gamble that a huge market could be created in India for the pesticide Sevin, a market that never materialized 110 illnesses.32 What began as a poverty of power and information endures as a wretched scientific drought. Union Carbide’s factory in Bhopal was built next to what grew into the bustees, or shantytowns. The inhabitants of these slums were predominantly squatters. Very few of them possessed a deed to the square of land on which they had built their dwelling. Since the plots do not have legality, they cannot be mapped. And since many of the residents do not have the paper ephemera of legitimate citizenship – that is, documentation of birth, marriage, address etc., neither they nor their homes exist in the symbolic sphere of the map, or in the legal sphere at all. This is a form of nonexistence that is mostly destructive. In the occasional and recurrent efforts to ‘clean up’ the area, government officials will arrive with bulldozers, announcing that the land is going to be “cleaned up,” within an hour, to mimic the emptiness of the map.33 This disenfranchisement became particularly brutal and problematic in the aftermath of the Bhopal disaster, because a group that had been almost entirely undocumented, was suddenly, during the claims and 32 MIC is an extremely unstable gas, and very little is known about it, much less about its effects on people. When MIC is released slowly into the air it breaks down mainly into CO2 (according to Kamal Pareek). However, when it breaks down under pressure, as it did in the tank in Bhopal – reacting with water, and probably some metal filings – it becomes a powerful storm of extremely dangerous compounds. However, it is only Union Carbide that knows the exact or probable composition of that maelstrom. They have thus far chosen not to reveal it. It is possible, for example, that the clouds of gas that set and blew across Bhopal were composed of different things at different locations. It is likely that one of those components was hydrogen cyanide 33 In order to receive compensation under the 1987 settlement agreement with Union Carbide (paltry though it was), the claimants needed to be able to prove their address, their identity, their injuries (and that such had not been a preexisting condition) and the existence and demise of any relative that they had lost. Indeed, some entire families were wiped out that will never be counted because there was no one to remember and represent them. This disenfranchisement is different from but related to the current political situation in Guantanamo Bay, in which the United States Government is exploiting the fact that it has the nonlocation of its illegal naval base on the Island of Cuba, with which it does not even have diplomatic relations, as an excuse to hold prisoners of the “War on Terror” there without having to give them the benefits of any law in particular – US, international, or for that matter Cuban. (Judith Butler talk on Indefinite Detention, 2002) 111 settlement process, required to prove not only their handicaps, but their very existence, and, most problematically, the existence of those family members who died and were buried or cremated the night of the accident without having generated a death certificate.34 However, this is not to say that the Bhopal disaster has not produced documentation. Conversely, “Bhopal has become a city of paper. Faded, watermarked forms are tickets to any possibility of compensation. Gas victims carry these papers with them, laced together with string, clutched to their chest as they board crowded buses, moving between the Collectorate, the hospital, the claims courts, their homes. Traffic in hope”(Fortun, 2001 166). Documents are dutifully created, presented, procured and represented. But there is a caveat to all of this documentation; a divide that keeps the victims from entering into the discourse as an activist project of its own. In addition to the manifest culture of secrecy and legendary bureaucracy of the Indian government in this matter, most of the victims are illiterate. “’ Read this to me.’ Perhaps the most repeated phrase in Bhopal, a response to a rehabilitation scheme that has traded hard copy for cash compensation, banking on literacy as a scarce resource.” (Fortun, 2001 167) It is therefore not documents per say that constitute power, but the power to manipulate and challenge them, and being allowed to participate in official discourses. 34 Meanwhile, an article in the Times of India from 1994 (reported in Fortun 2001, 259) tells of “competitive bidding between two publicsector computer and electronic firms for a 40 million rupee (somewhat over $1 million) contract for a fingerprint technology system to be used in Bhopal to minimize the chances of impersonation by fake claimants.” 112 CONCLUSION Relevant Differences This is a story about transformation and about circulation. I began with a story, and with a suspicion. I guess that is what most investigations begin with. It can be dressed up: a handsome hypothesis. Or it can be a naked idea searching for a context. It gives us a pattern for the interpretation of what we find. Except that facts and stories are so interdependent. You begin with suspicion and you are supposed to end with certainty. Only sometimes you end only with suspicion, and what you’ve seen along the way The story of the Tobin draws on many sources: Tobin itself has had many resources to draw on. Today the Tobin school continues to wrestle with itself, and teachers continue to fight with the union for resolution of continuing health claims. It was possible to “think” the “School of the Future” because Cambridge perceived of itself as a space capable of transforming the way that learning was structured. So its failures must now help us to structure the ways that transformation is learned and allowed, and to ask how it can be enacted without conceding to politics that treat geographic and economic differences like Krim’s physical landscape, that is, as though they are inherent. That does not forget that the fringe does not disappear, it only moves Mappings of spaces are powerful, and as such they must be made and remade in both official and unofficial ways. What, for me, shines most powerfully from these documents is the individual’s will to rethink static and authoritative discourses about space. Though all things are not equal, it remains that the most powerful tools we can share are interpretive ones, and the alternative spaces within which they can be spoken. And that we must share them. 113 I still want an answer. I still want to point and say, there, and I know that I’m not alone. So I will keep looking, and trying to support those others who are looking too, fighting for safe spaces for their children, and the children that I might one day have. Only not forgetting, having said there, but to ask immediately, again, but where? 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY Cambridge Zoning Guide, City of Cambridge. 2003 EPA page on CERCLA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003 EPCRA Project, West Virginia University. 2003 EPCRA Summary by EPA Region 8 Website, EPA Region 8. 2003 (1893). Cambridge Industries: Their Rise and Progress. The Cambridge Chronicle. Cambridge., CHC Archive (1896). Cambridge Engineer's Annual Report. Cambridge, City of Cambridge., CHC Archive (1991). An Assessment of Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation at the Tobin Elementary School Cambridge, Massachusetts. Newton, Environmental Health & Engineering, Inc.: 36 (2003). Interview with Rajkumar Keswani. Bhopal (1893). Brickmaking. The Cambridge Chronicle. Cambridge: CHC Archive Bradford, G. (1985). 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Detailed Letter on Tobin Environmental issues. Archive, Cambridge 118 APPENDIX ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & AirConditioning Engineers AUL Activity and Use Limitation BGS Below Ground Surface CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Reauthorization Act CFM Cubic Feet per Minute CHC Cambridge Historical Commission CHEJ Center for Health, Environment and Justice CO2 Carbon Dioxide CTA Cambridge Teachers Association DEP Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection DEQE Department of Environmental Quality Engineers (DEP) DPW Department of Public Works EHE Environmental Health and Engineering Company EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act GIS Geographical Information Systems HVAC Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee MBTA Metropolitan Boston Transit Authority MC Mid Cambridge MCS Multiple Chemical Sensitivity MIC Methyl Isocynate MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NEBCo New England Brick Company NIMBY Not In My BackYard NWC Northwest Cambridge OC Old Cambridge OSD Open Space District 119 PTO Parent Teacher Organization SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act SERC State Emergency Response Commission TRI Total Release Index UC Union Carbide Corporation UCIL Union Carbide India Limited UV Unit Ventilator VOC Volatile Organic Compound WHO World Health Organization 120 ... The? ?teachers had brought? ?the? ?CHC? ?in? ?to speak about? ?the? ?history? ?of? ?the? ?site? ?of? ?the? ? Tobin? ?School, one that has been? ?the? ?subject? ?of? ?much conjecture and much investigation. Still, it remains? ?in? ?2001,at? ?the? ?writing? ?of? ?this letter, that? ?in? ?spite? ?of? ?themselves, no one ... plans? ?of? ?the? ?city were rewriting? ?the? ?surface? ?of? ?the? ?neighborhood, both? ?the? ?neighbors and the? ?land remembered? ?the? ?dump that had been there. Engineering considerations ? ?Of? ?living behind? ?the? ?dump, one resident spoke "of? ?the? ?fires that burned? ?in? ?the? ?dump. ‘Sometimes,’ she ... blocks – as an element linking? ?the? ?community view with? ?the? ?student view. Though to? ?the visitor this seems a somewhat abstract conceit,? ?the? ?inside? ?of? ?the? ?building is appealing? ?in? ?is color, carpet, and finishings.” (Kay 1972) As noted? ?in? ?the? ?article,? ?the? ?experience? ?of? ?the? ?interior is not very different from? ?the? ?