THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMIC ANALYSIS Edited by ALICE M W HUNT OXFORD UNIVERSITY l?RBSS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6Dl, United Kingdom Oxford Univers.
THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL CERAMIC ANALYSIS Edited by ALICE M W HUNT OXFORD UNIVERSITY l?RBSS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6Dl', United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University's objective of exceUence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford Universiry Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2017 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number; 2016944779 ISBN 978-0-19-968153-2 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY Links to third parry websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work AcKNOWLEDGMENTS 'CJ "" 0:) ~ ~ -,_ { THIS Handbook would not have been possible without the hard work and expertise of its contributors I also owe a debt of gratitude to Hilary O'Shea, Charlotte Loveridge, Annie Rose, Michael De Ia Cruz, and the rest of the OUP team for helping to bring this volume to fruition with minimum stress and maximum enjoyment Special thanks to Jeff Speakman and the Center for Applied Isotope Studies, University of Georgia, for a publication subven· tion that allowed us to include the colored plates Many of the individual contributors wish to thank various colleagues and asso·dates for reading and commenting upon their contributions, and sharing unpublished materials; space limitations preclude acknowledging each individual by name, and so consider this a heartfelt, if general, round of thanks and appreciation to all involved behind the scenes CONTENTS List ofFigures List of Tables List ofPlates List ofAbbreviations List of Contributors xi xix xxi xxiii XXV PART I INTRODUCTION Introduction to the Oxford Handbook of Archaeological Ceramic Analysis ALICE M W HUNT History of Scientific Research MICHAELS TITE PART II RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS 3· Designing Rigorous Research: Integrating Science and Archaeology 19 ]AUME BUXEDA I GARRIGOS AND MARISOL MADRID I FERNANDEZ 4· Evaluating Data: Uncertainty in Ceramic Analysis RoBERTo I-IAZENFRATZ- MARKS s Statistical Modeling for Ceramic Analysis ss GULSEBNEM BISHOP Recycling Data: Working with Published and Unpublished Ceramic Compositional Data MATTHEW T BoULANGER PART III FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS 7· Ceramic Raw Materials GIUSEPPE MoNTANA 73 viti CO:S:TENTS Ceramic Manufacture: The chaine operatoire Approach 101 VALENTINEROUX The Organization of Pottery Production: Toward a Relational Approach 114 KIM Du!STERMAAT 10 Provenance Studies: Productions and Compositional Groups 148 YONA WAKSMAN 11 Mineralogical and Chemical Alteration 162 GERWULF SCHNEIDER 12 Formal Analysis and Typological Classification in the Study of Ancient Pottery DANIEL ALBERO SANTACREU, MANUEL CALVO TRIAS, AND JAIME GARciA ROSSELLO 13 Fabric Description of Archaeological Ceramics IAN K WHITBREAD 14 Analytical Drawing 200 217 PRABODH SH!RVALKAR PART IV EVALUATING CERAMIC PROVENANCE 15 Petrography: Optical Microscopy 233 DENNIS BRAEKMANS AND PATRICK DEGRYSE 16 Ceramic Micropalaeontology IAN 266 P WILKINSON, PATRICK S QUINN, MARK WILLIAMS, }EREMY TAYLOR, AND IA:-1 K WHITBREAD q Electron Microprobe Analysis (EMPA) 288 CORJNA lO:-iESCU A:-ID VOLKER HOECK 18 Isotope Analysis BETTINA A WIEGAND 19 X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD) ROBERT B HEIMANN 305 CONTENTS 20 X-Ray Fluorescence-Energy Dispersive (ED-XRF) and Wavelength Dispersive (WD-XRF) Spectrometry MARK 21 iX 342 E HALL Handheld Portable Energy-Dispersive X- Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (pXRF) ELISABETH HOLMQVIST 22 Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Its Applications for Ceramic Analysis 382 MARCIA A RIZZUTTO AND MANFREDO H TABACNIKS 23 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) 399 MARK GOLITKO AND LAU!tE DUSSUBIEUX 24 Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) in the Study of Archaeological Ceramics 424 LEAH D MINC AND )OHANNES H STERBA 25 Synchrotron Radiation ALAN 447 F GREENE PART V INVESTIGATING CERAMIC MANUFACTURE 26 Ethnography KENT D FowLER 27 Experimental Firing and Re-firing MALGORZATA DASZKIEW!CZ AND LARA MARITAN 28 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) in Archaeological Ceramic Analysis 509 SHLOMO SHOVAL 29 Raman Spectroscopy and the Study of Ceramic Manufacture: Possibilities, Results, and Challenges 531 )OLIEN VAN PEVENAGE AND PETER VANDENABEELE 30 X-Radiography of Archaeological Ceramics INA BERG AND )ANET AMBERS 544 X CONTENTS 31 Organic Inclusions MARTA MARIOTTI LIPPI AND PASQUINO PALLECCHI PART VI ASSESSING VESSEL FUNCTION 32 Formal Typology oflberian Ceramic Vessels by Morphometric Analysis 585 ANA LUISA MARTINEZ-CARILLO AND ]VAN ANTONIO BARCELO 33· Mechanical and Thermal Properties NOEMI S MULLER 34· Assessing Vessel Function by Organic Residue Analysis HANS BARNARD AND ]ELMER W EERKENS PART VII DATING CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGES 35· Typology and Classification EuGENIO BoRTOLINI 36 Direct Dating Methods SOPHIE BLAIN AND CHRISTOPHER HALL Index 603 LIST OF FIGURES Diagram flow of the states of ceramics from manufacture to the archaeological record 20 Bar chart of Hispanic Terra Sigillata from Tritium Magallum recovered at Baetulo, Tarraco, and Ilerda, classified according the range of estimated equivalent firing temperatures 28 3-3 Bar chart of Hispanic Terra Sigi!latafrom (a) context LL85b context and (b) context TV83, and (c) a bivariate diagram of integrity (H,) vs fragmentation (FI) 37 3-4 Scatter plots of evenness for Hispanic Terra Sigillata from (a) context LL85b and (b) context TV83, and (c) evenness of the rarefaction experiment A bar chart of the richness after the rarefaction experiment is presented in (d) 40 3.5 Binomial probabilities for n = 15 and p = 0.1 41 5.1 Bar charts describing the (a) distribution and (b) relative frequency of vessel types in an assemblage 61 5.2 Pie charts describing the relative distribution of vessel types in funerary assemblages from Athens and Sparta 61 3.1 3.2 5·3 Histogram of amphora capacity measurements from a hypothetical shipwreck 63 5-4 Common shapes of data distribution 63 5·5 Bimodal distribution of mineral inclusions in a ceramic fabric 64 5.6 Stem-and-leaf plot (worked example) of vessel weights 65 5-7 Back-to-back stem-and-leaf plot comparing cooking pot volumes from two sites 65 6.1 Timeline of a selection of former and current nuclear archaeometry laboratories, and estimates of the total numbers of archaeological specimens analyzed Data compiled primarily from val 49(2) of Archaeometry 77 7.1 "Integrated approach'' for characterizing and sourcing ceramic raw materials 89 7.2 Examples of primary and secondary clays: (a) kaolinite deposits in the crater of Mount Gibele at the volcanic island of Pantelleria (Italy); (b) outcrop of Upper Miocene marine clays in southern Sicily 91 Brick and roof tile makers in western Sicily traditionally using NaCl as deflocculating agent 97 7·3 8.1 Classification chart of roughing out and preforming techniques 105 8.2 Diagnostic features taken into account for reconstructing an Early Bronze Age chaine operatoire from the site of Tell Arqa (Lebanon) 106 xii I, IST OF FIGURES Example of technostylistic trees obtained after dassifying ceramic assemblages according to the concept of chaine optratoire 108 9.1 Entanglements of the materials used to make a carinated bowL 127 9.2 Chaine operatoire for a Middle Assyrian carinated bowL 130 9.3 Entanglement of the life-history of carinated bowls, from production until deposit in the archaeological record 132 10.1 Local reference samples, late Byzantine workshops, 'Thessaloniki, Greece, 151 10.2 Beirut medieval wares: main compositional groups as determined by hierarchical clustering analysis, and corresponding wares 155 Beirut medieval wares: binaryplotiron-silicon (top) and histogram of Mahalanobis distances (bottom) 157 Correlation of barium and phosphorus in Roman and Germanic pottery from two sites in Germany 170 Leaching of calc.ium in two samples of calcareous pottery 173 Sunomary of the different le~els to approach pottery form and typological analyses discussed in the text 182 Isomorphic relation between the decorative motifs recorded on Late Iron Age pottery and bronze discs in Ma!lorca (Spain) 187 Format translation related to hybridization phenomena between Punic wheel-thrown vessels and hand-made indigenous pottery in the Late Iron Age in MaUorca (Spain) 194 14.1 Art-historical period pottery illustrations 218 14.2 Steps of traditional pottery illustration (partr) 220 14.3 Steps of traditional pottery illustration (part 2) 221 14.4 Various aspects of pottery illustration 222 8.3 10.3 11.1 n.2 12.1 12.2 12.3 14.5 Steps of new pottery illustration (part 1) 225 14.6 Steps of new pottery illustration (part 2) 226 14.7 Steps of new pottery illustration (part 3) 22.8 15.1 A standard polarizing light microscope with rotating sample stage The camera and imaging software are essential tools for data output 235 15-2 High relief and cleavage of a pyroxene mineraL 238 15.3 Photomicrograph of a Late Roman, quartz-tempered cooking vessel from Carthage (Tunisia) 258 16.1 The earliest known image of a microfossiL 267 16.2 Examples of the main microfossil groups that may be found in ceramics 268 16.3 Examples of microfossils in ceramic matrices that can be applied in provenance studies 273 16.4 Degradation of microfossils during firing 274 LIST OF FIGURES 17.1 xiii (a) Origin ofBSE, SE, and characteristic X-rays emitted by the interaction between the fOcused electron beam and sample (b) BSE image of a ceramic sample from Ibida (Roman- Byzantine period) (c) SE image of the same 290 17.2 BSE images of various compounds of a ceramic body 294 17-3 X-ray maps ofCucuteni ceramics (Copper Age) 295 86 18.1 Distribution of 87 Sr/ Sr ratios in ceramic samples from archaeological sites of different regions 315 18.2 Distribution of 87Sr/ 86 Sr and eNd values in ceramic samples from Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and China 316 18.3 Pb isotope data oflead-based glazes from New Mexico, USA, China, and various European locations 19.1 319 (a) Permitted electron transitions to generate X-rays of the K series (b) Interpretation ofX-ray diffraction as the result of simple reflection (c) Seemann- Bohlin focusing geometry for Debye-Scherrer and Straumanis methods (d) Bragg-Brentano focusing configuration for scintillation counter 19.2 19-3 (powder diffractometer) method 329 X-ray diffraction charts of an archaeological calcareous illitic clay from Otter bach, Palatinate, Germany 335 X~ray diffraction charts of archaeological ceramics buried under arid and humid conditions 337 X-ray diffraction chart (CuKa) of stoneware from Sawankhalok, Thailand (14th-15th centuries AD) 338 SEM- ESE micrographs of heterogeneous ceramic matrices showing sand~ temper 364 21.2 Correlation of pXRF net peak area values to quantitative NAA data 366 21.3 PCA biplots of the variance-covariance matrix of the pottery samples 19-4 21.1 measured by pXRF and INAA 370 PCA biplots with density ellipses for clusters indicated by low-dimensional pXRF data and high-dimensional ICP-OES and NAA datasets 371 22.1 Parameters and coordinates of the experimental PIXE geometry 384 22.2 Typical thin film yield curve of the Sao Paulo PIXEsystem with a Si(Li) X-ray detector and a 55 ~m thick beryllium X-ray filter 386 21.4 22.J General view of LAMPI with the ion sources on the right and the 5SDH accelerator tank in the center 22-4 22.5 387 The external beam setup at the LAMPI with the different detectors assembled The lower part of the figure shows in detail the assembly of the coupled detectors 388 Chimu ceramics at the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of the University of Siio Paulo (MAE- USP) collection 390 710 INDEX medieval 150, 152-3 brickmaking 680 ceramics 155,686 earthenware 336 lustreware 454 period 308, 504, 680 productions 158 wares 154, !57 Mediterranean 76, 93, 95, !56, !62, 193,209, 267, 273f, 310-11, 318-19, 453, 559, 654 Meirer, F 455 Mendeleiev, D !54 Menek~e