A study of metaphors used in “a christmas carol” by charles dickens

2019– 2021(2) MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH LANGUAGE M.A THESIS A STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN “A CHRISTMAS CAROL” BY CHARLES DICKENS (Nghiên cứu phép ẩn dụ sử dụng tác phẩm “Hồn ma đêm Giáng Sinh” Charles Dickens) VU PHUONG ANH VU PHUONG ANH Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 HANOI – 2021 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS A STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN “A CHRISTMAS CAROL” BY CHARLES DICKENS (Nghiên cứu phép ẩn dụ sử dụng tác phẩm “Hồn ma đêm Giáng Sinh” Charles Dickens) VU PHUONG ANH Field: English Language Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Dr NGUYEN THI VAN DONG HANOI – 2021 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “A STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN A CHRISTMAS CAROL BY CHARLES DICKENS” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2021 Vu Phuong Anh Approved by SUPERVISOR Date: …………………… i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It has been a long journey for me to finish my thesis There are also many people who walked along with me to support and motivate me during the time of doing the research First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Ms Nguyen Thi Van Dong, Ph D., my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher My thanks also go to all my lecturers at Hanoi Open University for their precious knowledge which lay the foundation for this study, my colleagues and many others whose support and encouragement help me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family and friends for their patience, endless love, and devotion Whatever choices I have made, they have always stood by me and believed in me I am immensely thankful for all the assistance they have given to me ii ABSTRACT This thesis, entitled “A study of metaphors used in “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens, discusses the issue of metaphor in linguistics Based on studies, metaphors make linguistics, literature more expressive and colorful The thesis analyzes written work focusing on metaphors that have been produced in the previous century, including both foreign and native research works on linguistics The purpose of this analysis is to gain an in-depth understanding of the role metaphor plays and what the metaphor could mean for linguistics Based on the framework of E Slave, R Galperin and Galdi, metaphor in this thesis will be analyzed by part of speech, novelty, structure and presence of departure and arrival terms Besides using qualitative and quantitative methods to provide accurate statistics and analytical methods to give the most overview of the metaphor There are many metaphors in poetry, verses and songs, but to have a novella with metaphors like "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens is undiscovered! Therefore, with the most general theories of metaphor (definition, classification, form) and novella (definition, classification, form), we have an objective view of the necessary information in this thesis In order to explore the figure of speech in the novella “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens The formative elements in the work will be analyzed, followed by: Characters and point of view The thesis will be processed following the checklist of linguistic devices Features of metaphor are concerned mostly in chapter and clarified in the usage within chapter Thus, the metaphor in "A Christmas Carol" serves as a foundation for analysis in literature in general and in short fiction in particular, as well as to clarify the nature of some preferable metaphors iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS F&B: Food & Beverage iv LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Metaphors of “A Christmas Carol” in terms of classification Table The frequency of metaphors in term of novella’s staves 41 42 Chart 3.1 According to part of speech Chart 3.2 According to novelty criterion 43 44 Chart 3.3 According to structure Chart 3.4 According to the presence of departure and arrival term 45 46 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Certification of originality Acknowledgement i ii Abstract List of abbreviation iii iv Lists of tables and figures Table of Contents v vi Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Methods of the study 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significant of the study 1.7 Structure of the study Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Review of previous studies 1.1 Review of previous studies in English 4 5 1.2 Review of previous studies in Vietnamese Theoretical background 2.1 Figure of speech 7 2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 An overview of classifications of figure of speech 2.1.2.1 Common figures of speech and their function 2.1.2.2 The major categories 2.2 Metaphor 2.2.1 Definition of metaphor 2.2.2 Structures of Metaphor 2.2.3 Types of Metaphor 7 10 10 14 16 2.2.3.1 E Slave’s Classification 2.2.3.2 R Glaperin’s Classification 2.2.3.3 Galdi’s Classification 16 17 17 vi 2.3 Functions and roles of Metaphor 2.4 Novella 2.4.1 Definition 18 19 19 2.4.2 The structure of novella 20 2.4.3 Genres of the novella 2.4.3.1 Mystery 21 21 2.4.3.2 Sci – Fi 22 2.4.3.3 Fantasy 22 2.4.3.4 Horror 2.4.3.5 Romance 22 22 2.4.3.6 History 23 2.5 Biography of Charles Dickens and his novella: A Christmas Carol 23 2.6 Summary Chapter 3: METAPHORS USED IN “A CHRISTMAS CAROL” 24 26 BY CHARLES DICKENS 3.1 A study of metaphors used in “A Christmas Carol” 3.1.1 Metaphors classified according to the part of speech 26 26 3.1.2 Metaphors classified according to novelty (I.Galperin) 3.1.3 Metaphors classified according to structure (I.Galperin) 3.1.4 Metaphors classified according to the presence of departure and arrival terms (E Slave) 3.2 Findings of Metaphors in “A Christmas Carol” 3.2.1 According to the part of speech 3.2.2 According to novelty criterion (I.Galperin) 3.2.3 According to structure (I.Galperin) 3.2.4 According to the presence of departure and arrival terms (E.Slave) 3.3 Summary Chapter 4: CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation 4.2 Concluding remarks 4.3 Limitation of the research 4.4 Recommendations and suggestion for further studies vii 31 35 39 40 43 43 44 45 46 48 48 48 50 51 REFERENCES APPENDIX 53 56 viii The presence of departure and arrival terms 50% 50% Explicit metaphor Implicit metaphor Chart 3.4 According to the presence of departure and arival term This chart presents the equal percentage of types from the presence of departure and arrival terms: Explicit and implicit metaphor To start the ball rolling, the frequency of both types is similar, showing the significant instances of giving the meaning These types are not focused like the mentioned above, due to the depiction and creation The explanation for these classification of metaphors helps us in defining the features of each type We can classify them into genres, known as: Part of speech, novelty criterion, structure and presence of departure and arrival term 3.3 Summary Through the content that has been studied, analyzed and given above, we can see, language is magical It is not only an approach through words and writing, but also contains profound lessons; profound meanings Adding to that, by using metaphor, the author seems to blow a new wind into his work, every little detail in the story, in order to show the true view as well as the change from a difficult person like the main character: Scrooge Obviously, we can also see, from the figures given, the nominal metaphor is used the most, followed by the sustained metaphor and the rest of the metaphors The percentage of each type will differ from each other, due to the classification group By analyzing and providing statistics about the metaphors used in the work of Charles Dickens, we somewhat better understand the metaphorical art that the author has 46 included If linguists have a metaphorical analysis of long novels and poetry, in "A Christmas Carol", we learn more about metaphors used in novella + With poetry, metaphor is mainly focused on the linguistic feature: Semantic and Syntactic + In articles, metaphors are raised by cognitive classification, and analysed with cultural view The example is: - A comparative of the metaphor used in the economic articles in Britain and Hong Kong (2010) by Mei Yung Vanliza Chow + In slogan, metaphors concern mainly about conceptual metaphor, with further analysing on target domain and source domain This leads to the understanding of the inferences of metaphorical expression For instance: A study on metaphors in English advertising slogans for food and beverage (2016) by Lưu Thị Phương Thảo + By analysing on songs, researcher can point out the set of basic metaphor: Natural, game, war, music, light, concrete thing, madness, abstract thing, heaven, journey, living creature, firre, magic, high in love songs based on Johnson and Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor: Ontological, structural and orientational metaphor The significant examples are: - A research on metaphor of love in English" by Đỗ Thanh Nhàn A cognitive study of expressions of metaphor of love in English versus Vietnamese (2018) by Hồ Trịnh Quỳnh Thư It can be seen that with genres such as songs, articles, slogans or poems, mainly focus on cognitive metaphor, this is obvious because as Fachun Zhang and Jianpeng Hu mentioned in A Study of Metaphor and its Application in Language Learning and Teaching (2009) that: “The first area of using or conceptual metaphor is obviously vocabulary learning in general Conceptual metaphors provide us with the possibility of seeing one thing in terms of another This feature enables us to link the senses of a lexical item in one domain to its related metaphorical senses in another domain, thus extending the senses of the same word forms.” 47 Chapter CONCLUSION This final chapter will present the analytical results as well as the findings of the study In addition, the study also shows the effects on Vietnamese English learners when studying and understanding metaphors Finally, the author points out some limitations of the study and provides some suggestions for further studies 4.1 Recapitulation As a saying goes: “Travel broadens our minds”, knowledge is the eternity source of human beings For the interest in linguistics, especially in metaphor and its usage, this thesis is presented with data and results For the purpose of classifying and analyzing, 70 examples are selected from the famous literary work of Charles Dickens’s “A Christmas Carol” Accordingly, the aim of this study given is to explore metaphors used in the well-known work, favored to the metaphor The thesis is conducted by types of metaphor, which are divided in groups The study is processed by combining both qualitative and descriptive methods After analyzing the situation of 70 instances, the data have been compiled to find out the suitable group The results after studying and analyzing metaphors in his work are very interesting, mainly nominal metaphors Obviously, the structure as well as the way to create nouns are quite easy and they not cause too much difficulty when finding them In addition, many images are embedded with hidden meanings, creating a colorful picture, helping “A Christmas Carol” become a widely accepted novella as well as one of Charles Dickens's most famous works Although it is not a common metaphor, sustained metaphor has also brought novelty and difference in the author's writing style This is also the second most used metaphor, after nominal metaphor with the rest of the metaphors such as verbal, adjectival or trite metaphors, all used sparingly and purposefully Charles Dickens is known as an English writer, he always conveys a lot of meaning through his stories as well as his characters For example, the name Scrooge or Bob, they all partly tell the personality and instinct of that character 4.2 Concluding remarks Through remarkable information about metaphors as well as selected examples from the work of Charles Dickens, we can better understand the content that has been studied in the article Based on the hypotheses from linguists, such as E Slave with the part of speech, Galperin with the novelty criterion, all have helped us have a 48 broader and deeper insight into this topic In order to solve these puzzles as mentioned in Chapter I, we can clarify them in this Chapter Let's review the questions raised in the previous section and clarify them with the information gained from Chapter 3: - What are the classifications of metaphor applied in “A Christmas Carol” based on the framework of E Slave, R Galperin and Galdi? - How metaphor is used in a certain novella as “A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens? - What are suggestions of using metaphors in language learning and teaching effectively for English learners with kinds of text related to literary works? For the initial problem, the classification of metaphor applied in “A Christmas Carol” based on the framework of E Slave, R Galperin and Galdi have been completed with detailed information Based on the information and diverse sources of knowledge in the article, obviously, this thesis has brought a new aspect and perspective about the figure of speeches in general and the metaphor in particular By applying classification of types (Nominal, verbal, adjectival, genuine, trite, simple, sustained, implicit and explicit metaphor) from E Slave, R Galperin and Galdi, the thesis has provided the most objective and general view of the definition, usage and application to the literary works of the famous author In the next concern, a famous and meaningful work of humanity as “A Christmas Carol" must have brought a time of relaxation and contemplation for readers, not only because of its deep meaning but also by the context under the viewpoint of Charles Dickens Using metaphors in "A Christmas Carol", Charles Dickens brings a fresh look, a joyful tone, not only to the end of the story but also offers profound lessons The presence of ghosts, corresponding to the most important moments in old Scrooge's life, changed his perspective and outlook on life If in chapter 1, he stood out with an unpleasant and arrogant personality, in stave 2, 3, 4, he was able to enjoy and feel the charm of life at different times And in the end, he found himself a peaceful little corner on the cold Christmas night It is a wonderful hymn! Last but not least, for the final suggestion, how to learn and teach effectively for English learners with kinds of text related to literary works (i.e small paragraphs or short stories effectively) that contain metaphor elements? 49 For my thesis, I have limited time to exhaust all aspects of metaphor in language learning, and here we just single out one aspect of metaphor in language learning by using traditional metaphor in certain literary work The first area of using or applying metaphor is obviously vocabulary learning in general Metaphors provide us with the possibility of seeing one thing in terms of another This feature enables us to link the senses of a lexical item in one domain to its related metaphorical senses in another domain, thus extending the senses of the same word forms In pedagogical practice, teaching of extending the meanings of lexical items can be conducted in the following way In this way, students can easily memorize the meanings of a word It is well known to us that metaphor is the carrier of culture and reflects ways of cognizing the world, thus the importance of culture teaching becomes greater First of all, teachers of the foreign languages should conduct systematic research on culture Metaphor, among research of cultural fields is an important part, through study of which complicated and various cultural phenomena can be organized systematically and should also deepen understanding of culture and thinking patterns peculiar to the foreign language Hopefully, my research may help learners of English to have a better understanding of metaphors in English Then they will find out the best way of learning English in general and English metaphors in particular Besides, learners of English can benefit from this research In the process of presenting ideas in English, especially in selecting the proper word, metaphor plays a pivotal role Mastering the meaning and use of metaphor will help students enrich their vocabulary in order to get better results in giving and describing the ideas for the content The important problem needed to solve is how to help learners overcome the difficulties in learning metaphor and find out the effective method for it In addition, the contents mentioned in the article, such as theory, specific examples, have also brought the most detailed views on the research process as well as learning and cultivating more information In the content of this thesis, we have familiarized ourselves with new information, such as: - Applying information about the definition and classification of metaphors - Describing and standardizing the data to bring the most accurate and relevant results 50 The following information is some of the notable highlights during the process of making this thesis Along with it, there are references about literary works as well as necessary information to clearly define metaphors 4.3 Limitation of the research Based on available information and documents, this thesis has completed and contributed to strengthening the linguistic treasure trove With lots of detailed information about definitions, classifications, types of metaphors as well as about the novella, we have more necessary and outstanding information from this research However, there are still contents of this thesis that cannot be fully exploited, especially some parts about culture, in order to clarify the characteristics of the period in which the work was born, and at the same time highlight the rhetorical device commonly used during that period In addition, the elements of the art forms at that time are also one of the promised lands that need to be explored, when novella is supported, then with works such as poetry, long novels, there will be what is different from what this thesis offers, that is something that needs to be explored further In addition, the research in this essay only exploits the maximum information in the novella "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens In order to enrich the linguistic treasure, we need to learn and dig deeper more about works of the same kind, as well as other genres in the field of art In conclusion, there are various parts that need to be completed Due to the limitation of the thesis, some of the mentioned above are not processed, leading to the lack of enthusiasm for completing literary works during the 18th – 19 century th 4.4 Recommendations and suggestions for further research This thesis performed the main point about rhetorical devices: Metaphor It presents various information about metaphor, novella and even the well-known author: Charles Dickens in detail section: Definition, classification, genre The study also illustrates the data collected from the mentioned work: “A Christmas Carol” with detailed charts and numbers Furthermore, it also shines the light to a corner of analyzing in literary work, especially novella Due to the limitation of the thesis, there are various parts need to be finishing, in case of following this route: - A comparison between Metaphor and Metonymy in literary works in English and those in Vietnamese 51 - An analysis on stylistic devices used in novella and its Vietnamese translated version - A study of linguistic features of metaphor used in lullabies 52 REFERENCE English references Ade Puadah (2017) An Analysis of Metaphors in the Poems of Edgar Allan Poe M.A Thesis Barbara Dancygier and Eve Sweetser (2014) Figurative Language Cambridge University Press Birch, D (1989) Language, Literature and Critical Practice London & New York: Routledge Elizabeth Closs Traugott, Mary Louis Pratt (1980) Linguistic for Students of Literature New York: Harcurt Brace Jovanovich Fachun Zhang and Jianpeng Hu (2009) A Study of Metaphor and its Application in Language Learning and Teaching Available at: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/view/1690 Freeman, D.C (Ed) (1971) Linguistic and Literary Style New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston J Thornborrow, S Wareing (1998) Patterns in Language: Stylists for Students of language and literature London: Routledge Galdi, L., Introducere ỵn stilistică literară a limbii române, Ed Minerva, Bucureşti, 1976 Galperin, I R Stylistics, Vysshaya Shkola, 3rd edition, Moscow, 1981, pp.291 10 G Leech, M Short (2007) Style in fiction: A linguistic introduction to English fictional prose (2nd ed) London Longman 11 Leech, G (1969) A Linguistic guide to English poetry London: Longman 12 Habib Syarwani (2017) Analysis of metaphors in Emily Dickinson's poems M.A Thesis 13 Halliday (1989) Introduction to Functional Grammar Oxford University Press 14 Howard R Pollio (2018) Metaphor - Implication and application Psychology Press 15 Lakoff and Johnson (1980), Metaphors We Live By Chicago: University of Chicago Press 16 Max Black (1979) More about Metaphor Cambridge University Press 53 17 Mei Yung Vanliza Chow (2010) A comparative of the metaphor used in the economic articles in Britain and Hong Kong Ph.D Thesis The University of Birmingham 18 Michiel Leezenberg (2001) Contexts of Metaphor Elsevier Press 19 Newmark, P Translation of metaphor The Incorporated linguists, 20, 1981 20 Reddy (1979) Metaphor and Thought Cambridge University Press 21 Slave, E., Metafora ỵn limba română, Ed Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti, 1991 22 Veronica Buga (2000) The Role of Metaphor in Dan Brown’s Novels “The Da Vinci Code” and Angels & Demons” Graduation Thesis 23 Valida Karimova (2016) Linguistic nature of metaphor Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311068866_LINGUISTICS_NA TURE_OF_METAPHOR 24 Wiji Lestari (2007) Metaphors in Green Day's Lyrics M.A Thesis 25 Y M Skrebnev Fundamentals of English Stylistics (1994) Moscow Vietnamese references Châu Ngọc Thạch Anh (2018) A study on conceptual metaphor of 'dream' in English and Vietnamese songs M.A Thesis Đỗ Thanh Nhàn (2011) A research on metaphor of love in English M.A Thesis Hồ Vi Nữ Mỹ Linh (2011) A study of metaphor in newspapers (English versus Vietnamese) M.A Thesis Lưu Thị Phương Thảo (2016) A study on metaphors in English advertising slogans for food and beverage M.A Thesis Nguyễn Thị Lệ Phương (2017) The semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs M.A Thesis Phạm Thị Xuân Rớt (2007) Tìm hiểu phương thức ẩn dụ tiếng Việt (thể qua Ca dao trữ tình, Thơ tình Xuân Diệu thơ tình Xuân Quỳnh) M.A Thesis Trần Thị Minh Thu (2015) Ẩn dụ người ca dao Việt Nam góc nhìn văn hố M.A Thesis Trần Thị Thanh Thảo (2011) The Semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Da Nang 54 Lê Thị Mỹ Nhật (2002) An Investigation into the Metaphoric Devices in English and Vietnamese proverbs M.A Thesis, The University of Danang 55 APPENDIX Nominal Metaphor (1) On the wings of the wind,' replied the Ghost (2) I am the Ghost of Christmas Past (3) Perhaps, Scrooge could not have told anybody why, if anybody could have asked him; but he had a special desire to see the Spirit in his cap; and begged him to be covered (4) Always a delicate creature, whom a breath might have withered,' said the Ghost `But she had a large heart.' (5) I am the Ghost of Christmas Present,' said the Spirit `Look upon me.' (6) The very gold and silver fish, set forth among these choice fruits in a bowl, though members of a dull and stagnant-blooded race, appeared to know that there was something going on; and, to a fish, went gasping round and round their little world in slow and passionless excitement (7) I see a vacant seat,' replied the Ghost, `in the poor chimney-corner, and a crutch without an owner, carefully preserved (8) Scrooge was the Ogre of the family (9) Admiration was the universal sentiment, though some objected that the reply to `Is it a bear.' ought to have been `Yes;' inasmuch as an answer in the negative was sufficient to have diverted their thoughts from Mr Scrooge, supposing they had ever had any tendency that way (10) Uncle Scrooge had imperceptibly become so gay and light of heart, that he would have pledged the unconscious company in return, and thanked them in an inaudible speech, if the Ghost had given him time (11) They were a boy and a girl Yellow, meagre, ragged, scowling, wolfish; but prostrate, too, in their humility (12) I am in the presence of the Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come.' said Scrooge (13) Walled in by houses; overrun by grass and weeds, the growth of vegetation's death, not life; choked up with too much burying; fat with replete appetite A worthy place (14) I'll retire to Bedlam (15) “He was going to say `to a shade…” Verbal metaphor (16) Scrooge never painted out Old Marley's name 56 (17) At length the hour of shutting up the counting-house arrived (18) The truth is, that he tried to be smart, as a means of distracting his own attention, and keeping down his terror; for the spectre's voice disturbed the very marrow in his bones (19) But you were always a good man of business, Jacob,' faltered Scrooge, who now began to apply this to himself (20) Introduce him to me, and I'll cultivate his acquaintance (21) If it only puts him in the vein to leave his poor clerk fifty pounds, that's something; and I think I shook him yesterday.' (22) And I no more believe Topper was really blind than I believe he had eyes in his boots (23) You were born to make your fortune,' said Joe,' and you'll certainly it.' (24) That was the thing he had set his heart upon Adjectival metaphor (25) `A poor excuse for picking a man's pocket every twenty-fifth of December!' said Scrooge, buttoning his great-coat to the chin ` (26) The school is not quite deserted,' said the Ghost `A solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still.' (27) Dick Wilkins, to be sure.' said Scrooge to the Ghost `Bless me, yes There he is He was very much attached to me, was Dick Poor Dick Dear, dear.' Genuine metaphor (28) The fog came pouring in at every chink and keyhole, and was so dense without, (29) Don't be cross, uncle!' said the nephew (30) Scrooge seized the ruler with such energy of action, that the singer fled in terror, leaving the keyhole to the fog and even more congenial frost (31) The dealings of my trade were but a drop of water in the comprehensive ocean of my business!' (32) In came a fiddler with a music-book, and went up to the lofty desk, and made an orchestra of it, and tuned like fifty stomach-aches (33) Bob had but fifteen bob a-week himself; he pocketed on Saturdays but fifteen copies of his Christian name; and yet the Ghost of Christmas Present blessed his four-roomed house (34) No doubt she told him her opinion of it, when, another blind-man being in office, they were so very confidential together, behind the curtains 57 (35) Well.' said the first `Old Scratch has got his own at last, hey.' (36) When he roused himself from his thoughtful quest, he fancied from the turn of the hand, and its situation in reference to himself, that the Unseen Eyes were looking at him keenly It made him shudder, and feel very cold (37) It was a Turkey He never could have stood upon his legs, that bird He would have snapped them short off in a minute, like sticks of sealing-wax (38) The water-plug being left in solitude, its overflowing sullenly congealed, and turned to misanthropic ice (39) Oh! But he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! (40) “He carried his own low temperature always about with him” Trite metaphor (41) To edge his way along the crowded paths of life, warning all human sympathy to keep its distance, was what the knowing ones call `nuts' to Scrooge (42) What else can I be,' returned the uncle, `when I live in such a world of fools as this? (43) mark me! (44) Bless those women; they never anything by halves They are always in earnest (45) It's likely to be a very cheap funeral,' said the same speaker;' for upon my life I don't know of anybody to go to it Suppose we make up a party and volunteer.' (46) My spirit never walked beyond our counting-house mark me! in life my spirit never roved beyond the narrow limits of our money-changing hole; and weary journeys lie before me!' (47) Scrooge's countenance fell almost as low as the Ghost's had done (48) Spirit.' said Scrooge in a broken voice,' remove me from this place.' (49) If he had been, he'd have had somebody to look after him when he was struck with Death, instead of lying gasping out his last there, alone by himself.' (50) Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerk’s fire was so very much smaller that it looked like one coal Simple metaphor (51) External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge (52) I wonder you don't go into Parliament.' (53) `My time grows short,' observed the Spirit `Quick.' 58 (54) “…when he thought that such another creature, quite as graceful and as full of promise, might have called him father, and been a spring-time in the haggard winter of his life, his sight grew very dim indeed (55) “No wind that blew was bitterer than he, no falling snow was more intent upon its purpose, no pelting rain less open to entreaty ” (56) “Foul weather didn’t know where to have him” (57) “…a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner!” Sustained metaphor (58) Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster (59) Well!' returned Scrooge, `I have but to swallow this, and be for the rest of my days persecuted by a legion of goblins, all of my own creation Humbug, I tell you! humbug!' (60) Or would you know,' pursued the Ghost, `the weight and length of the strong coil you bear yourself? It was full as heavy ad as long as this, seven Christmas Eves ago You have laboured on it, since It is a ponderous chain!' (61) It held up its chain at arm's length, as if that were the cause of all its unavailing grief, and flung it heavily upon the ground again (62) All he could make out was, that it was still very foggy and extremely cold, and that there was no noise of people running to and from, and making a great stir, as there unquestionably would have been if night had beaten off bright day, and taken possession of the world (63) “If the good St Dunstan had but nipped the evil spirit’s nose with a touch of such weather as that, instead of using his familiar weapons, then indeed he would have roared to lusty purpose.” (64) I wear the chain I forged in life,' replied the Ghost `I made it link by link, and yard by yard; I girded it on of my own free will, and of my own free will I wore it (65) Nothing is past hope, if such a miracle has happened.' (66) And Scrooge's name was good upon 'Change, for anything he chose to put his hand to (67) The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice 59 (68) He carried his own low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dogdays; and didn't thaw it one degree at Christmas Explicit metaphor (69) When this result was brought about, old Fezziwig, clapping his hands to stop the dance, cried out,' Well done.' and the fiddler plunged his hot face into a pot of porter, especially provided for that purpose Implicit metaphor (70) Even the blind men's dogs appeared to know him; and when they saw him coming on, would tug their owners into doorways and up courts; and then would wag their tails as though they said, `No eye at all is better than an evil eye, dark master! 60 ... Slave, R Galperin and Galdi used in ? ?A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens - To investigate the used of metaphors in a certain novella based on the classification framework of E Slave, R Galperin... Galperin and Galdi used in ? ?A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens - To suggest some implications of using metaphors in language learning and teaching for English learners with kinds of text related... used in a certain novella as ? ?A Christmas Carol” by Charles Dickens? - What are suggestions of using metaphors in language learning and teaching effectively for English learners with kinds of text