This encyclopedia can be used both to answer specific questions about perception and to obtain an overview of the field. Two excellent starting points are the List of Entries and the listing of topics in the Reader’s Guide. It is often useful to check an entry’s related topics (“See also” cross-references) for more breadth and the Further Readings for additional information and sources.
volume 1 & 2 & Copyright © 2010 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of perception/edited by E. Bruce Goldstein. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-4081-8 (cloth) 1. Perception—Encyclopedias. 2. Senses and sensation—Encyclopedias. I. Goldstein, E. Bruce, 1941– BF311.E497 2010 153.703—dc22 2009010777 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson Editorial Assistants: Eileen Gallaher, Michele Thompson Developmental Editor: Carole Maurer Reference Systems Manager: Leticia M. Gutierrez Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton Production Editor: Kate Schroeder Copy Editors: Amy Freitag, Robin Gold Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Kevin Gleason, Annie Lubinsky Indexer: Virgil Diodato Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya Marketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay Volume 1 Editor and Advisory Board iv List of Entries v Reader’s Guide xi About the Editor xviii Contributors xix Introduction xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi List of Color Illustrations xxxii Color Illustrations xxxiii Entries A 1 G 469 B 201 H 475 C 233 I 485 D 355 K 513 E 373 L 519 F 445 M 541 Volume 2 Editor and Advisory Board iv List of Entries v Reader’s Guide xi About the Editor xviii Contributors xix Introduction xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi List of Color Illustrations xxxii Color Illustrations xxxiii Entries N 609 S 873 O 643 T 947 P 713 U 1019 Q 849 V 1025 R 853 W 1137 Index 1147 Contents Editor and Advisory Board E. Bruce Goldstein University of Pittsburgh University of Arizona Editor Advisory Board Richard N. Aslin University of Rochester Marlene Behrmann Carnegie Mellon University Randolph Blake Vanderbilt University Geoffrey M. Boynton University of Washington Paul A. S. Breslin Monell Chemical Senses Center Kyle R. Cave University of Massachusetts Melvyn Alan Goodale University of Western Ontario Deborah Hall MRC Institute of Hearing Research Mark Hollins University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Tom C. T. Yin University of Wisconsin–Madison Steven Hsiao Johns Hopkins University Helene Intraub University of Delaware Scott P. Johnson University of California, Los Angeles Daniel Kersten University of Minnesota Roberta L. Klatzky Carnegie Mellon University Keith Kluender University of Wisconsin– Madison Lawrence E. Marks John B. Pierce Laboratory Stephen McAdams McGill University Suzanne P. McKee Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute William A. Yost Arizona State University Joseph Anthony Movshon New York University Alva Noe University of California, Berkeley Christopher Plack University of Manchester Dennis R. Proffitt University of Virginia Gary B. Rollman University of Western Ontario Shihab A. Shamma University of Maryland Steven K. Shevell University of Chicago Donald A. Wilson New York University City University of New York v Absolute Pitch Acoustics and Concert Halls Action and Vision Aesthetic Appreciation of Pictures Aftereffects Afterimages Ageing and Chemical Senses Ageing and Hearing Ageing and Touch Ageing and Vision Agnosia: Auditory Agnosia: Tactile Agnosia: Visual Air Quality Amblyopia American Sign Language Ames Demonstrations in Perception Amodal Perception Animal Chemical Sensitivity Animal Color Vision Animal Depth Perception Animal Eye Movements Animal Eyes Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception Animal Motion Perception Aphasias Aromatherapy Art and Perception. See Pictorial Depiction and Perception Assistive Technologies for the Blind Atmospheric Phenomena Attention: Cognitive Influences Attention: Covert Attention: Cross-Modal Attention: Disorders Attention: Divided Attention: Effect of Breakdown Attention: Effect on Perception Attention: Object-Based Attention: Physiological Attention: Selective Attention: Spatial Attention: Theories of Attention and Consciousness Attention and Emotion Attention and Medical Diagnosis Attention and Memory Attractiveness Audiology Audition Audition: Cognitive Influences Audition: Disorders Audition: Loudness Audition: Pitch Perception Audition: Temporal Factors Auditory Frequency Analysis, Neural Auditory Frequency Selectivity Auditory Illusions Auditory Imagery Auditory Localization: Physiology Auditory Localization: Psychophysics Auditory Masking Auditory Processing: Central Auditory Processing: Peripheral Auditory Receptors and Transduction Auditory Scene Analysis Auditory System: Damage Due to Overstimulation Auditory System: Evolution of Auditory System: Structure Auditory Thresholds Bayesian Approach Binding Problem Binocular Vision and Stereopsis Bistable Perception Body Perception Body Perception: Disorders List of Entries vi List of Entries Braille Brain Imaging Camouflage Causality Cell Phones and Driver Distraction Change Detection Cochlear Implants: Controversy Cochlear Implants: Technology Color: Genetics of Color: Philosophical Issues Color Constancy Color Deficiency Color Mixing Color Naming Color Perception Color Perception: Physiological Common Chemical Sense (Chemesthesis) Computational Approaches Computer Consciousness Computer-Generated Speech, Perception of Computer Graphics and Perception Computer Speech Perception Computer Vision Consciousness Consciousness: Disorders Constancy Content of Perceptual Experience Context Effects in Perception Contrast Enhancement at Borders Contrast Perception Corollary Discharge Cortical Organization Cortical Reorganization Following Damage Cross-Modal Transfer Cultural Effects on Visual Perception Cutaneous Perception Cutaneous Perception: Physiology Decision Making, Perceptual Depth Perception in Pictures/Film Digital Imaging Digital Photography. See Digital Imaging Direct Perception Direct Realism. See Naïve Realism Dyslexia Ear. See Auditory Processing: Peripheral Echolocation Ecological Approach Effort: Perception of Electronic Nose Electroreception Embodied Perception Emotional Influences on Perception Event Perception Evoked Potential: Audition Evoked Potential: Vision Evolutionary Approach Evolutionary Approach: Perceptual Adaptations Experience-Dependent Plasticity Extrasensory Perception Eye: Structure and Optics Eye and Limb Tracking Eye Movements: Behavioral Eye Movements: Effects of Neurological and Mental Disorders On Eye Movements: Physiological Eye Movements and Action in Everyday Life Eye Movements and Reading Eye Movements During Cognition and Conversation Eye Movements During Fixation Eyes: Evolution of Eyewitness Testimony Face Perception Face Perception: Physiological Feature Integration Theory Feedback Pathways Film (Cinema) Perception Flavor Fragrances and Perfume Gestalt Approach Grasping. See Reaching and Grasping Guidance Systems for Blind People Hallucinations and Altered Perceptions Haptics Hearing Aids Hearing Impairment. See Audition: Disorders Human–Machine Interface Imagery and Perception. See Auditory Imagery; Olfactory Imagery; Visual Imagery Impossible Figures Indirect Nature of Perception Individual Differences in Perception Infant Perception vii List of Entries Infant Perception: Methods of Testing Information Theory Intentionality and Perception Inverted Spectrum Itch, Tickle, and Tingle Kinesthesia Language Lateral Inhibition Lazy Eye. See Amblyopia Light Measurement Lightness Constancy Lightning and Thunder Linear and Nonlinear System Analysis Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Physiological. See Cortical Reorganization Following Damage Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological Low Vision Machine Vision. See Computer Vision Magic and Perception Magnetoencephalography Magnitude Estimation and Production. See Scaling of Sensory Magnitude Maps in the Cortex. See Cortical Organization Mary the Color Scientist Material Properties Perception. See Surface and Material Properties Perception McCollough Effect Melody Perception Microstimulation Migraine Mind and Body Mirages Mirror Neurons Modality (Philosophy) Modularity Molyneux’s Question Motion Parallax and Structure From Motion Motion Perception Motion Perception: Physiological Motion Perception: Social Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis Multimodal Interactions: Olfaction–Taste. See Flavor Multimodal Interactions: Pain–Touch Multimodal Interaction: Spatial Perception in Touch and Vision Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–Auditory Multimodal Interactions: Thermal–Chemical Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Motor. See Action and Vision; Perceptual-Motor Integration Music Cognition and Perception Music in Film Naïve Realism Nature and Nurture in Perception Navigation Through Spatial Layout Neural Coding. See Neural Representation/ Coding Neural Prosthetic Systems Neural Recording Neural Representation/Coding Neuropsychology of Perception Nonveridical Perception Object Perception Object Perception: Physiology Object Persistence Olfaction Olfaction: Disorders Olfaction: Evolution of Olfaction: Feature Detection and Integration Olfaction and Reproductive Behavior Olfactometry Olfactory Adaptation Olfactory Bulb: Functional Architecture Olfactory Central Processing Olfactory Imagery Olfactory Localization Olfactory Quality Olfactory Receptors and Transduction Olfactory Stimulus Optic Ataxia Oscillatory Synchrony Otoacoustic Emissions Out-of-Body Experience Pain: Assessment and Measurement Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Influences Pain: Neuromatrix Theory Pain: Physiological Mechanisms Pain: Placebo Effects Pain: Treatments for Chronic viii List of Entries Perception in Unusual Environments Perceptual Development: Attention Perceptual Development: Color and Contrast Perceptual Development: Face Perception Perceptual Development: Hearing Perceptual Development: Imitation Perceptual Development: Infant Music Perception Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception Perceptual Development: Object Perception Perceptual Development: Speech Perception Perceptual Development: Taste and Olfaction Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching Perceptual Development: Visual Object Permanence and Identity Perceptual Developmental Disorders. See Vision: Developmental Disorders Perceptual Expertise Perceptual Learning Perceptual-Motor Integration Perceptual Organization: Auditory. See Auditory Scene Analysis Perceptual Organization: Vision Perceptual Representation (Philosophy) Perceptual Segregation Phantom Limb Phenomenology (Philosophy) Pheromones Philosophical Approaches Philosophy: Access and Report Philosophy: Attention and the Size of the Conscious Field Physiological Approach Pictorial Depiction and Perception Plasticity. See Experience-Dependent Plasticity Positron Emission Tomography. See Brain Imaging Priming Prism Adaptation Private Nature of Perceptual Experience Proprioception Prostheses: Auditory. See Cochlear Implants: Technology Prostheses: Visual Psychophysical Approach Psychophysics: Detection Qualia Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Reaching and Grasping Reading. See Eye Movements and Reading Reading Typography Receptive Fields Recognition Recovery of Vision Following Blindness Reorganization. See Cortical Reorganization Following Damage Response Time Retinal Anatomy Reverse Correlation Scaling of Sensory Magnitude Seeing as Selective Adaptation Self-Motion Perception Sense Interactions. See Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical; Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis; Multimodal Interactions: Pain– Touch; Multimodal Interactions: Tactile– Auditory; Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic Sensory Coding. See Neural Representation/ Coding Sensory Rehabilitation Sensory Restoration and Substitution Shape Constancy. See Constancy Signal Detection Theory and Procedures Size Perception. See Constancy Skin Senses. See Cutaneous Perception Sleep and Dreams Social Perception Somatic Perception. See Body Perception: Disorders Sound Reproduction and Perception Sound Stimulus Spatial Layout Perception, Neural Spatial Layout Perception, Psychophysical Spatial Memory Speech Perception Speech Perception: Physiological Speech Production Speechreading Speed of Processing in Sensory Systems Statistical Learning Surface and Material Properties Perception Synesthesia Tactile Acuity Tactile Map Reading Taste Taste: Disorders Taste: Genetics of ix List of Entries Taste: Supertasters Taste Adaptation Taste and Food Preferences Taste Receptors and Transduction Taste Stimuli: Chemical and Food Taste System Structure Taste Thresholds and Intensity Temperature Perception Texture Perception: Tactile Texture Perception: Visual Theoretical Approaches Theory of Mind Tickle. See Itch, Tickle, and Tingle Timbre Perception Time Course of Perception. See Speed of Processing in Sensory Systems Time Perception Tinnitus Tool Use Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tuning Curves Unconscious Processes Vestibular System Vibratory Perception Video Games Virtual Reality: Auditory Virtual Reality: Touch/Haptics Virtual Reality: Vision Visceral Perception Vision Vision: Cognitive Influences Vision: Developmental Disorders Vision: Temporal Factors Visual Acuity Visual Categorization: Physiological Mechanisms Visual Deficits. See Low Vision Visual Disorders: Blindness Visual Disorders: Neuropsychological. See Neuropsychology of Perception Visual Displays Visual Filling In and Completion Visual Illusions Visual Imagery Visual Light- and Dark-Adaptation Visually Guided Actions Visual Masking Visual Memory Visual Perception. See Vision Visual Processing: Extrastriate Cortex Visual Processing: Primary Visual Cortex Visual Processing: Retinal Visual Processing: Subcortical Mechanisms for Gaze Control Visual Prostheses. See Prostheses: Visual Visual Receptors and Transduction Visual Scanning. See Eye Movements: Behavioral Visual Scene Perception Visual Scene Statistics Visual Search Visual Spatial Frequency Analysis Visual Stimuli Visual System: Evolution of Visual System Structure Vomeronasal System Weight Perception Wine Tasting Word Recognition [...]... by perception? Surely there are—but the pervasiveness of perception is truly impressive, and the phenomena of perception and the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are what this encyclopedia is about Goals of the Encyclopedia Three basic goals guided the creation of this encyclopedia: (1) broad coverage, (2) authoritative entries, and (3) accessibility to a general audience The brief overview of. .. Depth Perception Animal Eye Movements Animal Eyes Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception Animal Motion Perception Cultural Effects on Perception Echolocation Electroception Emotional Influences on Perception Individual Differences in Perception Nature and Nurture in Perception Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Influences Perceptual Expertise Private Nature of Perceptual Experience Taste: Genetics of Taste:... Constancy Color Deficiency Color Mixing Color Naming Color Perception Color Perception: Physiological Computer Graphics and Perception Computer Vision Constancy Context Effects in Perception Contrast Perception Corollary Discharge Depth Perception in Pictures/Film Digital Imaging Direct Perception Dyslexia Ecological Approach Embodied Perception Event Perception Reader’s Guide Evoked Potential: Vision Experience-Dependent... Structure From Motion Motion Perception Motion Perception: Physiological Motion Perception: Social Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic Navigation Through Spatial Layout Neuropsychology of Perception Nonveridical Perception Object Perception Object Perception: Physiology Object Persistence Optic Ataxia Perception in Unusual... objects as volumetric shapes • Bacon simmering and coffee brewing release hundreds of different types of molecules into the air The molecules from the bacon and coffee become indiscriminately mixed in the air and across a person’s olfactory receptors Despite this random mixing of molecules, the person This encyclopedia provides an overview of the field of perception through authoritative 1,000- to 4,000-word... how stimulus characteristics influence perception of these qualities (for example, how wavelengths of light are associated with color perception, frequency of sound with pitch, chemical structures with taste and smell) This approach is also important for uncovering underlying mechanisms of perception and has provided the basis of various theoretical approaches to perception The physiological approach... Perception of Computer Graphics and Perception Computer Speech Perception Computer Vision Digital Imaging Electronic Nose Human–Machine Interface Sound Reproduction and Perception Consciousness Amodal Perception Attention and Consciousness Computer Consciousness Consciousness Consciousness: Disorders Content of Perceptual Experience Mind and Body Out -of- Body Experience Phantom Limb Private Nature of. .. beginning of this introduction describes the field of perception as involving (a) many different sensory qualities and physiological systems; (b) two broad approaches, each of which makes use of a wide variety of methods; and (c) links to many areas outside the field Thus, in deciding how to represent the field of perception, my guiding principle was to include as varied and broad a list of topics... accounts for most of the entries, but also descriptions of methods, theoretical approaches, and real-world applications of perceptual research Although the primary emphasis is on explaining human perception, much animal research is included, both because of its importance in its own right and because of what Introduction the results of this research tell us about human perception Given the goal of casting... Pascalis University of Sheffield Cynthia F Moss University of Maryland Kevin A Pelphrey Yale University Catherine L Reed Claremont McKenna College, University of Denver Steven B Most University of Delaware James W Pennebaker University of Texas at Austin Steven D Munger University of Maryland School of Medicine John Philbeck George Washington University Kevin J Munro University of Manchester Sam Musallam . Procedures Size Perception. See Constancy Skin Senses. See Cutaneous Perception Sleep and Dreams Social Perception Somatic Perception. See Body Perception: . and Perception Sound Stimulus Spatial Layout Perception, Neural Spatial Layout Perception, Psychophysical Spatial Memory Speech Perception Speech Perception: