Fundamentals of english grammar with answer key (third edition) part 2

I CONTENTS 9-1 9-2 9-3 9-4 9-5 9-6 Making comparisons with a s a s Comparative and superlative Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs Completing a comparative Modifying comparatives Comparisons with l e s s than and not a s a s 9-7 9-8 9-9 9-10 9-1 9- 12 Unclear comparisons Using m o r e with nouns Repeating a comparative Using double comparatives Using superlatives Using the s a m e , similar, dzxerent, like, alike RClSE Preview of comparisons (Chapter 9) "r ":: r:r ~x ",*,.,,.; " , www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com Directiuns: Use the given words to make comparisons , "$ , ' short~longlines (Compare the lengths of the lines.) llne A line B line C line D llne E + + + + Line C is shorter than lines A and B B is the longest line of all C isn4 as long as A (continue w make compa*ons) happylsad look on his face MVI D RICI< JIM ,.' - large/small country (in total land area) , ~ _ I , , :A, , , Brazil: 3,286,488 sq mi (8,511,965 sq krn) Egypt: 385,229 sq mi (997,739 sq km) S p a h 194,897 sq mi (504,782 sq km) Canada: 3,553,303 sq mi (9,203,054 sq km) :,.*C '.,I, Of course I'M heard that joke before! It's as old as Why are you pacing? What's the matter? You're as nervous as Thanks for offering the help, but I can carry the box alone It looks heavy, but it isn't It's as light as When Erica received the good news, she felt as high as Was she angry? You'd better believe it! She was as mad as Comparisons 251 EXERCISE Comparisons wlth AS AS (Chart 9-1) Direchm: Complete the sentences with your own words Example: not as sharp as -* A pencil pmnt isn 't as sharp as a needle A kitchen knife isn't ac sharp as a razor blade My mind isn't as sharp in the afternoon as it is in the morning just as important as not as comfortable as not nearly as interesting as just as good as not quite as dif3cult as not as quiet as almost as good a s not as fiiendly as 19-2* not as heavy as 10 just as nutritious as 11 as often as I can 12 as often as I used to 13 as soon as possible 14 not as easy as it looks 15 as much as possible COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE (a) "A* is older than "B." @) "A" and "B" are oZ&r than "C" and "D." (c) Ed is more generous than his brother The comparative compares this to that or these to those Form: -er or more (See Chart 9-3.) Notice: A comparative is followed by than (d) "A," "B," "C," and "D"are sisters "A" is the oldest of all four sisters (e) A woman inTurkey claims to be the oldest person in the world (f) Ed is the most g s n m Nrson in his The superlative compares one part of a whole group to all the rest of the group Form: -eat or most (See Chart 9-3 for fonns.) Notice: A superlative begins with the www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com family EXERCISE Error analysis: comparative and superlative (Chart 9-2) Directions: Correct the errors Alaska is large thanTexas -r Alaska is lorger than E m s Alaska is largest state in the United States Texas is the larger from France in land area Old shoes are usually more comfortable to new shoes I like Chinese food more better than French food A pillow is more soft from a rock My brother is 22 I am 20 My sister is 18 I am the youngest than my brother My sister is the younger person in our family EXERCISE Comparative and superlative (Chart 9-2) Directions: Choose five to ten moveable objects (in this room or in the possession of anyone in this room) and put them in a cenual place Compare the items using the given words and your own words Use both the comparative (-erlmore) and the superlative ( - e s h o s t ) Example: big/small SPEAKER A: Omar's pen is bigger than Anya's ring SPEAKER B: Sergio's calculator is smaller than Kim's briefcase SPEAKER C: The biggest thing on the table is the briefcase SP-R D: E ~ c biglsmall softihard lightheavy cheaplexpensive etc 9-3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS COMPARATIVB SUPERLATIVB ONE-SYLLABLB ADJECTIVES old wise older wiser the oldest the wisest -er and -8st are added For most one-syllable adjectives, TWO-SYLLABLE ADJ'RCIIVES famous pleasant more famous more pleasant the most famous the most pleasant For most two-syllable adjectives, more and most are used busy busier prettier the busiest the prettiest -Er and -est are used with twosyllable adjectives that end in y The y is changed to clever cleverer more dever gentler more gentle friendlier more fiendly the cleverest the most clever the gentlest the most gentle the friendliest the most friendly Some two-syllable adjectives use either -wl-mt or morelmost: able, angty, clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, handsome, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, sour www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com gentle friendly mpcnws wmi m e OR MORB SYLLABLE3 I I I i m p o e t more important the most important Mom and most are used with fasc~nann~ - more fascinatina the most fascinatinn lona adiectives - - I ' good bad better worae the best the worst Good and bad have irregular comparative and superlative forms -LY ADVERBS carefully slowly more carefully more slowly the most carefully the most slowly Map and most are used with adverbs that end in -ly.* ONE-SYLLABLE ADVHRBs fast hard faster harder the fastest the hardest The -ur and -mt forms are used with one-syllable adverbs well badly far better worse farther/furtheri* the best the worst the farthestT~rthest ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR ADVERBS *Exception:wrb is both an adjective and an adverb Forms: sarlhr, ea&f *Borhpbrther and&& are used to compare physical distances:I orrlksdfarthmlfunhnr h mynyf*ind did F w t h w (but notfiarthm) can also mean "additional":I nredfunhm+marion EXERCISE Comparative and superlative forms (Charts 9-2 and 9-3) Directim: Give the comparative and superlative forms of the following adjectives and adverbs high dangerous good slowly lazy 10 common hot* 11 friendly neat* 12 careful late* 13 bad 14 far EXERCISE 10 COI ,-.- . ,- .-~rts9 - -nd 9-3) Direccionc Complete the sentences with the correct comparative form (-el-or) given adjectives I , clean confusing dangernus funny PreV of the Jsweet wer www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com dark Oranges are S\UP&PV than lemons 're ' Iheard a little polite laughter when I told my jokes, but everyone laughed loudly when Janet told hers Her jokes are always much than mine Many more people die in car accidents than in plane accidents Statistics show that thanflying in an driving your own car is t airplane , I Professor Sato speaks clearly, but I have trouble understanding Professor Larson's lectures Her lectures are much Sato's than Professor -*,,>A Bobby! How did you get all covered with mud? Hurry and take a bath Even the floor is than you are *Spelling notes: When a one-syllable sdiecdve ends in one vowel + a conso-t, double the consonant and add -erl-est Example: sod, aaddw, add-t When an adjective ends in rwo vow& + a consonant, NOT double the consonant:cool, cooler, coolest When an adjective ends in -e, NM double the cansonant: wide, widor, widest + A: Why does wet sand look than dry sand? B: Because wet sand reflects less light A: The moon is full tonight There's not a cloud in the sky Look at the moonlight on the lake It makes the water sparkle Have you ever seen a sight than this? B: No It's beautiful If a cat and a duck are out in the rain, the cat will get much than the duck The water will simply roll off the duck's feathers but will soak into the cat's hair www.IELTS4U.blogfa.com EXERCISE 11 FARTHER and FURTHER ( C h a r t 9-3) Directions: Complete the sentences with farther andlorfirthor Use both if possible Ron and his friend went jogging Ron ran two miles, but his friend got tired after one mile Ron ran If you have any fa v t h ~ v / f h v t h ~ v fhvtk~v Paris is than his friend did questions, don't hesitate to ask north than Tokyo I gave my old computer to my younger sister because I had no use for it I like my new apartment, but it is away from school than my old apartment was Thank you for your help, but I'll be fine now I don't want to cause you any trouble Comparisons 255 EXERCISE 12 Comparatives (Charts 9-2 and 9-3) Directions: Choose any appropriate adjective from the list (or any adjective of your own choosing) to make comparisons between the given items Use the comparative form (morel-or) btight e V enjuyable fast flexible heavy relaxing shallow short thick thin wide and deep traveling by air \ traveling by bus + Tmveling by air is faster rhan traveling by bus Traveling by air is easier rhan tmveling by bus Etc a pool \ a lake i an elephant's neck \ a giraffe's neck , 4-r ? " i,u , sunlight \ moonlight & L iron \ wood , ~ \ , , walking \ running a river \ a stream 7@< 5, , , ,*?> - .t " i : * : b.z ,~ -7 '