RATIONALE
Effective communication is essential for human existence, survival, and development, as it involves sharing ideas, information, and emotions to achieve mutual understanding Language serves as the primary medium for this interaction, highlighting the close relationship between communication, language, and social engagement However, achieving common understanding can be challenging, particularly for Vietnamese learners of English, who may overlook implied messages and respond inappropriately Developing the ability to recognize conversational implicatures and respond correctly is crucial for enhancing pragmatic competence in language learners.
Effective communication is essential for smooth and efficient interactions, yet many people tend to be overly verbose or provide minimal responses in conversations To foster mutual understanding, both speakers and listeners must engage respectfully and acknowledge each other's contributions Grice's Cooperative Principle (1975) emphasizes that conversational contributions should be appropriate and relevant to the context of the discussion, ensuring that communication is both meaningful and effective.
Cooperative Principles guide speakers in crafting their messages to ensure effective communication with listeners This involves providing just the right amount of information, neither too little nor excessive, to meet conversational needs Additionally, speakers should ensure their contributions are contextually relevant, aligning with the ongoing discourse Clarity and simplicity are essential, as speakers must convey their ideas without ambiguity, adhering to the accepted purpose of the conversation.
The Cooperative Principle outlines the key to effective communication in everyday conversations, as proposed by Grice (1975) It identifies four essential conversational maxims that individuals typically adhere to for successful interaction: the Maxim of Quality, which emphasizes truthfulness; the Maxim of Quantity, which focuses on providing the right amount of information; the Maxim of Relevance, which ensures that contributions are pertinent to the discussion; and the Maxim of Manner, which advocates for clarity and orderly communication.
In my research, I focused on Grice's maxim violations, as implicature relates more to sentence meaning than utterance meaning, enhancing listener comprehension Watching English films offers learners a nuanced approach to the language, as film serves as a vital medium for exploring human emotions and thoughts Consequently, this study examines maxim violations in Oscar-winning films, which are crafted to align with the director's vision, highlighting the connection between language and cinema as a communication tool.
The three chosen Oscar-winning films are Gone with the Wind; The Godfather and Hamlet All of them are interesting and meaningful films that can inspire the audience
"Gone with the Wind," released in 1939, is widely regarded as one of the greatest films in cinematic history This American epic historical romance, based on Margaret Mitchell's bestselling 1936 novel, runs nearly four hours long, including a 20-minute intermission The film, which portrays the American Civil War and Reconstruction from a Southern perspective through the character of Scarlett O'Hara, won eight Academy Awards and received two honorary Oscars, totaling ten accolades.
Leigh), a hardheaded and unusual Southern beauty
The Godfather, a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S Ruddy, is based on Mario Puzo's 1969 novel of the same name Starring Marlon Brando as the patriarch of a powerful Italian-American crime family, the film is regarded as one of Hollywood's greatest critical and commercial successes It won three Academy Awards in 1972, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Brando, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Puzo and Coppola, while receiving seven additional nominations, including Best Supporting Actor for Al Pacino, James Caan, and Robert Duvall, as well as Best Director for Coppola.
The last film chosen is Hamlet, a 1948 British film transformation of William
Laurence Olivier directed and starred in the acclaimed film adaptation of Shakespeare's "Hamlet," which remains the most honored among the 50 film versions of the play It won the 21st Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor, as well as the Golden Lion at the 1948 Venice Film Festival The film opens with the ghost of the King of Denmark urging his son, Hamlet, to avenge his murder by killing the new ruler, who is Hamlet's uncle and stepfather Ultimately, the story concludes with the deaths of the King, Queen, Hamlet's rival, and Hamlet himself.
In light of the aforementioned reasons, the researcher has undertaken a study titled “A STUDY OF IMPLICATURES IN OSCAR FILMS OF THE 20th CENTURY.” This proposal aims to enhance understanding of the significance, purposes, and applications of proverb infringement Ultimately, the findings from this research are expected to contribute to the field of English teaching and learning in Vietnam.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Aims
The study of implicatures in Oscar films of the 20th century aims at:
- Exploring how Maxim violations in particular work in terms of creating meaning through linguistic features in the context of the films chosen
This article explores the concept of Maxim violations, highlighting their significance in communication It aims to provide practical insights for Vietnamese English users, demonstrating how these violations can be effectively utilized to enhance conversational skills By understanding the nuances of Maxim violations, readers can improve their ability to convey meaning and engage more effectively in discussions.
Objectives
The study of implicatures in Oscar films of the 20th century is targeted at:
- Identifying Maxim violations in the films
- Finding out if producing Maxim violations can cause misunderstanding, which may breakdown the conversation
- Describing, classifying, and comparing Maxim violations in terms of semantics and pragmatics in the films
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1 What types of Maxim violations are identified in the conversations made by the characters in The Godfather, Gone with the Wind, and Hamlet films?
2 What are the similarities and differences of frequency and linguistic features in the creating Maxim violations in The Godfather, Gone with the Wind, and Hamlet films?
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study analyzes Maxim Violations in the dialogues of characters from three Oscar-winning films: Gone with the Wind, The Godfather, and Hamlet, focusing on discourse analysis and pragmatics It specifically examines conversational implicatures within these films, utilizing Grice's (1975) theory of conversational implicature to interpret and dissect the dialogues into smaller, specific components.
SIGNIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The findings of this study hold substantial theoretical and practical implications, serving as a valuable reference for pragmatic research Analyzing maxim violations in the three films significantly enhances our understanding of discourse analysis, particularly in exploring the principles of effective verbal and nonverbal communication.
This research aims to enhance the linguistic skills of English learners, teachers, translators, and general users in Vietnam by focusing on the interpretation of maxim violations in films The study seeks to uncover new insights and identify specific maxim violations within three selected films Ultimately, it is anticipated that this research will significantly benefit those interested in the field of linguistics and film analysis.
ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY
This research is divided into five major chapters, which are as follows:
- Chapter 1: “Introduction” includes the rationale, aims and objectives, the research questions, the scope of the study, the organization of the study, and finally the significance of the study
- Chapter 2: “Literature review and Theoretical background” presents the previous research related to the thesis, and provides us with fundamental knowledge of implicatures and maxim violations
- Chapter 3: “Research Methodology” describes the methods and procedures of the study
Chapter 4, titled "Findings and Discussions," addresses the research questions by identifying the types of Maxim violations present in character conversations within the films It analyzes the similarities and differences in the frequency and linguistic features of these violations Furthermore, the chapter discusses the implications for Vietnamese learners of English, as well as for translators and teachers, focusing on both lexical and syntactic aspects.
Chapter 5, titled “Conclusions and Implications,” encapsulates the key discussions from Chapter 4, highlighting significant insights and their educational implications It offers recommendations for enhancing teaching and learning practices while also addressing the limitations of the current study and proposing avenues for future research.
Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
PREVIOUS RESEARCHES RELATED TO THE STUDY
Many linguists have studied, developed, and contributed significantly to maxim violation theories
Herbert Paul Grice, a notable British philosopher of language, is renowned for his influential theory of implicature, which significantly shapes both philosophy and linguistics He distinguishes between the literal meaning of what a speaker "says" and the implied meanings conveyed in discourse.
According to Grice, conversational implicature refers to the meaning that extends beyond the literal words spoken, requiring listeners to infer additional context from non-verbal cues and overarching communication principles.
Researchers, including Nikan Sadehvandi, have explored instances of maxim violation, specifically focusing on the Maxim of Quantity in the film "Dinner for Schmucks," highlighting the interactions between main characters Barry and Tim.
In the study titled "The Violation of Conversational Maxims in the Movie Series Divergent," Joko Priyo Sembodo explores the motivations behind the violation of conversational maxims within the film The research focuses on understanding the reasons and purposes that drive characters to disregard these communication principles, shedding light on the complexities of dialogue in the Divergent series.
In Vietnam, the investigation of Maxim's violation has been explored in various academic studies, including Cao Văn Hương's research on "Conversational Implicatures in the Movie Spotlight," which utilizes Grice's theory of maxim violation for data analysis Additionally, Nguyễn Thị Hồng Nhạn's 2007 study, "An Investigation into Means to Signal Presupposition and Implicatures in English Spoken Discourse," and Võ Thị Thanh Thảo's 2012 research titled "A Study of Conversational Implicatures in the Titanic Film" also contribute to this field Furthermore, Nguyễn Thị Phương Lan's 2020 analysis, "An Analysis of Maxim Violation," continues to examine this topic within the context of conversational implicatures.
“The Godfather” Movie script” These studies concentrated on the lexical, syntactical, and pragmatic signals of implicature.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Definition of Key Terms
To make this study understandable and clear for the readers, the writer presents definitions of key terms related to conversational implicature in the study
An utterance refers to a segment of speech produced by an individual, characterized by a period of silence before and after the speech It can encompass various forms of language, including a sequence of sentences, a single phrase, or even just one word, and is specific to the speaker and the occasion.
Blackmore, D (1992), Understanding Utterances An Introduction to
is an interactive and spontaneous form of communication between two or more individuals who adhere to social etiquette It is a fundamental social skill that most people can easily develop Conversations serve as an effective means of communication, enabling individuals with diverse perspectives to exchange ideas and learn from one another.
To engage in a meaningful conversation, it is essential for participants to collaborate, consider each other's emotions and experiences, and allow space for dialogue Conversations are inherently reciprocal and complex, requiring mutual agreement on the subject matter and prompt responses from all involved.
Implicature refers to the implied meanings, suggestions, or implications that a speaker conveys beyond their literal words Introduced by Grice in 1975, the term highlights the distinction between what is explicitly stated and what can be inferred from the context of the conversation Derived from the verb, implicature plays a crucial role in understanding communication nuances.
The term "to imply," derived from the Latin verb "plicate," meaning "to fold," signifies the act of incorporating one idea within another Consequently, an implication is something that is "folded" into a statement, requiring careful consideration to "unfold" its meaning for better understanding.
Levinson, S C (1983), Pragmatics, Cambridge University Press
A maxim is a succinct statement that conveys wisdom or a general rule of behavior, often attributed to a single author in the form of philosophical quotations When lacking a specific author, it transforms into a proverb, emerging from cultural practices and surviving through common usage The key feature of a maxim is its pithiness, delivering substantial meaning in just a few words.
Example 1: Rome wasn’t built in a day
The saying "Rome wasn't built in a day" serves as a maxim that uses a metaphor to illustrate that significant achievements, whether in careers, relationships, or long-term projects, require time and patience This concept emphasizes the importance of perseverance and the understanding that substantial progress is a gradual process.
Grice (1975) defines a violation as a deliberate attempt by speakers to manipulate conversational maxims, leading to misunderstandings or achieving specific objectives In the discussed interaction, the student's irrelevant response to the teacher's question may indicate an effort to evade the teacher's probing.
Conversational Analysis
Yule (1996) introduced the Conversation Analysis (CA) theory, focusing on the structure of preferences within conversations At its core, Conversation Analysis examines how individuals engage in oral communication, highlighting the fundamental interaction pattern of alternating speech, characterized by "I speak – you speak." This pattern represents the basic form of dialogue that people learn early on and utilize in their everyday interactions.
Yule, G (1996), Pragmatics, Oxford University Press, England
Refusals and disagreements are often viewed as undesirable responses, as they can be seen as either significant or rude Additionally, a lack of response may indicate that the listener is not engaged, not attentive, or unwilling to cooperate.
According to Levinson, Conversation Analysis (CA) has greatly enhanced our understanding of utterance meaning by highlighting how much of its situated significance is linked to the surrounding sequential contexts Additionally, many key concepts in pragmatics theory could benefit from a CA approach, similar to how the challenges of indirect speech acts can be re-evaluated.
CA terms Of course, Grice's theories of conversational implicature are prime targets in this regard
Levinson, S C (1983), Pragmatics, Cambridge University Press.
Cooperative Principles
The cooperative principle, articulated by Grice, encompasses four conversational maxims that facilitate effective communication by outlining rational principles that guide interactions These Gricean maxims illustrate the connection between what is said and how it is interpreted, emphasizing the importance of clarity and understanding in conversation.
1 Grice's Maxims: Maxim of Quality: Be Truthful
Do not say what you believe to be false
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence
A: Where is the Eiffel tower located?
2 Maxim of Quantity: Quantity of Information
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange)
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required
B: In the next of that store
A How about your score Jane?
4 Maxim of Manner: Be Clear
Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
A What did you think of that drama?
B I really like the action of each player They can play their role as well as possible https://effectiviology.com/principles-of-effective-communication/
Conversational Implicature
What individuals express through speech or writing often carries a deeper meaning than the literal words used For instance, the phrase "It's dark in here" can imply a request to turn on the lights or suggest that the speaker prefers a brighter environment This illustrates that the intention behind words can vary significantly from their surface meaning, highlighting the complexity of communication and the potential for misinterpretation Understanding this distinction is crucial, as people's true objectives may differ greatly from their verbal expressions.
Paul Grice (1913–1988) significantly advanced the understanding of implicature, influencing both philosophers and linguists His foundational work on the generation of implicature was first introduced in his seminal writings, establishing him as a key figure in this field.
The influential framework for understanding implicature was established in a 1967 lecture series, later published in 1975 Initially presented as “Utterer's Meaning and Intentions” in 1969 and “Utterer's Meaning, Sentence-Meaning, and Word-Meaning” in 1968, these lectures were compiled in the first section of *Studies in the Way of Words* in 1989.
Grice's significant contribution to philosophy and linguistics is his theory of implicature, introduced in his 1961 article "The Causal Theory of Perception" and further developed in his 1967 book "Logic and Conversation." He distinguishes between what a speaker "says" and what they "implicate," coining the term Conversational Implicature Grice asserts that to suggest something in conversation means to convey an intention beyond the literal words spoken, which must be inferred from the context and overarching communication principles This implicature reflects unspoken meanings in regular discourse, illustrating how communication can convey more than what is explicitly stated Additionally, Grice introduces the Cooperative Principle, a set of rules governing conversational behavior, which underpins his theory of implicature.
Grice’s Cooperative Principle
The success of a conversation largely depends on how speakers engage with one another, guided by the cooperative principle According to Grice, as cited in Grundy, speakers aim to provide the expected amount of information to foster effective communication This concept, known as "The Cooperative Principle," highlights the inherent tendency of individuals to collaborate during interactions.
The Cooperative Principle, proposed by Grice in 1975, emphasizes that conversational contributions should be appropriate to the context and purpose of the exchange Grice outlines four key conversational maxims: the maxim of quantity, which advises providing the right amount of information; the maxim of quality, which encourages truthfulness; the maxim of relation, which stresses relevance; and the maxim of manner, which promotes clarity and organization in communication.
The QUANTITY category is concerned with the amount of information to be provided, and it includes the following maxims:
1 Provide as much information as possible in your contribution (for the current purposes of the exchange)
2 Do not make your contribution any more informative than necessary
When asked, "Do you have a watch?" responding with "Yes, I do" fails to meet the quantity maxim of conversation, as it offers insufficient information The questioner is likely not interested in the brand of the watch but simply wants to know the current time.
Under the QUALITY category, there is a supermaxim: “Try to make your contribution one that is true,” as well as two more specific maxims:
1 Do not say anything that you believe to be false
2 Do not say anything for which you do not have sufficient evidence
The principle emphasizes that every participant's input must be accurate and backed by adequate evidence For instance, if a geography student incorrectly claims, "London is the capital of America," the instructor, Mr Louis, humorously counters with, "Yeah, and Paris is Russia's capital," highlighting the absurdity of the student's statement and suggesting the importance of factual accuracy in discussions.
The student unconsciously reasons that Mr Louis's claim of Paris being the capital of Russia is incorrect, suggesting he is disregarding the Maxim of Quality This raises questions about the motive behind his false statement Consequently, the implication is drawn that the student's answer is also incorrect, as London is not the capital of America.
The principle of 'Be relevant' emphasizes the importance of ensuring that every participant's input in a conversation directly relates to the topic at hand For instance, if Tom asks his friend John about the results of his examination, John's response should focus on the examination's outcome, maintaining the relevance of the discussion.
Tom: How did your exam go?
John: Well, I think I'll go get some coffee now because I'm so tired
John's response to Tom's inquiry about his exam suggests he is trying to avoid the topic, as he diverts the conversation to needing coffee This behavior indicates a breach of the Relation maxim, implying that John's seemingly trivial remark is a tactic to sidestep discussing his exam results It can be inferred that John may be concealing a poor performance, using this diversion as a way to protect his image and evade Tom's questions.
Finally, the supermaxim: 'Be perspicuous' and various maxims such as:
3 Keep it short (avoid unnecessary prolixity)
Each participant in a discussion should communicate their ideas clearly and concisely, avoiding vagueness and ambiguity For example, consider Mr and Mrs Jones, who are enjoying a Sunday drive with their two preschool children.
Mr Jones: Let's take a break and get something to eat
Mrs Jones: All right, but not i-c-e c-r-e-a-m
Mrs Jones' responses imply a deeper meaning, as Mr Jones subconsciously interprets her choice of words By explicitly stating "ice cream," she deviates from concise communication, suggesting a breach of etiquette This vagueness likely serves a purpose: to prevent the children, who cannot spell, from grasping that particular part of her conversation.
RESEARCH METHODS
The study aims to achieve the objectives set forth in Part 1 by collecting a significant number of Maxim samples from films Utilizing a descriptive qualitative approach, the researcher analyzes the data to gain a deeper understanding of specific events or locations, ultimately presenting the findings to address the research questions.
This thesis employs discourse analysis, a qualitative research technique that goes beyond simply examining sounds and words to focus on the use of language and its meaning (Norman, 2003) The primary concern of this research is to explore how language is utilized by speakers and the significance of their utterances Consequently, the study adopts a pragmatic analysis approach, analyzing the conversations between characters in three films to uncover the contextual meanings of their dialogues The main objective is to systematically describe the utterances as phenomena within the characters' interactions.
SAMPLES
In this study, scripts from The Godfather, Hamlet, and Gone with the Wind were analyzed to collect conversational samples The researcher meticulously examined all dialogues within these films, ultimately selecting 61 samples from The Godfather, 36 from Hamlet, and 110 from Gone with the Wind for further analysis.
To conduct this thesis, the researcher watched the film, then downloaded the script and analyzed the conversations that were included
After watching the film and downloading the scripts, the researcher thoroughly examined the conversations for quantity, quality, manner, and relevance maxim violations in the dialogues included
The tables displayed the results of each category The frequency of each category was calculated as a result, and the results were discussed and evaluated.
PROCEDURES OF DATA COLLECTIONS
The study analyzes data sourced from the films "Gone with the Wind," "The Godfather," and "Hamlet." The data collection process involves identifying dialogues from characters that demonstrate Maxim Violations in conversational implicatures.
The steps for the research procedures are as follows:
This study analyzes character conversations from the films The Godfather, Hamlet, and Gone with the Wind, identifying potential violations of Grice's maxims The selection of these films was based on the researcher's observation of how pragmatics, which examines utterances and their context (Levinson, 1983, p.9), plays a crucial role in understanding dialogue The primary data sources for this pragmatics research consist of interactive exchanges among characters in these three cinematic works.
The researcher analyzed the film and its screenplay, identifying dialogues that violated Grice's maxims These violations arose when characters made insufficient, dishonest, irrelevant, or ambiguous contributions to conversations Consequently, the researcher transcribed the film's script to gather relevant information.
Following the transcription of the script, the researcher conducted a thorough analysis, supplementing gaps with insights derived from the characters' dialogues relevant to the research topic To effectively address the research questions, the researcher scrutinized each conversation portrayed by the film's characters.
Identifying the characters’ utterances according to Grice’s maxims
The researcher analyzed characters' responses to identify violations of Grice's conversational maxims: Quantity, Quality, Manner, and Relevance This analysis provided insight into the characters' transgressions in their interactions Notably, it was found that each maxim was individually violated in one specific response.
Identifying the frequently used speech acts in dialogues with the maxim violations
Analyzing speech acts is essential for understanding the reasons behind maxim violations Consequently, the researcher examined the most common speech acts present in dialogues from three movie scripts that feature these violations.
Identifying similarities and differences of frequency and linguistic features in the creating Maxim violations in The Godfather , Gone with the Wind, and Hamlet films
The researcher analyzes character dialogues that breach Grice's maxims, focusing on the frequency and linguistic characteristics of these violations in the films The Godfather, Gone with the Wind, and Hamlet By comparing these elements, the study highlights both the similarities and differences in how Maxim violations are portrayed across these iconic works.
Creswell and Miller (2000) highlight that a key strength of qualitative research is its validity, which assesses the accuracy of findings from both the researcher’s and the audience's perspectives To ensure the reliability of the results, the researcher collaborated with a field expert, a lecturer, to validate the data and confirm the correctness of the findings.
Upon completing the outlined steps, the researcher compiled a comprehensive report detailing the research findings, which were intricately connected to relevant theories Consequently, the researcher successfully addressed the three research questions posed at the outset.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY
Two key criteria for ensuring high-quality data collection procedures are reliability and validity Reliability measures the consistency of an assessment, while validity evaluates its accuracy, determining whether it effectively measures what it is intended to assess.
In terms of reliability, if there are any inaccuracies or inconsistencies in the study, they must be validated The study considers inaccuracies and inconsistencies caused by insufficiency
This study ensures validity by sourcing data exclusively from credible references, including printed publications and official websites, while employing a robust theoretical framework for analysis.
Overall, the study strictly adheres to the research design, and all procedures are meticulously carried out in order to maintain the study's qualitative validity and reliability.
CHAPTER SUMMARY
This chapter thoroughly explores key elements including research design, data collection, and data analysis It also details the research procedures utilized in dialogues as study samples, emphasizing reliability and validity to effectively support the findings and discussions that will be presented in Chapter 4.
Chapter Four RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
Effective communication relies on adherence to the four maxims, which promote clarity and logical expression When speakers convey their messages straightforwardly and truthfully, listeners can easily comprehend the intended meaning However, interactions often deviate from these principles, resulting in a breakdown of cooperation and the emergence of conversational implicature.
VIOLATION OF GRICE’S MAXIMS IN GONE WITH THE WIND, THE
Violation of Quantity Maxim in Gone With The Wind, The Godfather
A Violation of Quantity Maxim in Gone With The Wind
The Maxim of Quantity rule dictates that speakers should convey only the necessary information relevant to the conversation at hand This principle guides the amount of detail provided during discussions; however, speakers often struggle to follow these guidelines consistently, as illustrated in various conversational examples.
In the opening scene of the film, all the girls are asleep except for Scarlett, who is restless As Ashley walks down the hallway to visit another house, Scarlett unexpectedly summons him to a different room, altering his plans.
ASHLEY: Scarlett who are you hiding from here What are you up to? Why aren't you upstairs resting with the other girls? What is this, Scarlett? A secret?
SCARLETT: Well, Ashley, Ashley ! I love you
When Ashley unexpectedly encounters Scarlett, he bombards her with questions, but she remains unresponsive, indicating her preoccupation with deeper issues Instead of providing the answers he seeks, she expresses her pent-up frustrations by declaring, "Well, Ashley, Ashley ! I love you." This outburst reveals her emotional turmoil, suggesting that the weight of her feelings is overwhelming, leading her to prioritize her own struggles over addressing Ashley's inquiries Consequently, her response not only disregards the quantity principle of communication but also highlights her internal conflict, leaving Ashley's concerns unaddressed.
A courageous and passionate woman stands out by remaining authentic, even amidst uncertainty about her desires Meanwhile, the speaker tends to provide excessive information, breaching the principle of conciseness.
When the cooperative principle is broken in this way, it can have a significant consequence
In the novel, Scarlett confides in Rhett about her investment aspirations and expresses frustration over her second husband's ineptitude Eager to open her own shop but lacking sufficient funds, she turns to Rhett for assistance, leaving him surprised by her request.
“Well What of it? Haven’t you had enough to eat on until he does collect”
“Yes, but well as a matter of fact, I could use a little money right now,”
Her eyes brightened as she thought of the mill, “perhaps.” “What’s it for?
Scarlett expresses her ambition to start a sawmill business, indicating her desire for independence despite lacking financial resources Her practical approach to life's challenges showcases her bravery and intelligence in a post-battle society As she navigates the uncertainties of a new social order, Scarlett realizes the importance of financial stability to support her family and maintain their estate, reflecting the author's message about the impact of conflict on individuals and the necessity for peace and harmony.
B Violation of Quantity Maxim in The Godfather
In a pivotal moment, Sollozzo approached Don Corleone seeking support for his drug business, but the Don firmly rejected the proposal He deemed the venture too perilous and expressed his reluctance to profit from criminal activities, ultimately choosing to decline Sollozzo's offer with a sense of caution.
Don Corleone gave a long, indirect justification for his refusal, he broke the quantity rule
SOLLOZZO: The Tattaglias will guarantee your investment also
Don Corleone expresses his disappointment in the younger generation's greed and lack of manners, emphasizing that they often speak when they should be listening Despite his frustrations, he admits to having a sentimental weakness for his children, acknowledging that he has spoiled them However, he firmly states that his decision regarding Signor Sollozzo is final.
At the wedding of Don Corleone's daughter, Bonasera recounted the brutal assault on his daughter by her boyfriend and another assailant, which left her with a broken nose and jaw Frustrated with the justice system, Bonasera sought help from the police, leading to the arrest and prosecution of the attackers However, they received only a three-year sentence, which the judge suspended Feeling betrayed by the legal system, Bonasera turned to Don Corleone for assistance, hoping to secure justice for his daughter.
BONASERA: Then make them suffer as she suffers How much shall I pay you?
DON CORLEONE: You never think to protect yourself with real friends
You may believe that being an American is sufficient, relying on the police and courts for protection However, when you approach me, Don Corleone, seeking justice without respect or friendship, it becomes clear that you overlook the significance of our relationship Instead of honoring me as your Godfather, you arrive at my home on my daughter's wedding day, asking me to commit murder for money.
In responding to Bonasera's inquiry, Don Corleone provided excessive information, violating the Quantity maxim, while Greta offered a brief reply regarding the money needed Don Corleone's seemingly incoherent reaction suggested that Bonasera's offer disturbed him, as he prioritized their relationship over financial matters Ultimately, Bonasera achieves the justice he desires for his daughter not through monetary means, but because of the deep connection they share.
C Violation of Quantity Maxim in Hamlet
POLONIUS: What do you read, my lord?
POLONIUS: What is the matter, my lord?
POLONIUS: I mean, the matter that you read, my lord
In Shakespeare's "Hamlet," the protagonist critiques a satirical view of old age, highlighting that while he acknowledges the truths about aging—such as grey beards, wrinkled faces, and diminished wit—he believes it is unfair to portray the elderly in such a negative light He suggests that even if one were to regress in age, they would still possess the wisdom that comes with experience.
In the conversation between Polonius and Hamlet, Polonius asks about the subject of Hamlet's book, to which Hamlet responds ambiguously, stating only that it contains "words, words, words." This response exemplifies Hamlet's violation of the maxim of quantity, as he provides insufficient information in one instance and excessive detail in another, leading to confusion for Polonius Hamlet's imprecise statements, as noted by Polonius, serve as a means for him to express his mental distress while simultaneously critiquing those around him.
HAMLET: Horatio, thou art ian is just a man as there my conversation cooked at all
HORATIO: Oh, my dear lord
In Hamlet's reflection, he expresses that true suffering is often unseen, contrasting those who endure fortune's whims with those who remain steadfast He admires individuals who are not enslaved by their emotions, wishing to hold such a person dear to his heart However, he acknowledges his overwhelming emotions, particularly in relation to Laertes, and regrets losing himself in his own grief, which mirrored Laertes' sorrow.
In this conversation, Hamlet dominates the dialogue, preventing Horatio from contributing while he expresses his deep emotions He provides excessive information, revealing his thoughts about a man who faces significant suffering yet retains a good heart This behavior illustrates multiple conversational violations, as Hamlet not only overwhelms with information, breaching the maxim of quantity, but also introduces ambiguity, violating the maxim of manner.
Violation of Quality Maxim in Gone with the Wind, The Godfather and Hamlet
The quality maxim requires speakers to share accurate information and refrain from making statements they believe to be false or unsupported (Grice, 2004) Consequently, speakers are expected to be truthful and provide concrete evidence to substantiate their claims, as failure to do so may lead to accusations of dishonesty However, there are instances where speakers may intentionally convey falsehoods for particular reasons, resulting in a breach of this maxim.
A Violation of Quality Maxim in Gone With The Wind
INT LIBRARY - SHOOTING THROUGH DOOR INTO HALL, HOLDING SCARLETT IN F.G (Page 24)
SCARLETT I know that I love you and I want to be your wife You don't love
Melanie (GI, Quality: Why are you going to marry the one you don’t love? -
Trying to ruin Ashley and Melanie’s marriage blindly)
ASHLEY (hesitates; then gravely, reaching for words) She's like me, Scarlett - she's part of my blood - and we understand each other
SCARLETT (unable to understand any of his explanations and persisting in her obsession) But you love me! (GI, Quality: Trying to convince Ashley to marry her)
According to the cooperative principle and relevance theory, speakers should provide truthful statements supported by sufficient evidence to minimize cognitive effort Literary works often employ rhetorical devices such as irony and metaphor, which may violate this principle, yet they enhance the richness of expression By using implicit language, authors can emphasize intonation and vividly convey the speaker's intentions, as seen in works like "Gone with the Wind."
Charles Hamilton, you charming gentleman, I suspect you traveled all the way from Atlanta just to break my heart Please stay here until I return, as I want to enjoy some barbecue with you And don't even think about flirting with other girls, as I can't help but feel jealous.
“I won’t If I went-would-would you be sorry, Miss O’Hara?”
“I should cry into my pillow every night.”
“Would you pray for me?”
“Oh- yes indeed, Mr Hamilton Three Rosaries a night, at least.”
“Will you wait for me, Miss Scarlett?
It- it would be heaven just knowing you are waiting for me until after we licked them.”
After being rejected by Ashley, the love of her life, Scarlett is further humiliated by his sister, igniting her desire for revenge In a bid to inflict pain on Ashley, she pursues Hamilton, despite having no genuine feelings for him, and flirts her way into a proposal This deceitful act reveals her ego, conceit, and vindictiveness, foreshadowing the impending failure of her marriage and heightening the tension among the characters, ultimately driving the plot forward.
B Violation of Quality Maxim in The Godfather
One day, Sonny visited Connie's hall and was shocked to see her with a swollen, bruised face, a result of her husband's abuse Filled with rage at the sight of Connie's injuries, Sonny's anger threatened to boil over, but Connie, aware of his impulsive nature, quickly calmed him down To protect Carlo and prevent further violence, she felt compelled to lie about the situation, claiming it was her fault, ultimately compromising her integrity in the process.
SONNY: Connie, what is it?
Connie admits responsibility for the altercation, stating, "It was my fault! I initiated the fight and attempted to hit him, which led to him hitting me back He didn’t even strike me hard; I walked right into it."
Michael, driven by desperation to uncover the truth behind Sonny's death, manipulated Carlo into revealing what he knew by promising his safety and booking him a flight to Las Vegas However, this assurance was a deception Once in the car, Carlo quickly turned to face Michael, unaware that Clemenza was the one who would ultimately pull the trigger.
Michael reveals the deaths of key mob figures, including Barzini, Philip Tattaglia, Strachi, Cuneo, and Moe Greene, emphasizing his intent to settle all family accounts that night He demands honesty from his associates, urging them to acknowledge their involvement instead of claiming innocence.
CARLO is silent; he wants to talk but is terrified
MICHAEL: (almost kindly) don’t be frightened Do you think I'd make my sister a widow? Do you think I'd make your children fatherless? After all, I'm Godfather to your son
Your punishment is being removed from the family business, and I’m sending you to Vegas, where I expect you to remain I’ll provide Connie with an allowance, but stop claiming your innocence; it undermines my intelligence and frustrates me Who contacted you, Tattaglia or Barzini?
C Violation of Quality Maxim in Hamlet
Hamlet's refusal to converse with King Claudius stems from his deep resentment towards the King's ruthless actions Nevertheless, he does respond when questioned about his mental health, highlighting his complex emotional state amidst the tension.
CLAUDIUS: How is it that the clouds still hang on you?
HAMLET: Not so, my lord; I am too much in the sun
Hamlet contradicts Grice's quality maxim by expressing thoughts that do not reflect his true feelings Although he is deeply troubled, he feigns well-being to shield himself from Claudius' manipulative tactics.
The conversation below also demonstrates Hamlet's violation of the quality maxim in order to conceal his emotions:
Claudius expresses his desire for Hamlet to stay at court rather than return to school in Wittenberg, emphasizing that it would be contrary to their wishes He implores Hamlet to remain close, highlighting his importance as a beloved cousin and son.
GERTRUDE: Let not thy mother lose her prayers, Hamlet I pray thee stay with us, go not to Wittenberg
HAMLET: I shall in all my best obey you
King Claudius and Queen Gertrude try to prevent Hamlet from leaving for his school Wittenberg during the celebration of their "hasty marriage." Once again,
Hamlet's modest response is not what he really wants to say; it is intended to please his mother and her newlywed husband.
Violation of Manner Maxim in Gone With The Wind, The Godfather
Grice (1975) emphasizes that effective communication requires speakers to avoid obscurity, ambiguity, and unnecessary verbosity while maintaining clarity and order However, speakers often struggle to meet these conversational expectations.
A Violation of Manner Maxim in Gone With The Wind
Int Library- Shooting through door into hall, holding Scarlett in F.G
SCARLETT (blurts it out) Oh, Ashley - Ashley - I love you
ASHLEY (in a predicament, distressed) Scarlett!
SCARLETT (moves closer, eyes on his) I love you I do
Ashley reflects on the emotional bond they share, emphasizing that while they may have captured the hearts of others, their own heart has always belonged to them This deep connection, rooted in their past, highlights the significance of their relationship.
(PI, Manner: Are you saying the same thing you said to other men to me? We are in a good state and I don’t want things to get weird)
SCARLETT (moves even closer, with desperation) Oh, don't tease me now (PI, Manner: What I am saying is serious and sincere) Have I your heart, my darling? I love you! I love you!
ASHLEY (his hand closes over her lips; moved, fearful) You mustn't say such things You'll hate me for hearing them
(PI, Manner: You know that I cannot respond to your love and you will get embarrassed, regret saying these words to me)
B Violation of Manner Maxim in The Godfather
Following the shooting of Don Corleone, Michael, Sonny, and Tom convened in the living room to strategize on the unfolding crisis, seeking to uncover the motives behind the attack and identify the traitor among them They considered the involvement of Sollozo and Paulie in the incident Michael, grasping the seriousness of the situation, inquired if a war similar to the previous one was imminent However, Sonny's ambiguous response failed to provide clarity, ultimately violating their established code of conduct.
MICHAEL: Is it going to be all-out war, like last time?
SONNY: Until the old man tells me different
After Don Corleone was shot and hospitalized, Michael, Sonny, and Tom held a chaotic conference in the living room Upon entering, Michael was taken aback by the disarray, noting a half-empty whisky bottle and remnants of a Chinese take-out dinner on the coffee table Frustrated by the mess, he urged Sonny to clean up, likening the situation to inspecting and tidying up barracks.
MICHAEL: Why don't you stop living like a bum and get this place cleaned up
SONNY: What are you, inspecting the barracks?
C Violation of Manner Maxim in Hamlet
ROSENCRANTZ: What have you done, my lord, with the dead body?
HAMLET: Compounded it with dust, whereto 'tis kin
ROSENCRANTZ: My lord, you must tell us where the body is that we may take it thence, and bear it to the chapel
HAMLET: That I can keep your own Besides, to be demanded of a sponge, what reapplication should be? Made by a son of a king
ROSENCRANTZ: Take you me for a sponge, my lord?
In Hamlet's reflection, he highlights the importance of the king's demeanor and the rewards he offers, suggesting that loyal officers serve the king most effectively Ultimately, he likens the king's treatment of these officers to keeping an apple in the corner of his jaw, initially savoring them before they are consumed.
Rosencrantz is curious about Polonius' death, suspecting Hamlet's involvement However, Hamlet, overwhelmed by his circumstances, avoids sharing crucial details about the deceased and engages in vague conversations This behavior not only violates social etiquette but also contravenes several conversational maxims, including the maxim of manner, as he is unclear, the maxim of amount, as he provides excessive information, and the maxim of relevance, as his remarks lack pertinence.
Violation of Relevance Maxim in Gone With The Wind, The Godfather
A Violation of Relevance Maxim in Gone With The Wind
In a pivotal scene, Scarlett is infuriated when Ashley rejects her, leading her to hurl a vase against the wall in a fit of rage The loud crash captures the attention of Rhett Butler, who is taken aback as he rises from the shadows of the room.
RHETT: Has the war started?
SCARLETT: Sir, you you should have made your presence known
In a tense moment, Rhett is taken aback by the sound of a crashing vase, prompting him to break the ice with a witty question However, Scarlett sidesteps his inquiry, revealing her true interests instead This interaction highlights Scarlett's embarrassment, which Rhett seems to notice, leading her to deflect blame onto him for eavesdropping Their failure to adhere to the principle of cooperation enriches the scene, showcasing their complex characters and their struggles for love while challenging societal norms A similar dynamic unfolds when Ashley returns from war and engages with Scarlett at her wood factory, further illustrating their intricate relationships.
SCARLETT: Ashley The Yankees want three hundred dollars more in taxes What shall we do? Ashley, what's to become of us?
ASHLEY: What do you think becomes of people when their civilization breaks up? Those who have brains and courage come through all right, those who haven't are winnowed out
SCARLETT: For Heaven's sake Ashley Wilkes Don't stand there talking nonsense at me when it's us who are being winnowed out
Ashley expresses regret to Scarlett, acknowledging her focus on civilization while neglecting the urgent threat to Tara She feels helpless and admits her cowardice in not being able to assist Scarlett in her time of need.
Scarlett seeks Ashley's assistance to resolve a practical issue, but instead of providing genuine help, he seems to recite a mantra, indicating his desire to avoid the situation Ashley appears withdrawn and uninterested in taking on responsibilities, failing to engage with Scarlett's problem as he focuses on unrelated topics This behavior highlights his character as timid and sheepish, contrasting sharply with Scarlett's confident and pragmatic nature Ashley's disregard for the Cooperative Principle further emphasizes his reluctance to confront reality, showcasing a significant aspect of his character development.
B Violation of Relevance Maxim in The Godfather
After the assassination of Don Corleone, Michael returned to Long Beach to support his family During a recent dinner with Kay, she expressed her desire to accompany him to the hospital However, Michael, wishing to keep his family's secrets hidden, attempted to send her a different message, ultimately violating the principle of quality in their communication.
KAY: Can I go to the hospital with you?
MICHAEL: I don't think so You don't want to end up on page 3 of the Daily
Connie plans to ask Michael to be her son's godfather, but when Kay discusses this with him, it becomes clear that Michael is indifferent, already aware of Carlo's involvement in Sonny's shooting Kay perceives Michael as emotionally distant towards both Connie and Carlo, and he deliberately avoids revealing the truth to Kay by pretending to be busy.
KAY: Your sister wants to ask you something
KAY: She's afraid to Michael
KAY: Why are you so cold to her and Carlo? They live with us on the Mall now, but you never get close to them
C Violation of Relevance Maxim in Hamlet
Lord Polonius: Will you walk out of the air, my lord?
Lord Polonius: My honourable lord, I will most humbly take my leave of you
Hamlet: You cannot, sir, take from me anything that I will more willingly part withal: except my life, except my life, except my life
In a conversation between Polonius and Hamlet, Polonius invites Hamlet to join him, but Hamlet responds ambiguously, expressing a desire to go to his tomb When Polonius seeks permission to leave, Hamlet's reply veers off-topic, stating he has nothing for him but his life This disconnect highlights a lack of coherence, as Polonius's inquiry about departing contrasts sharply with Hamlet's focus on life and death Throughout the exchange, Hamlet disregards Grice's relevance maxim, leading to a conversation filled with misunderstandings and irrelevant responses.
King Claudius expresses concern for Hamlet's well-being, but Hamlet's response is deliberately off-topic, demonstrating his desire to avoid conversation with the king This disregard for relevance highlights Hamlet's mental turmoil, stemming from his awareness of his uncle's true nature Claudius even points out the irrelevance of Hamlet's reply, emphasizing the tension between them.
Queen Gertrude: O, what a rash and bloody deed is this!
Hamlet: A bloody deed! Almost as bad, good mother, as kill a king, and marry with his brother
Queen Gertrude: What have I done, that thou darest wag thy tongue in noise so rude against me?
In Shakespeare's "Hamlet," the protagonist confronts his mother about her betrayal of his father, leading him to breach several Gricean maxims during his emotionally charged discourse Hamlet's disdain for his mother becomes evident as he resorts to irrelevant and vague statements, highlighting the conflict between his feelings and his desire for clear communication.
In a moment of intense stress, he killed Polonius in a fit of rage, showing no remorse for his actions, which even prompted the Queen to question him.
In Shakespeare's play, Hamlet expresses his deep contempt and emotional turmoil regarding his mother's hasty remarriage, questioning her actions with the words, "What have I done, that thou darest wag thy tongue; In noise so rude against me?" His response highlights how her actions tarnish the dignity and innocence associated with modesty, revealing the profound impact her choices have on his psyche.
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE CREATING MAXIM
Similarities
In the analysis of conversational maxims across three films, the maxim of quantity emerges as the most frequently violated, occurring in two out of the three movies examined Notably, "Gone with the Wind" stands apart, as it predominantly violates the manner maxim The main characters in "The Godfather," "Hamlet," and "Gone with the Wind" exhibit a significant disregard for the maxim of quantity, with violations recorded at 21, 17, and 27 instances, respectively.
In "The Godfather," an instance of quantity maxim violation occurs when Sollozzo seeks Don Corleone's partnership in his drug business Don Corleone perceives the venture as too risky and rejects the proposal, expressing his disinterest in profiting from illegal activities However, he violates the quantity maxim by providing a lengthy and indirect excuse for his refusal instead of a straightforward answer.
SOLLOZZO: The Tattaglias will guarantee your investment also
Don Corleone expresses concern over the greed and lack of manners in young people, noting that they often speak when they should be listening Despite his frustrations, he acknowledges a sentimental weakness for his children, admitting that he has spoiled them However, he firmly states that his decision regarding Signor Sollozzo is final.
In a pivotal moment in Gone with the Wind, Scarlett comes to the realization that Rhett is the most significant man in her life Desperate to keep him from leaving, she confesses her desire for him, expressing her initial belief that he did not want her However, Rhett, filled with sorrow over their lost marriage and the death of their son, articulates the reasons they cannot reconcile, resulting in a dialogue that feels longer than necessary due to the depth of his pain.
SCARLETT: I wanted you -I wanted you desperately! But I didn't think you wanted me
RHETT: It seems we've been at cross purposes, doesn't it? But it's no use now
Bonnie represented a glimmer of hope for happiness, reminding me of you as a carefree little girl before life's hardships took their toll Her resemblance to you allowed me to nurture and cherish her, fulfilling the desire to spoil you However, when Bonnie left, she took all of that joy with her.
In "Gone with the Wind," Scarlett O'Hara frequently disregards the maxim of quantity, much like Rhett Butler, with a notable occurrence where she provides an unusually brief response regarding her feelings for Ashley, contrasting Rhett's typically lengthy replies.
RHETT: It's a black day, Scarlett You haven't had bad news, have you?
In the analysis of the third film, "Hamlet," it was found that the maxim of quantity was significantly more violated than other conversational maxims Research by Chiad (2014) indicates that characters such as Hamlet, Ophelia, King Claudius, and Polonius intentionally flout the quantity maxim to achieve specific goals Notably, Hamlet's violations stem from his desire to free himself from the emotional turmoil following his father's murder and his mother's quick remarriage, leading to a consistent disregard for Grice's (1975) maxims throughout the narrative.
Here violation of maxims shows his disturbance about his mother’s impulsive marriage
QUEEN GERTRUDE: This is a very carnage of your brain This bodiless creation madness is very cunning
In Hamlet's reflection on madness, he asserts that his pulse aligns with a healthy rhythm, contrasting his mother's deceptive reassurances He urges her to confess her sins and seek repentance, warning against nurturing past wrongs that only exacerbate their consequences Hamlet pleads for forgiveness, emphasizing the importance of virtue in the face of turmoil.
QEEEN GERTRUDE: Oh I’ve clipped my heart in twitting
In Hamlet's advice, he urges to discard the negative aspects of oneself while retaining the virtuous qualities He emphasizes the importance of self-control by advising against succumbing to temptation, particularly regarding his uncle's bed By choosing to abstain tonight, one can make future resistances easier, suggesting that such choices can significantly alter one's nature Ultimately, he wishes a good night, reinforcing the idea of personal growth through discipline.
In this dialogue, Hamlet's excessive information reveals his emotional turmoil regarding his mother's actions, creating confusion for the listener Concerned about her son's apparent madness and the impact of King Hamlet's death, the queen fears for his well-being Hamlet urges his mother to distance herself from King Claudius to preserve her honor and virtue.
According to Winny (2001), individuals may flout the maxim of quantity for various reasons, including emphasizing a point, providing clarity, or expressing emotions This behavior is evident in the main characters of three films, who often provide excessive information to convey their true intentions A notable example is Rhett from "Gone with the Wind," who responds to Scarlett with more detail than necessary to highlight his feelings about their troubled marriage, effectively stressing the emotional weight of their situation.
Differences
4.2.2.1 Difference of reasons for violating conversational maxims in the three movies a Special reasons for violating conversational maxims in The Godfather
The analysis reveals six key reasons for the violations of Grice’s maxims by characters in The Godfather: the desire to save face, the tendency to provide lengthy responses, the avoidance of certain discussions, the intention to please others, the emphasis on politeness, and the strategy of misleading counterparts.
Table 4.4 Special reasons for violating conversational maxims in The Godfather
Speakers often breach Grice's maxims to preserve their self-esteem, as noted by Goffman (2008), who identifies methods such as exaggeration, dishonesty, circumvention, and irrelevance in face-to-face communication In "The Godfather," characters similarly violate these rules to protect their dignity, reflecting Brown and Levinson's (1987) findings The term "securing dignity" appears in discussions of these maxim violations, illustrating the significance of maintaining personal honor in dialogue.
Sony asserts its readiness to confront challenges head-on, stating, "We have the resources to match them weapon for weapon." The message emphasizes their reputation and the fear it instills in competitors, highlighting confidence in their strategic capabilities.
HAGEN: Yes That’s true You’re getting a hell of a reputation
After Michael's deportation to Italy for the murders of Sollozo and McCluskey, Don Corleone's fury was palpable Hagen, feeling enraged, descended the stairs of the Don's estate, where Sonny's optimistic demeanor clashed with Hagen's dissatisfaction As Sonny boasted about the situation, Hagen chose to subtly critique him through irony, opting not to voice his true feelings openly to protect Sonny's pride.
Speakers often delay their responses in conversations, whether through lengthy or brief informative contributions In "The Godfather," characters exemplify this tactic by adhering to the maxim of quantity, effectively prolonging their replies A notable instance from the screenplay illustrates this technique in action.
CONNIE: Your girlfriend She says she can’t make it tonight You lousy bastard you have the nerve to give your whores my telephone number I’ll kill you, you bastard!
In Connie and Carlo's flat, a tense phone call revealed a shocking truth: a woman claimed to be Carlo's girlfriend, leaving Connie visibly upset Flushed with anger, she abruptly hung up the phone just as Carlo emerged from the bathroom, prompting him to ask about the commotion In a fit of rage, Connie struck him and yelled, demonstrating a violation of the quantity maxim in her communication Rather than providing a clear response, she delayed her answer, seeking comfort amidst her emotional turmoil.
Khosravizadeh & Sadehvandi (2011) highlight that speakers often avoid discussing difficult topics, which can lead to breaking the relevance maxim in conversation In the film The Godfather, characters frequently violated conversational maxims, particularly the relevance maxim, with a total of 13 violations, including 8 instances specifically to sidestep uncomfortable discussions This pattern is exemplified in the dialogue where characters strategically divert from unpleasant subjects to maintain social harmony.
MICHAEL: Then Luca turned to the other man…
At Connie's wedding party, Kay, Michael's girlfriend, was taken aback by the large gathering and the presence of intimidating figures like Luca Brasi, Don Corleone's henchman Intrigued yet frightened, Kay listened as Michael recounted a violent story about Brasi, but she quickly interrupted him by declaring, "I love you," to steer the conversation away from the unsettling topic This moment highlighted her desire to avoid the frightening details, showcasing a violation of the relevance maxim in their conversation.
Pleasing the counterparts entails making a fake contribution in order to make the speakers feel good (Khosravizadeh & Sadehvandi, 2011) Brown and Levinson
In 1987, the concept of "pleasing the counterparts" was introduced, highlighting behaviors that threaten an individual's negative face This occurs when someone fails to respect or actively hinders the freedom of expression of their interlocutors The Godfather features four dialogues where characters intentionally violate conversational maxims to accommodate their conversation partners, illustrating this concept effectively.
FREDO: You look wonderful, kid; really wonderful That doctor did some job on your face
MICHAEL: You look good, too
One night, Michael visited Don Corleone in the hospital, where he encountered a cop named McCluskey After a heated argument, McCluskey struck Michael, causing him to fall to the ground in pain Following the incident, Michael's jaw was wired and bandaged Upon returning from Italy, he assumed control of the family business from Don Corleone Later, while at the Flamingo hotel suite, he met Fredo, who complimented Michael on his appearance.
To please him, Michael responded in a similar irrelevant way, which violated the relevance maxim
Leech (1983) suggests that speakers can intentionally violate Grice's maxims by changing the subject, making irrelevant remarks, or feigning agreement for the sake of politeness In "The Godfather," characters frequently breach these maxims, primarily to express courtesy, demonstrating the complex interplay between communication and social niceties.
DON CORLEONE: Good From me you’ll get justice
Bonasera attended the wedding of the Godfather's daughter, feeling distressed after his daughter was brutally attacked by her boyfriend and another man, resulting in serious injuries Frustrated by the leniency shown by the legal system, which sentenced the assailants to a mere three years in prison with a suspended sentence, he sought the help of Don Corleone Despite offering financial compensation for assistance, Bonasera's request inadvertently offended the Godfather, who valued their friendship over monetary gain The Godfather's response, rooted in politeness and respect, highlighted the importance of loyalty and support over transactional relationships.
In daily communication, one common reason for violating conversational maxims is to deceive others (Grice, 1975, p.49) This deception involves the speaker providing false information that persuades the listener to accept it as true Grice identifies several methods through which speakers mislead, including conscious, overt, and ambiguous communication In the film, characters frequently breach these maxims, particularly the maxim of quality, to mislead their counterparts across twelve dialogues.
CARLO: (sees his way out) Barzini
MICHAEL: (softly) good, good Leave now; there’s a car waiting to take you to the airport
Michael sought the truth behind Sonny's death and manipulated Carlo into revealing what happened by falsely assuring him of safety, claiming he had booked a flight to Las Vegas Unbeknownst to Carlo, this was a deception As Carlo entered the car without a hint of anxiety, he glanced back at Clemenza, who then shot him Michael intentionally violated the quality maxim to mislead Carlo, orchestrating the circumstances that led to his demise.
Table 4.5 Special reasons for violating conversational maxims in
Sarcasm often involves stating the opposite of one's true feelings for humor, emphasis, or to ridicule others In "Gone with the Wind," however, sarcasm primarily serves to mock opponents by frequently violating the maxim of manners Key scenes throughout the film showcase the main characters employing this tactic to convey their sarcasm effectively.
GERALD: Now, gentlemen, gentlemen Mr Butler's been North, I hear Don't you agree with us, Mr Butler?
RHETT: (takes a step forward) I think it's hard winning a war with words, gentlemen