study between japanese and vietnamese of a 5 year old child born in a bilingual family in japan

ABSTRACT This study is conducted to research the code-switching phenomenon of children in bilingual families The study focuses on the language activities of a family consisting of a Japanese father, a Vietnamese mother, a child born in Japan, and a family currently living in Japan The research method of interview and observation is considered by the researcher to be the appropriate method for this study Parents were interviewed by in-depth interview questionnaires to determine their family's expectations and intentions of using language and the author observed and analyzed a fifteen-minute conversation of This family is recorded to evaluate the actual use of language in the family by all family members The proportions of codeswitching are discussed on the basis of Baker's (2006) summary The research results show that although family members' intention to use language and the fact that family members have similarities with language, there are still small deviations The actual use of language has a specific existence and the use of minority language (Vietnamese) has a positive effect on the child's bilingual ability TABLE CONTENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study 1.2 Aim and scope of the study 1.3 Research structure CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical background 2.1.1 Definition of Code-switching 2.1.2 Funcion of Code-switching 2.1.3 Types of Code Switching 2.1.4 Definition of Bilingualism 10 2.1.5 Fact about Bilingualism 11 2.1.6 Benefits of Bilingualism 12 2.2 Agency and Family Language Policy 14 2.3 Previous studies related to the research 15 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 18 3.1 Research Methodology 18 3.2 Data collection 19 3.3 Analysis of data 19 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20 4.1 Expectations and intentions for family language’s implementation 20 4.2 How to use the actual language of family 22 4.2.1 Father 22 4.2.2 Mother 23 4.2.3 Child 24 4.3 Discussion 26 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 28 REFERENCE 29 APPENDIX A 35 APPENDIX B 36 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study A study in Singapore revealed the cognitive advantages of children exposed to two languages Early manifestation of cognitive abilities, problem solving is better than children who use only one language The study on cognitive development of bilingual children has been published in the Journal of Child Development Comparing the cognitive processing of single and bilingual children has shown the advantage of bilingualism Studies have demonstrated the advantage in thinking and cognition when children are exposed to two languages The researchers chose this method to test the child's cognitive abilities Previous studies have shown that bilingual children, bored with fast familiar images, can outperform their peers in early education In particular, in cognitive action, expressive language and two-language acquisition and IQ test of children are dominant Bilingual children are intelligent, their memory is superior For example, when encountering more novel words than monolinguals, it is often difficult to memorize But bilingual children learn new words by learning to communicate Researchers believe that the greater information-processing efficiency of learning two languages at the same time gives children a chance to develop skills Dominant when navigating early education." Children raised in bilingual families are doing tasks related to problem solving," said Dr Ramirez This shows that bilingualism not only develops language, but more general cognitive development.” Bilingual experiences improve brain function better The attention command system children use to plan, solve problems, and perform other mentally demanding tasks These processes include ignoring distractions in order to concentrate, shifting attention from one thing to another, and effective memory of information For decades, studies devoted to understanding the impact of bilingual environment on cognition have shown that positive results may far exceed those that enable bilinguals to communicate better And participate in new social experiences Interesting Research Route of Barac, Bialystok, Castro & Sanchez and Other Scholars (2014); Bialystok (2017); Adesope, Lavin, Thompson & Ungerleider (2010) tested whether bilingual interest appeared in early life's nonverbal cognitive ability measurement tasks However, according to Kov cs & Mehler (2009); Singh, fu, rahman, hameed, sanmugam, agarwal, jiang, chong, meaney & rifkin-graboi (2015), the basic cognitive process of early bilingual advantage is still unclear, and some experimental support shows that bilingual learners are better than bilingual learners Interestingly, this effect was reported as early as childhood, with 6-month-old and 7-month-old children showing more flexible attention than monolingual peers when exposed to bilingual input E.g Carlson & Meltzoff (2008); Poulin-Dubois, Blaye, Coutya & Bialystok (2011) studied that 24-month-old bilingual children are better than monolingual children According to the Japan Ministry of Justice, the Vietnamese people in Japan are the 3rd largest community of foreigners in Japan As of 2017, there were 2,405 Vietnamese living in Japan with a residence card and special permanent residence certificate, accounting for 10.2% of other foreigners, regardless of the status of no nationality At the end of 2018, Vietnamese residents increased to 330,835 people By the end of 2019, this number was 410,000 Vietnamese living in Japan There are many families residing in Japan and there are also cases where Vietnamese women marry Japanese husbands or vice versa There are also cases of families migrating from Vietnam to Japan Children are born and raised with the exposure of two languages, Vietnamese and Japanese In this study, the author focuses on researching a family consisting of people Father is Japanese and mother is Vietnamese They have been married for 07 years and have a year old daughter together Since they got married, they have both been living in Japan The child is also born in Japan and holds Japanese nationality Every year, both mother and child return to Vietnam for 01 month During this month, the child regularly communicates with Vietnamese relatives and relatives and communicates in Vietnamese The 45-year-old husband worked in Vietnam for 05 years before getting married Husband and wife can communicate with each other in Vietnamese at a basic level The wife can communicate in Japanese and English She has lived in Japan for 13 years After getting married, she actively hone her Japanese skills with textbooks, watched TV programs in Japanese, and took language classes And she passed the highest level of her Japanese proficiency exam and is now trying to work as a free JapaneseVietnamese translator Currently, she is continuing to study Japanese translation to improve her skills After getting married, the couple's main language of communication is Japanese After giving birth, in order for her daughter to speak Vietnamese, she actively communicated in Vietnamese when she had mother and daughter When there are Japanese around for example, when there are butlers and in public places, she will use Japanese to communicate with her children She thought it was appropriate to so so that no one was left out of the conversation 1.2 Aim and scope of the study Examining the code-switching activities of a Japanese-Vietnamese bilingual family is a case study described in this study The pragmatic reasons and motives behind their use of language are determined according to Baker's (2006) 12 code-switching purposes This study will examine their attitudes towards bilingualism and code-switching, and will try to determine whether their language use intention supports or contradicts their actual language use Finally, this study will include a discussion of their hopes for future language use and a prediction of the impact their choices may have on their children's ability to become fully functional bilinguals Code-switching is mentioned in many studies and researchers can discover many aspects However, this study focuses on Code-Switching study between Japanese and Vietnamese of a year old child born in a bilingual family in Japan 1.3 Research structure This study is divided into 06 main chapters including: Chapter 1: Introduction This content statement focuses on presenting the context of the research, its objectives, scope and structure Chapter 2: Literature review This chapter provides the theoretical basis on topics including the definition of Code-switching and the functionality of code-switching In addition, the researcher also presents some previous studies related to topic Chapter 3: Research Methodology In Chapter 3, researcher introduces research method and data collection and processing procedure Chapter 4: Results The content of chapter focuses on presenting the results of data analysis collected from the interviews between the father, the mother and the data recording of the conversation between family members Chapter 5: Discussion From research results carried out against theoretical basis, the results of previous studies related to the topic and discussion of issues related to language transcoding in bilingual families Chapter 6: Conclusion The main content of this chapter is to present conclusions about what is discovered after doing research on language activities in a bilingual family CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical background What is code switching: 言語を切り替えること Some people are monolingual and speak just one language Others people are bilingual or multilingual and speak more than one language Bilingual or multilingual people sometimes switch back ang fourth between two or more different languages This is called code switching One situation in which code switching is common is within immigrant families For example: a Vietnamese family move from Vietnam to Japan and the children grow up speaking Vietnamese as their native language but they learn Japanese outside of the home when the children in that family speak to their siblings they might code switching between Vietnamese and Japanese (Another situation in which code switching is common is in certain countries where a native language is spoken alongside a former colonial language One example that comes to mind it is India where Hindi English code switching is common and another example is in Philippines where Tagalog English code switching is common) Code switching is largely unpredictable and speakers often impulsively switch language without any consious choice In code switching one language is the dominant language Normally the native language of the group this is called the matrix language and the additional language is called the embedded language the matrix language lays out the basic for the communication and then utterances from the additional language are embedded into the matrix language 2.1.1 Definition of Code-switching Code-switching is defined as the pairing of speech fragments of two different grammatical systems or subsystems in the same speech exchange (Gumpertz, 1982, in Romain 1989: 111) According to Baker (2006: 110), there is another definition that describes code-switching as any switch in the course of a conversation, whether at the word or sentence level or at the phonetic block level In this article, Baker's (2006) definition will be followed, and any change in language will be regarded as an example of code-switching Code-switching has been tested from the perspectives of linguistics and sociolinguistics This article will only focus on the sociological reasons for codeswitching According to Gumpertz (1982, in Romaine 1989), code-switching in sociolinguistic context is used as a discourse model Also according to Gumpertz, it is used as a communication choice, just as converting dialects of a language or subscribing depends on the audience According to Baker (2006), code-switching varies from interlocutor, context and topic Gumperz (1982) asserted that it can be described as a situation or metaphor According to JISA (2000), code-switching occurs when the language is passed due to changes in participants, topics, or settings As Romaine (1989) said, metaphorical code-switching refers to the pragmatic reasons behind language changes Chung's (2006) research points out many reasons for using code-switching Fotos (1995); Nishimura (1995); Romaine (1989), but the most comprehensive list was proposed by Baker (2006) The following Baker summarizes the twelve purposes of code-switching: (1) Code-switching can be used to emphasize specific points in conversation (2) If a person does not know a word or phrase in one language, he can replace a word with another language (3) Words or phrases in the two languages may not correspond correctly, and bilingualism may switch to one language to express concepts that have no equivalent meaning in the culture of the other language (4) Code-switching can be used to strengthen requests terminology may be used by the mother to form mechanisms for connecting family members in conversation According to Baker (2006) this type of code-switching is often encountered in situations where the speaker wishes to become a member of the group Therefore, the mother's use of Japanese in some phrases shows the mother's desire to speak Japanese According to Fotos (1995) code-switching is often used for several reasons at the same time, so it is difficult to differentiate the exact reason that motivates the mother in choosing the language in this conversation In examples A and C, the mother has replaced an entire Vietnamese phrase with a Japanese phrase Once again, using Japanese in conversation can be a reflection of a mother's desire to speak Japanese It is furthermore, however, possible that code-switching was used for emphasis and clarification (Baker, 2006) The mother may have purposely carried out code-switching in order to emphasize the importance of the topic In example D, she engaged in Japanese conversation with her husband and child.When interviewing the mother herself said that the key to success in achieving her bilingual child's goal was consistency in execution So why in this case would the mother violate the rule that would only speak Vietnamese in her home? The mother's use of Japanese in this case can be explained by the fact that the conversation has been pushed to a climax by the Japanese speaking father, so the conversation goes better without using Vietnamese This situation also reflects her desire to join the group of Japanese speakers as well 4.2.3 Child The child uses Japanese for the entire conversation except for the two codeswitching used in example F and example G and one example of requests in Vietnamese (Example H) It is difficult to define for Vietnamese use in these cases According to Baker (2006), have suggested to explain this case that the 24 child's transcription may be influenced by cultural attitudes In this example, the difference between Japanese culture and Vietnamese culture could be the reason for the child's code-switching According to Clancy (1986), in Japanese communication style is often indirect This is especially true in cases where the speaker wants to make a request In Japanese communication, the most commonly used expression when wanting to drink water is (Nodo Kawaita) which means my throat is dry Whereas in Vietnamese and the way of communication of Vietnamese culture, the requested content is often used in succession (eg, muốn uống chút nước không ạ?) Therefore, it is possible that the child likes to use Vietnamese when there is a request from the mother because it follows cultural norms in the Vietnamese language even though it is quite different from Japanese culture In a separate interview between the researcher and the mother, the mother also noted that her child's use of language is often mimicking like a parrot The examples above have partly reflected the mother's comments In the two examples, example F and example G, the child repeated what it told the mother in both cases In example H, the child continues to repeat something that it may have been taught to say However, since the child's use of the word could be considered impolite, the child immediately received prompting from both parents Since then, the child quickly went back to speaking Japanese As described by the child's mother, the child can speak Vietnamese quite fluently while in Vietnam or speak to a monolingual Vietnamese speaker However, at home, Japanese is the child's main language and the child is in monolingual mode The fact that a child does not change the code often can be explained by their age Children not have practical abilities or are required to transcode (Jisa, 2000) The child remains in monolingual mode and uses repetitive techniques to clarify what their mother has said 25 4.3 Discussion Through two interviews about the expectation and intention of using the language of the father and mother and the reality that their family language is used shows that the family's language activities are quite similar to their intention to use language However, there are still minor deviations and inconsistencies During the interview the father revealed that he always speaks Japanese with the children However, in example A it shows that he performed Vietnamese with the child During conversation with the wife he spoke both Japanese and Vietnamese and he did the code-switching sometimes (Example A and B) In a separate interview the father also claimed that the child does not have code-switching but through the examples C, F, G, H it is shown that the opposite is that the child performed the code-switching Although the father has a rather negative feeling about code-switching, this demonstrates Meisel's (2004) assumption that more proficient people tend to transcode more frequently Code-switching is one of the valuable language tools that bilinguals use for the purpose of being able to converse bilingual (baker, 2006) Although the mother in the study tried to use Vietnamese as much as possible with her child, it was unavoidable to still use Japanese occasionally because of its ease and convenience (example C) The wife speaks both Japanese and Vietnamese with her husband and the child This is probably also a reflection of her desire to speak Japanese at home During communication she also used code-switching for emotional expressions, which cannot be translated directly from Japanese into Vietnamese (Examples B and E) The child appears to be a passive bilingual in the home The child only uses Vietnamese to repeat something to clarify his wishes to the mother The language the child uses is mainly Japanese While in Vietnam, the child is fluent in Vietnamese, but when in Japan she will be reverted to the monolingual mode Since then, the social environment plays a big role in the child's choice of language 26 Private interviews between mother and father showed that there is a strong similarity in expectation of mother and father about future language activity in the family The father also wants all family members to be able to communicate well both Japanese and Vietnamese in the family, for the reason that the whole family may move to Vietnam in the future when he lives He was appointed as a representative director in the Vietnamese market Proficiency in both Japanese and Vietnamese will make work and family life more convenient The mother also wants in the family that the children can be bilingual children with both Japanese and Vietnamese communication One language per parent (OPOL) method by her However, the method is not always successful On the other hand, some researchers also argue that strict adherence to the OPOL methodology may hinder communication among family members The mother is a person with good Japanese ability and if family communication is only Japanese, communication between family members will not be hindered However, if the mother regularly uses Japanese in family communication, this will greatly affect the child's chances of becoming bilingual Previous studies have demonstrated that minority languages must be used in the home for a child to become bilingual (De Houwer, 2007) This study has shown that this family's intention is to use both Japanese and Vietnamese languages to enhance their conversation but switch In the switching family, it is used not only for lexical defects but also for practical, social and cultural reasons Here is how switching is a valuable tool that bilingual families use to make their conversations richer and easier to understand each other 27 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION In this study, the researcher carried out the study on language codeswitching of a child from a multicultural family with a native Japanese antiVietnamese married to Vietnamese and gave birth The whole family is living, working and studying in Japan The research method of observation and interview shows that the desire of both the father and the mother is to want family members to be able to communicate in two languages: Japanese and Vietnamese They all give out ideas about language trends in the family Initial research results show that there are similarities in the intention to use language and the fact that the language they use in family communication activities, especially with the child However, there are still phenomena of switching used in some situations such as lack of vocabulary, emphasis on opinions and expression of emotions For the child, the results 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When did you learn Japanese/Vietnamese? How old is your child? What language you use to communicate with your child? Do you like talking to your child in Japanese or Vietnamese? When you talk to your child in Japanese, they will answer you in Japanese or Vietnamese When you talk to the child in Vietnamese, they will answer you in Vietnamese or Japanese When the child communicates with people around, what language they usually use? 10.Has your child been able to read and write in both Japanese and Vietnamese? 11.How often you travel between Vietnam and Japan? 12.When or why did you change the language of communication with your children and spouse? 13.How you feel when your child combines Japanese and Vietnamese? 14.Why you want your child to be bilingual? 15.Do you think you are bilingual? 16.Do you think your child is bilingual? 35 APPENDIX B Conversation Transcript The font is usually Vietnamese Italicized text is Japanese Parentheses are Vietnamese explanations of Japanese words and phrases The curly braces are language-scoping features The child calls her father Otoosan and the mother Okaasan This is not covered as an example of a switching Example A M: Con có nhớ những hứa với mẹ không? D: Iisugiteiruyo (You said too much about this) F: I just wanted to remind you Example B M: Oishikatta (Really delicious) F: Em ăn xong chưa? M: Um Gochisosama deshita (Alright, thank you so much for the meal) F: Did you ajimi or (tasting) M: No I um F: You said you were… M: Yeah, I’ve been sick after that lunch Example C M: Um… Ngày mai phải bắt tay vào chuẩn bị sẵn mochimono (things to bring) D: Soieba shiroi kutsushita wa attakke? 36 (Oh yeah, don't you know what white socks you have?) F: Shiroi kutsushita hitsuyo na no? (Do you need white socks?) M: Con có phải mặc đồng phục khơng? S: Có thể M: You could borrow some of Otosan’s (father’s) cause you haven’t got any We’ll borrow buy some tomorrow M: Con có mặc quần đùi vào mùa hè không? F: {laughter} Sonna wakai – igirisu ja nai da zo M: Em nghĩ hợp lý D: Eh? Soshitara astuii jan (Then you’ll be so hot.) M: Tại họ không mặc quần đùi vậy? D: Atari mae des yo! (Of course they don’t!) F: Nihon no natsu wa, hanzubon haita kara te suzushikuwa narinain da yo Yoso ni gyaku ni nagazubon yousurruni omota ho ga suzushi ne Dochi ka to yuu to (Japan's summers are so hot, so hot that you don't feel any cooler when wearing shorts In fact, when it's hot, you can wear long pants even cooler.) Example D F: Ki tsukanai kimi na (You don’t even notice that you?) M: Ki ni tsukanai ka, ki ni shinai (She doesn’t notice or she doesn’t care.) Example E F: Gochisosamadeshita (Thank you so much for the meal) M: Iie Doitashimashite (No, you’re welcome.) Example F 37 D: Watashi no apuron te doko na no? (Where is my apron?) M: Trong nghăn kéo D: In the drawer? Ah asoko ne (Oh, over there.) Example G M: Đừng chạm vào D: Ja, touch wa damme to yuu koto? (So you mean I can’t touch it?) M: Finish your dinner please Example H D: Mom, can I drink water now? M: Yes you may S: May 38 ... Code-Switching study between Japanese and Vietnamese of a year old child born in a bilingual family in Japan 1.3 Research structure This study is divided into 06 main chapters including: Chapter 1: Introduction... marry Japanese husbands or vice versa There are also cases of families migrating from Vietnam to Japan Children are born and raised with the exposure of two languages, Vietnamese and Japanese In. .. between Japan and Vietnam Finally, research has also shown that giving a child a great chance of becoming a bilingual child requires regular communication in the minority language of the family