(LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ) A study of the translation of architecture terms in the architects'' data Neufert between English and Vietnamese

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES VŨ HẢI YẾN A STUDY OF THE TRANSLATION OF ARCHITE TEMS IN THE" ARCHITECTS' DATA NEUFERT" BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (NGHIÊN CỨU CÁCH DỊCH CÁC THUẬT NGỮ) 2009 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENT PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 Rationale Scope of the study Aims of the study Method of the study Design of the study PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I.1 Terminology I.1.1 Definition I.1.2 General features of terminology I.1.3 Term creation I.1.3.1 Primary and secondary term creation I.1.3.2 Term formation in technology I.1.3.3 Guidance on the creation of term I.2 Translation theory I.2.1 Definition of translation I.2.2 Translation equivalence I.2.3 Translation strategies, procedures, methods I.2.4 Technical translation 11 I.3 Translation of terminology 11 I.4 Chapter conclusion 13 CHAPTER II: CHAPTER II: AN OVERVIEW OF ARCHITECTURE TERMS 14 II.1 Architecture terms possess typical features of terminology 14 II.2 Classification of architecture terms according to their structural patterns 15 II.2.1 Single terms 15 II.2.2 Compound terms 17 II.3 Chapter conclusion 21 CHAPTER III: THE TRANSLATION OF ARCHITECTURE TERMS TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 22 III.1 The translation of architecture terms of equivalence group 22 III.1.2 An overview of equivalence relationship in the translation of architecture terms 22 III.1.3 The common strategies and procedures used in translation of Architecture terms of equivalence group 24 III.1.3.1 The translation of single terms-Old words with new senses 24 III.1.3.2 The translation of compound terms by rank shift or transposition 25 III.1.3.3 The translation strategy which involves the deletion of "OF" 27 III.1.4 Concluding remarks 28 III The translation of architecture terms of non-equivalence group 28 III.2 1The source of non-equivalence problem in the translation of Architecture terms 29 III.2.2 The strategies, procedures and methods employed in dealing with non equivalence problem in the translation of Architecture terms 29 III.2.2.1 Translation of terms with transference procedure (the use of loan word) 29 III.2.2.3The translation of terms by paraphrase 31 III.2.2.4 The translation of terms with communicative method 32 III.2.2.5 Literal translation 34 III.3 Conclusion 35 PART C: CONCLUSION 36 I The groups of terms and translation strategies and procedures used to translate them 36 II Suggestions for the methods, procedures and strategies REFERENCES APPENDICES TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 37 PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale English for specific purposes is now one of the greatest needs for students of all majors English for banking, English for tourism, English for law are all mentioned in everyday life of students of each type Although they are very difficult and challenging, they have become popular in Viet Nam There are still many majors that need ESP for their own such as: English for accounting, English for advertising, English for computing and English for building and constructing Building and constructing is not a new major in comparison with other majors like accounting or computing, but English for building and constructing, in contrast, is a completely new for those who work in this field The problems not lie in English itself, but in the great need for systematically translated terms Vietnamese architects, constructors need systematical materials which are in Vietnamese to help them in their work, however, these materials mainly in English "Neufert", by Ernst and Peter Neufert, is a valuable English book for architects It is edited by many famous authors Undoubtedly, it provides a lot of useful information in architecture field Therefore, students, teachers or even experienced architects need it In an effort to bring new knowledge to Vietnamese, many translators have tried to make it in Vietnamese to provide students, architects and constructors an effective tool for their jobs However, translation in architecture field is not an easy task, the problem lies in the sharp differences in English architecture terms and Vietnamese ones Obviously, this will pose a great obstacle to translators due to their insufficient knowledge about the two different subcultures of architecture They may have to struggle to convey the true essence of each kind of architecture terms from English in Vietnamese Though, in Vietnam, translators not have to translate such architecture terms for clients, they still have to translate a number of popular architecture terms for at least architecture-majored students or for those who work in this field Having studied and compared the original and translated version by different translators, I have decided to make a study on how Architecture terms in Neufert are dealt with In the hope that the study, titled”A study on the Translation of architecture Terms in the "Architects' data Neufert" between English and Vietnamese”, may be of some help to those who has been and will translation, or are teaching in the field TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Scope of the study The study mainly focuses on the Architecture terms in the material “Neufert” The major aspects to be considered are their:  classification of equivalence relationships  structural patterns of AT in English  their translation Aims of the study  To work out the similarities and differences between English and their Vietnamese equivalents  To draw out the strategies, procedures and methods that may apply to the translation of architecture terms (especially to the translation of non-equivalence terms in the English architecture terms into Vietnamese) Method of the study 4.1 Research questions: a) What are the similarities and differences between English terms and their Vietnamese equivalent? b) What are strategies, procedures, methods that are appropriate to the translation of English architecture terms in Neufert? 4.2 Research methods: To carry out the thesis the author went through the following steps:  Collecting and grouping English architecture terms in Neufert and their Vietnamese equivalents for description, analysis and induction  Draw out strategies, procedures and methods in translation of architecture terms 4.3 Data collection: The English architecture terms studied are taken from “Neufert”, “English for building and constructing” and their equivalents are picked out from the translation by Vietnamese translators those who are architects and teachers in this field Design of the study: The study consists of three main parts, references and appendixes as follows: + Part A: Introduction The rationale for the study, scope, aims, methods and design of the study are orderly presented in this part + Part B: Development TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com There are three chapters in this part: Chapter I: Theoretical background The theory of translation and terminology will be dealt with in this chapter Chapter II: An over view of architecture terms Chapter III: The translation of architecture terms of architecture terms  The translation of architecture terms of equivalence group This chapter gives out an investigation into the equivalence between English and Vietnamese translation of architecture terms in the Neufert Accordingly, the research focuses on the two main questions: the first one is how architecture terms in the Neufert are currently translated and the second one what strategies, procedures, methods are employed  The translation of architecture terms of non-equivalence group This chapter finds out how non-equivalence problems in the translation of architecture terms in the Neufert are solved by available translation strategies, procedures, methods + Part C: Conclusion The conclusion summarizes the strategies, procedures and methods of translation, as well as, makes relevant suggestions The appendixes give more examples of different groups of architecture terms TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND I.1 Terminology I.1.1 Definition: Terminology has been defined by many different linguists to establish its structure and meaning According to Mr Do Huu Chau (1981) "Terms are specialist word used within a scientific field, a profession or any technological field" To identify technical terms he also states: " Scientific and technical terminology consists of lexical units used to denote phenomenal objects, activities in industrial technologies and natural or social sciences" Sharing the same points of view about some common features in content with the definition by Mr Do Huu Chau, Mr Nguyen Thien Giap (1998) proposed a different definition "Terminology, understood as a special linguistic unit of languages, consist of word and fixed phrase that provides precise definition and objectives that belong to particular scientific area" These definitions, though, are at different time and by different people, all show that there exist "special words in specialized fields or braches of human knowledge" Therefore, there must be terms for mathematics, business, medicine which should be distinguished from ordinary words Indeed, Baker (1998: 261) says that: "Terms differ from words in that they are endowed with a special form of reference, namely that they refer to discrete conceptual entities properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge space of particular subject field Further important differences between terms and words are: Terms have special reference within a particular discipline whereas words function in general reference over a variety of subject fields Terms keep their lives and meanings only for as long as they serve the system of knowledge that gave rise to them In other words, terms together with words and proper names constitute the general class of lexical items Names refer individually to object and people; words refer arbitrarily to general concepts while terms refer deliberately to specific concepts However, the boundary between terms and words is not a clear cut i.e many terms become ordinary words when they are closed to daily life and used with high frequency, and many words become terms when they are used in specialized field TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com I.1.2 General features of terminology Terms and words obviously are different in that terms have special reference within a particular discipline and surely they are not allowed to carry the speakers’ attitude, figurative sense, compliment or criticism, then it should possess the following qualities: accurateness, systematicism, internationalism, popularity and nationality as proposed by Nguyen Thien Giap (1998), Do Huu Chau (1981) I.1.2.1 Accurateness A term needs to be accurate and clear because basically it reflects an exact concept of a science If a term is of absolute accuracy, people never mistake one concept for another Once a word has become term, it no longer has connotational, emotional meaning; it also loses its polysemouness, synonymousness and antonymousness In short, terminology necessarily works on the principle that “once concept has only one term for it, and one term indicates only one concept” This relationship is called the one-to-one equivalent between a concept and a term I.1.2.2 Systematicism Any field of sciences has its own limited system of concepts, which are named by a system of terms Therefore, each term has its own position in the system of concepts and belongs to a terminological system The value of ech term is determined by its relationships with other terms in the same system As a result, a term loses its value when isolated from its system In short, a term has to be a dependent member of its system I.1.2.3 Internationality Terms are used internationally because they are special words expressing common scientific concepts to people of different languages Therefore, it is useful to agree on terms to be used among languages in order to push up the development of science The international links in science result in a number of terms presented in many different languages For example, video, radio, telephone… are found in French, German, English and Vietnamese… with little difference in form I.1.2.4 Popularity Terms need to be popular in the sense that they should be close to the language of the masses, which is to say easy-to-remember, easy-to-understand and easy-to-understand, because they will help to bring knowledge to and benefit men of all aspects of life TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com I.1.2.5 Nationality Though terms are special words used in specialized fields, they are surely part of the national language They, therefore, possess the colors, the characteristics of the national language In other words, they should be made from materials of the national language in terms of lexicology, form and grammar I.1.3 Term creation Terms are used to name the concepts, so whenever a concept appears, is made in a culture, or translated to a new culture, it involves the creation of a new term to name it I.1.3.1 Primary and secondary term creation Primary and secondary term formation is governed by different influences: + Primary term formation occurs when a newly created concept has to be named while secondary term formation occurs as result of either (1) the monolingual revision of given terminology, for example, the purpose of producing a standard document, or (2) a transfer of technology to another linguistic community-a process which requires the creation of new term in the target language + Another fundamental differences between the two formation methods lies in the fact that in primary term formation, there is no linguistic precedent although there are rules for forming appropriate terms On the contrary, in secondary term formation, there is always the precedent of an already existing term formation in another language with its own motivation + Secondary term formation is more often subject to guidelines than primary term formation which are on the basis of patterns terms and words formation already prevalent in the subject field and natural language in question I.1.3.2 Term formation in technology: One important feature of vocabulary in technology and in industrial application is that they are relatively controlled and controllable A large and heterogeneous population is involved in technology and the terminology used also occurs in general speech situation Another important feature of technological terminology is its volatility (unlike the relatively stable terminology of science) This instability is caused by changes in materials, methods of production, design… and it is further accentuated in secondary term formation where knowledge is transferred from one linguistic community to another and, therefore, new terms are created in the target language TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Both primary and secondary term formation in technology suffer from a heavy proliferation of variants and synonyms which appear either because of parallel industrial development or in response to the need for popular versions of scientific terms and product differentiation There is a co-existence of several methods of secondary interlingual term formation including borrowing, loan translation, paraphrase, parallel translation, adaptation and complete new creation These methods may be used sequentially or simultaneously and often give rise to several alternatives or competing new terms I.1.3.3 Guidance on the creation of term + Terms should consistently reflect some key features of the concepts they are linked to in order to facilitate precise reference At the same time, they should be as economical as possible without giving rise to homonymy + Terms should be lexically systematic and should conform to the phonological and morphological rules of the language + Terms must conform to the general rules of word-formation of the language that is they should allow composition and derivation where appropriate + The meaning of the term should be recognizable independently of any specific context Those advices from International Organization for Standardization (ISO 1988) (cited in Bac, N.T, 2003) I.2 Translation theory I.2.1 Definition of translation Translation has been defined variously by different linguists through times Followings are some typical definitions: According to Marlone (1988), “Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, (source language) preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences” Bell (1991) says that “Translation is basically a change of from In translation the form of the source language is replaced by the form of the receptor (target) language”.While Carford (1965) defines translation as “The replacement of a text in one language (SL) by an equivalent text in another language (TL)” Hatim & Mason (1990), however, claim “Translating consists of producing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in meaning and secondly in style” Newmark (1995) simply defines “Translation as the TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com II Suggestions for the methods, procedures and strategies II.1 Suggestion for transference procedure Though it is no doubt that transference has achieved much popularity and preference in the translation of technical terms in general, and of architecture terms in particular, this procedure has both advantages and disadvantages in nature In terms of the advantages, it is very helpful in dealing with non-equivalence problem because there are concepts which has not yet been technically lexicalized or termed in TL In such cases, directly borrowing the English word into the target language seems to be the best choice for the translators Additionally, this procedure also helps translators to give a short, precise translation easily without having to go deeply into the meaning of the term, therefore limiting or avoiding false translation, especially when the term is completely new Moreover, once borrowed words are used in accompany with functional-descriptive terms, they become so much part of Vietnamese lexis that they no longer appear as loan Considering the disadvantages of this procedure, we realize that using loan words or borrowing English words is regarded as against the task of preserving the purity and clarity of Vietnamese and avoiding attacking the national characteristics of terminology Besides, these borrowed terms are definitely read and written In fact, if the written form of the loan word is kept the same in TL, then it can be very difficult for the readers, especially for those who are not good at English On balance, though this procedure still has some disadvantages, its advantages appear to overweigh Its popularity proves that fact, many translators and specialist readers really prefer using loan words, they can even use them without any need for descriptive explanation II.2 Suggestion for transposition procedure Translators use different types of transposition to translate many groups of terms This procedure has become very useful tool to deal with non-equivalence due to the differences of word formation, structural patterns between two languages If transference is helpful to deal with non-equivalence at word level, transposition is to solve nonequivalence both at word level and above word level Undoubtedly, different types of transposition can help to eliminate different problems II.3 Suggestion for paraphrase strategy 37 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com This strategy is one of the effective alternatives in solving the non-equivalence problem Sometimes, the concept the translator want to bring to the readers not exist in the TL, and it is dealt with some other translation strategies, then a certain loss of meaning is unavoidable This strategy is also very useful because it can help clarify the meaning and make the term accessible to the readership However, in using this strategy there is an important thing that the translators should take into consideration is to pay attention to the lengthy explanation and the economy of the translated version They should not abuse this strategy in any circumstances II.4 Suggestion for communicative method By nature, communicative method gives translators more freedom more choice in translation It normally makes the text smoother, more accessible and easier for readers to understand Communicative translation also can deal with non-equivalence problem, it helps translators to give out the answer for the seemingly impossible task of finding a TL equivalent for a term unknown in SL Inarguably, communicative method is a good choice for translators Though communicative method is chosen by many translators because of its flexibility, it still has a big problem that is the translators have to decide what extent one should simplify and therefore emphasize the basic message If, in some cases, a technical term is oversimplified or the translator are unable to fully transmit the intended meaning of the term, then unavoidably some aspects of the meaning are lost To conclude, in spite of its problem, communicative method still has it place in the choice of the translators However, if the loss of meaning is unavoidable as integrated part of this method, then it is a strong recommendation that translator should add the English version beside the translated one II.5 Suggestion for literal translation Literal translation is the first step that every translator has to take in translation Many of them firstly translate the term or the text to literally find out its literal meaning before giving out the final and accessible translation version Obviously, if literal translation is used as the only method in solving the terms, it is not the right choice because sometime it makes the translated version clumsy, complicated and inaccessible to the readers 38 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Undoubtedly, literal translation is not suitable for any kind of translation problem as non-equivalence, especially non-equivalence above word level It absolutely can not produce the same effect on the intended listeners as on the original readers Therefore, it is a good advice for the translators to avoid literal translation unless the SL and TL meaning correspond more closely than any other choices II.6 Suggestion for further studies Since the time is limited, we have not been able to collect all the translated versions for comparison and analysis Indeed, we fully know that it is impossible to so because there are a few of translators doing the translation of architecture terms into Vietnamese for Vietnamese there Therefore, what still remains and needs to be paid more attention to towards the research into the equivalence between English and Vietnamese translation of architecture terms is to collect more modern architecture terms for analysis and introduction As researchers, we wish to find as many terms of non-equivalence group as possible with the hope that we can make a glossary of architecture terms in all related materials for use and reference among architecture field 39 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com REFERENCES Baker, M (1992) In other words: A Coursebook on Translation London and New York: Routledge Barker, M (1998) Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies Routedge Bell, R.T (1991) Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice New York: Longman Inc Cardford, J.C (1965) A Linguistic theory of Translation Oxford: OUP Cẩn, N.T (1999) Ngữ Pháp Tiếng Việt (Tiếng-Từ Ghép-Đoản ngữ) NXB ĐHQG Hà Nội Cầu, V.N (2004) Tiếng Anh xây dựng kiến trúc NXB Thanh Niên Châu, Đ.H (1981) Từ vựng ngữ nghĩa Tiếng Việt NXBGD Châu, Đ.H (1999) Các Bình Diện Từ Từ Tiếng Việt NXB ĐHQGHN Cumming, J (1999) English for science and technology: Architecture and Building construction Longman 10 Giáp, N.T (1998) Từ Vựng Học Tiếng Việt Hà Nội: NXB Đại Học Trung Học chuyên nghiệp 11 Halliday, M.A.K (1985) An Introduction to Functional Grammar London: Edward Amold 12 Hatim, B and Mason, I (1990) Discourse and the Translator Essex: Longman 13 Koller, W (1979) Equivalence in Translation Theory, in Chesterman, A (1989) Readings in Translation Theory, Loimaan Kirjapaino 14 Neufert, P (1998) Architect's Data 15 Newmark, P (1995) Approaches to Translation Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd 16 Newmark, P (1995) A Textbook of Translation B and Jo Enterprise Pte Ltd 17 Tiến, L.H; Hoàng, Đ.M v Trà, N.P (2006) Lý thuyết thực tiễn dịch thuật Anh- Việt: Một số vấn đề lý luận phương pháp VNU, College of foreign Languages 40 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 18 http://www.archiseek.com/guides/glossary/f.html 19 http://www.scribd.com/doc/15927345/Thut-ng-Kin-truc-thong-dng 20 Bac, N.T (2003) MA thesis: A study on the English-Vietnamese translation of the Terminology in the Materials for Electrical Engineering VNU, College of foreign Languages (Unpublished) 21 Nhan, N.T (2005) MA thesis: A study on the Vietnamese-English Translation of exhibit labels in the Vietnam museum of ethnography VNU, College of foreign Languages (Unpublished) 22 Yến, V.T.T (2005) MA thesis: A study on the equivalence between English and Vietnamese Translation of Insurance terms in US health insurance plans VNU, College of foreign Languages (Unpublished) 41 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com APPENDICES Appendix English terms Vietnamese equivalents Foundation Móng Elevation Mặt đứng Deflection Độ võng Still Bậu cửa Illumination Độ chiếu sáng Ventilation Thơng gió Slab Bản sàn Structure Kết cấu Partition Tường ngăn Moisture Độ ẩm Light Ánh sáng Density Khối lượng riêng TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix (Noun + Noun 2) English terms Vietnamese equivalents Landscape Architect Kiến trúc sư thiết kế ngoại cảnh Location Map Hoạ đồ vị trí (cơng trình) Construction Site Cơng trường xây dựng Ground Floor Sàn tầng Steel Truss Vì kèo thép Steel Purlin Xà gồ thép Plywood Ceiling Trần ván ép Air ventilation Thơng gió Floor Drain Phễu thu sàn Emulsion Painting Sơn nước Door lath Then cửa Design level Cao độ thiết kế Window sill Bệ cửa sổ Steel reinforcement Cốt thép Glass wool Bông thuỷ tinh Butimen roof Mái giấy dầu Steel beam Dầm thép Steel channel Thép máng Sound insulation Cách âm Coarse aggregate Cốt liệu thô Fine aggregate Fire resistance Cốt liệu mịn Chống cháy TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (Adjective + Noun) English terms Vietnamese equivalents Gable wall Tường đầu hồi Flat roof Mái Perspective Drawing Bản vẽ phối cảnh Mezzanine Floor Sàn lửng Artificial Stone Đá nhân tạo Internal Pavement Đường nội Igneous rock Đá hỏa sinh Differential settlement Sự chênh lệch lún Retractable Roof Mái che co rút Preliminary Design Thiết kế sơ General Plan Tổng Mặt Metal Gutter Máng xối tôn Septic Tank Hầm tự hoại Capillary water Nước mao dẫn Luminous flux Thông lượng ánh sáng Longitudinal section Mặt cắt dọc Cross section Mặt cắt ngang Thermal insulation Cách nhiệt Mineral wool Eramic tiles Bơng khống Gạch gốm TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com (Noun/ Adjective + Noun + Noun) English terms Vietnamese equivalents Acoustic Board Ceiling Trần cách âm Metal Sheet Ceiling Trần tôn Conceptual Design Drawings Bản vẽ thiết kế Mental sheet ceiling Trần tôn Thermal insulation layer Lớp cách nhiệt Technical Pipe Shaft Hộp gen kỹ thuật Metal sheet Roof Mái tôn Underground Water Tank Hồ nước ngầm Total Floor area Tổng diện tích sàn xây dựng Conceptual Design Drawings Bản vẽ thiết kế Front view Elevation Mặt đứng Gypsum Board Ceiling Trần thạch cao (Adjective/ V-ed + (Adjective/ Noun) + Noun + Noun) English terms Vietnamese equivalents Concealed gypsum board ceiling Trần thạch cao khung chìm Detailed Design Drawings Bản vẽ TK chi tiết Decomposed granite gravel Cuội granit bị phân hủy Finished ground level Cao trình đất hồn thiện Reduced Scale Model Mơ hình (công trinh) thu nhỏ Good sound insulation Cách âm tốt High compressive strength Cường độ chịu nén cao Rolled mental sheet Tấm kim loại cán Reiforced concrete section Mặt cắt bê tông cốt thép Typical tensile strength Cường độ chịu nén đặc trưng Conceptual Design Drawings Bản vẽ thiết kế Thermal insulation layer Lớp cách nhiệt Acoustic Board Ceiling Trần cách âm Equilibrum moisture constant Độ ẩm cân Finished ground level Cao trình đất hồn thiện TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix (V-ed + Noun) English terms Vietnamese equivalents Short, more technical Long, but clearer Stabilized soil Đất ổn định Đất ổn định Detached house Nhà biệt lập Nhà bị biệt lập Suspended Ceiling Trần treo Trần treo Benched foundation Móng có bậc, móng giật cấp Móng có bậc, móng giật cấp Cased pile Cọc có vỏ bọc Cọc bọc vỏ Prestressed concrete Bê tông dự ứng lực Bê tông dự ứng lực Pressed brick Gạch ép/ nén Gạch bị ép/ nén Premixed concrete Bê tông trộn sẵn Bê tông trộn sẵn Prefabricated unit Cấu kiện chế tạo sẵn Cấu kiện chế tạo sẵn Revised drawing Bản vẽ chỉnh sửa Bản vẽ chỉnh sửa Fixed joint Liên kết ngầm Liên kết cố định Concealed ceiling Trần chìm Trần che TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix (Noun of Noun) English terms Vietnamese equivalents Composition of force Tổng hợp lực Penetration of pile Độ xuyên sâu cọc Percentage of sand Tỉ lệ phần trăm cát Pitch of arch Độ cao vòm boom Độ nghiêng cần cẩu backets Bước gàu pipes Độ dốc ống roof Độ dốc mái stairs Độ dốc cầu thang Plane of projection Mặt phẳng chiếu Radius of curvature Bán kính cong Range of stress Biên độ ứng suất Rate of percolation Tốc độ thấm Ratio of reinforcement Hàm lượng cốt thép Rib of concrete beam Sườn dầm bê tông Span of beam Nhịp dầm Layer of zine Lớp kẽm TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix English terms Vietnamese equivalents RSK (risk (assessment)) Đánh giá rủi ro RI (Room index) Chỉ số phòng (RI) MF (maintenance factor) Yếu tố bảo trì (MF) UF (utilization factor) Yếu tố sử dụng (UF) NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Tổ chức phòng cháy Quốc gia CIE (commission internationale de l'Eclaire) Tiêu chuẩn CIE (uỷ ban thắp sáng quốc tế) DF (daylight factor) Thông độ chi ếu sáng ban ngày (DF) FHA (federal housing Authority) Luật FHA HUD HUD ( Dept of housing & Urban Development) SIB (session information block) Tài liệu SIB (khối thông tin giao tiếp) UDC ( universal decimal classification) UDC ICBO (International conference of Building Hội nghị quốc tế xây dựng văn Officials) phòng TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix English terms Vietnamese equivalents Clinker concrete Bê tông clinker Polystyrene Polystyrene Composition flooring Bền composít Granite Đá ganite Granolithic Granolithic Linoleum Linoleum Anthracite Than ăngtraxit Bituminous Bitum Sintered aggregated Tập hợp Sitere Vermiculite Vermiculit Calcium silicate Calcium silicat Polyth ene menbrane Màng politen TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix English terms Vietnamese equivalents Shell Cao ốc đạng shell loại cao ốc tồn 50 năm Shell & service Cao ốc dạng shell service kết hợp loại cao ốc trở nên lỗi thời kỹ thuật văn phịng thay đổi phải thay lại 15 năm lần Scenery Cao ốc dạng scenery loại cao ốc phù hợp nội thất văn phòng để đạt yêu cầu xác cấu cao, loại cao ốc phù hợp với hợp đồng thông thường từ 5-7 năm Sets Cao ốc dạng sets loại cao ốc bày biện xếp trang trí như: bàn, ghế, gió vách ngăn để đạt yêu cầu tức khắc cho tổ chức thay đổi tháng City center hotel Khách sạn trung tâm thành phố loại có kiến trúc cao tầng, tiện nghi ăn tốt, có cửa hang văn phòng Motor hotel Khách sạn dọc đường loại phục vụ chủ yếu cho người lái ôtô đường dài, thương đặt vị trí giao lộ quan trọng ngoại ô Mass Xây dựng khối kiểu xây dựng khối vật liệu construction gạch, đá bê tông liên kết với để tạo thành tường đặc Planar Xây dựng phẳng kiểu xây dựng vật liệu dạng construction sử dụng để tạo nên tường có chức vừa làm phận ngăn chia không gian, vừa đỡ kết cấu Các nhà vừa nhẹ vừa xây dựng nhanh so với nhà làm khối xây Frame Xây dựng khung kiểu xây dựng vật liệu dạng có construction thể dùng để đỡ kết cấu không dùng để ngăn chia không gian TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com Appendix English terms Vietnamese equivalents Shop Drawings Bản vẽ Thi công chi tiết As –built Drawings Bản vẽ hồn cơng Master Plan Tổng Mặt Site Planning Bố trí cơng trường Layout Bố trí (sơ đồ) Window Schedule Drawing Bản vẽ Sơ đồ bố trí cửa sổ Partitioning wall Vách ngăn Split–level Floor Sàn lệch tầng Convention hotel Khách sạn theo yêu cầu Appendix English terms Vietnamese equivalents Insect screne Lưới ngăn côn trùng Storm window/ Weather window Cửa sổ chịu gió bão City center hotel Khách sạn trung tâm thành phố Pivoting window: Cửa sổ bật xoay Finishing Schedule Drawing Bản vẽ bố trí vật liệu hồn thiện Part Plan Mặt trích đoạn Motor hotel Khách sạn dọc đường Semi-detached House Nhà chung vách với nhà khác Preliminary Design Thiết kế sơ TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ... I.2.3.5 Paraphrase Paraphrase is an amplification or explanation of the meaning of a segment of the text According to baker (1992:40), the main advantage of the paraphrase is that it achieves a high... that the study, titled? ?A study on the Translation of architecture Terms in the "Architects' data Neufert" between English and Vietnamese? ??, may be of some help to those who has been and will translation, ... distinguishing it from literary translation “ The main division in the translation field is between literary and technical translation? ?? and ? ?the translation of a text may be called technical when