VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT =✍
English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents VINH UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT =✍ ✍= Module ENGLISH GRAMMAR ADVERBIAL CLAUSES ENGLISH ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS Class : K62 – ENGLISH GRAMMAR Group members: Lê Thị Minh Hoài (Leader) Phùng Thị Hồng Lan Lê Thị Hằng Vũ Công Đức Mạnh Thị Huyền Trâm Nguyễn Thị Nguyệt LECTURER:NGUYEN THI KIM ANH PART A: INTRODUCTION Reasons for choosing the study The use of English is a topic as broad as the English language itself So far, the majority of usage is uncontrollable and poses no problem for native English speakers, just because it is their native language However, there are certain problems for learners of English as a foreign language, especially English structures Because many of them often don't recognize these types of adverbial clauses In linguistics, adverbs are considered to be one of the most interesting parts of Most linguists would say that adverbs have become buzzwords in investigate grammar, especially in Vietnamese (Nguyen & Nguyen, 2004) Vietnamese plays an important role and is widely used not only in literature but also In everyday conversations, similarly, adverbs are the most diverse grammatical structures in English is considered an indispensable auxiliary part of a sentence focus disproportionate views on advertising in Vietnamese and Vietnamese through three aspects: form, function and location Thought this article would help the language learners have certain knowledge of adverbs in the two language systems as well as avoid some errors when using them In addition, some teaching suggestions are discussed in This article can give some ideas for teachers to design adverb-appropriate tasks ❖ Example: I worked twelve hours a day and was completely exhausted They suggest that this sentence could be a time clause "I worked a twelve-hour day and was completely exhausted" or "I was completely exhausted after working for twelve hours" This sentence also can be a reason clause "Because I had worked twelve hours a day, I felt exhausted" Adverb clauses are a very important part of English grammar, but they are not easy to use and often cause difficulties for learners English adverb clauses have been handled by many grammarians But until recent years, there has been no research work on English adverb clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents and how to help learners overcome confusion Aims of the study The above basis shows that the status of adverbial clauses in English needs to be studied in more detail not only in terms of structure but also in usage With this trend in mind, this study aims to: - Identify Adverbial correctly, use Adverbial in a reasonable sentence, avoid making many mistakes and lacking logic in speaking and writing - Give descriptions and characteristics of English adverb clauses and their equivalent interpretations in Vietnamese to illustrate the differences and similarities of adverb clauses in the two languages - Give suggestions to teach about adverbial clauses for Vietnamese learners - Find out the difficulties and solutions for learning English in general and the use of sentence structure for Adverbial in particular - Bringing conclusions to teaching and learning English in a new way, with the slogan: " Language is a Corridor for Life " * Research questions Defined by its objective, this article attempts to find answers to the following questions: What is an adverb clause? What are the characteristics and classification of adverbial clauses? What are the differences and similarities between English adverb clauses and equivalent clauses in Vietnamese and how they serve to teach English grammar to Vietnamese students? What are the prediction errors that Vietnamese students may make when learning English adverb clauses? How to remove these errors? Difficulties for English learners? How should effective English learning and teaching methods be devised, consistent with actual requirements? Scope of the study This thesis is about adverbial clauses, in particular, we focus on types of adverb clauses, adverbial clauses in English and their equivalents in Vietnamese In addition, we will provide learners with how to correct errors using adverbial clauses More specifically, we will take specific texts and analyze them through fields, information, magazines, English books and research topics in the curriculum Research Methodology 1.1.Method of Explanation 1.2.Analytical methods 1.3.Proof method 1.4.Comment Method 1.5.Compare and contrast methods 1.6.Methods of investigation and survey 1.7.The method of data collection 1.8.Statistical methods 1.9.Experimental method Design of the study: There are three primary aspects to this subject, as well as references Part A: The Introduction explains why the study was done, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what it was for, what In addition, the thesis' arrangement is discussed Part B, "Investigation," is broken down into three chapters The first, "Theoretical preliminaries," provides an overview of English sentence, clause, and adverbial clauses The second chapter, "Concrete situations of adverbial clauses in English and their Vietnamese equivalents," compares and contrasts English and Vietnamese adverbial clauses The focus of the presentation is on the syntactical characteristics, functional functions, and concrete examples of each type of adverbial phrase in the sentence The study's applicability to the teaching of English adverbial clauses to Vietnamese students are discussed in the last chapter Part C is a summary of the important points mentioned in the preceding sections PART B: INVESTIGATION CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL PRELIMINARIES 1.1 Sentence and general knowledge of adverbial in sentence 1.1.1 Definition of sentence A sentence is simply described as "made up of words" in conventional grammar, and it serves a syntactic purpose by indicating which words may be paired with other words to construct sentences and in what order The internal structure of a phrase must be used to define it linguistically A phrase will be made up of a number of distinct pieces in a specified order, as well as words or portions of words A sentence is made up of a group of words that are ordered in a specific sequence and structure to communicate a thought, inquiry, or instruction Subject, Verb, Complement, Adjective, Complement, and Adverb are the six essential parts that make up an English sentence These six factors are regarded as the six essential requirements for the formation of sentences An adverb clause is a clause that has the grammatical function of an adverb (modifies another clause) Adverb clauses are often called subordinate clauses (which are clauses that not express a complete idea and cannot stand alone.) 1.1.2 Parts of sentence According to Randolph Quirk et al (1972), sentences contain two basic parts: subject and predicate, with the subject being a word or phrase identifying persons, objects, or events, and the predicate being the remainder That is, with the regular application of anything new, "the subject of the sentence has a close general connection" to "what is discussed," "the topic," of the phrase The predicate is made in reference to a "subject" is a word that has previously been used in a previous sentence The following chart and sample clearly explain the elements of a sentence: Sentence Subject predicate Auxiliary and operator Eg predication Yuri Gagarin has complet ed one orbit on the Orient spacecra ft around the Earth 1.1.3 Functions of adverbials in sentence ❖ Adverbial is a part of a sentence It can be an adverb phrase, preposition phrase, or noun phrase They can tell us something about the action in the sentence by modifying a verb Eg: Adverb phrase: He left his grammar book in the study She plays piano well, but her brother plays quite well (Quoted from Masterclass) Preposition phrase: My train leaves in the afternoon My brother is in Mexico (Quoted from MacMillan - Destination B1 Grammar And Vocabulary) Noun phrase: Those houses are very expensive I've lived in a lot of houses (Quoted from learnenglish.britishcouncil) ❖ Adverbial modifies different parts in the sentence Eg The car in front of us was a police car You were getting really impatient They are going very slowly They inspected the car thoroughly Then you decided to overtake 1.2 Clause 1.2.1 Common features A clause is normally understood as a group of words containing a subject and finite verb, forming a sentence or part of a sentence, and often doing the work of a noun, adjective or adverb In the traditional view, clauses are sentences that are part of larger sentences That is to say, clauses are seen as the minimal sentences while the term sentence is used for the larger or maximal sentence (Palmer (1994: 11)) To put it in another way, the “traditional” clause is a component of the sentence Though arbitrary, this conception has indicated what is meant and illustrated a very important characteristic of natural language Quirk et al (1972: 42) give a simple explanation, more structurally and formally biased, of the clause A clause is a unit that can be analyzed into the elements: S, V, O, C, and A (subject, verb, object, complement and adverb) Later Leech and Svartvik (1992) modify this conception, proposing that clauses are the principal structures of which sentences are composed They also put forward three important ways in which clauses may be described and classified ❖ In terms of clause elements (subject, verb etc.) from which they are constructed and the verb patterns which are formed from the elements ❖ In terms of the use in which a clause is made by verb phrase structure to help distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses ❖ Clause functions (what a clause does in a sentence), such as nominal clauses, adverbial clauses, and so on et al, the formal and structural view of sentences appears to be clearer and more exact than the conventional one since it touches on other parts of linguistics and serves as a superior instrument for linguistic study Halliday (1985: 67) describes a sentence as a functional unit with a triple construction of meaning, which is more concerned with language function A clause, according to him, serves two purposes at the same time 3) Misrelated participles There is no subject in truncated adverbial clauses The subject of the truncated adverbial clauses has the same meaning as the main clause's subject We term the truncated adverbial clauses an illogical participle clause, or misrelated participle, when two clauses not have a similar subject Consider the following scenario: After writing , the essay must be duplicated by the student and handed into the department secretary before the end of the month This sentence makes the listeners or the readers think that “the essay is writing , the essay must be duplicated by the student and handed into the department secretary before the end of the month.” But the actual subject of the verb “Writing” is the “student” therefore immediately after the comma, we must mention “the student” Vietnamese students usually make this mistake because they transfer from Vietnamese to English and they are influenced by their mother tongue In Vietnamese, they may say: “Sau viết xong, văn phải sinh viên y giao cho thư ký môn trước cuối tháng.” and they translate it into English like this: After writing , the essay must be duplicated by the student and handed into the department secretary before the end of the month The correct sentence is: After writing , the student must duplicate and hand the essay into the department secretary before the end of the month For clarity, introductory abbreviated adverbial clauses must be followed immediately by the noun, which is logically responsible for the action of abbreviated adverbial clauses Other examples: Incorrect: Before going home, all the lights will be turned off by her Correct: Before going home, she will turn off all the lights Incorrect: After printing the final version of my essay, several typing errors were noticed Correct: After I had printed the final version of my essay, I noticed several typing errors Misunderranding of the meaning of conjunction in adverbial clauses of condition Vietnamese students often confuse the use of “unless” on the topic of conditional states Except when used to say that it is only possible or true in a particular situation Because they have a habit of translating foreign words into Vitnamese, doing the exercise “unless” mean “ foreign language” or “foreign language when” is incorrect: unless she practices more Consistency, she will lose any weight In english, they can say: “except when she adopts an equal diet, she is reasonable and acceptable in english law Vietnam; however it is wrong in english and correct sentence 3.2 Some actual errors that Vietnamese learners commit when learning English Adverbial clauses Common errors of adverbial clauses are caused by Vietnamese learners when translating from English to Vietnamese Errors made in English translations occur in the specific types of errors in the following table that present the types of errors and the occurrence of the types Frequency and error rate of English language clauses of Vietnamese learners Type of errors Misuse of tenses in adverbial clause of time Using two conjunctions for two clauses Misrelated participles Frequencies Percentage % 48 36,4 29 21,9 27,3 36 Misunderstanding of the meaning of conjunction in adverbial clauses of 19 14,4 condition Table1: Summary of the Frequencies of occurrence of errors that the students committed when doing the survey The result showed that the highest percentage of errors (36,4%) that 48 students make when doing the exercises was Misrelated participles in abbreviate adverbial clauses This is because they transfer from Vietnamese to English and they are influenced by their mother tongue These fifty students committed 29 errors Making up 21,9% when they translate from Vietnamese into English because of the interference between L1 (Vietnamese) and L2 (equivalent structure): (” Mặc dầu……, + clause”) while “but” in English structure with Although/ Though can not exist The result also showed that 27,3 % of the errors in using tense in the adverbial clause of time 14,4 % of the total errors was the use of structure “Unless…., + clause” There are mistakes about meaning between English and Vietnamese 3.2 Suggested ways of overcoming the problems of student’s errors Errors should be avoided if the use of proper constructs becomes instinctive and regular; habit is formed via practice Drilling is unavoidable The instructor is supposed to perform the following exercises to assist students in effectively using adverbial clauses: Make a distinction between adverbial clauses and nominal clauses, or between adverbial clauses and adjective clauses In addition, discuss the many types of adverbial clauses that relate to functions, characteristics, and concrete examples To assist students in distinguishing between them, explain them fully Assist students by creating assignments that address areas of difficulty where students may make mistakes when studying English adverbial clauses Students can utilize the sorts of tasks in the appendix to practice generating sentences with adverbial clauses 3.3 Some suggestions for teaching English Adverbial clauses One of the goals of this contrastive analysis is for teachers to incorporate the study's findings into their classroom instruction The study's differences and similarities will, to some extent, assist the instructor in predicting which regions of English adverbial clauses will pose the most difficulty for Vietnamese students They might also assist him in diagnosing his condition by identifying the origins of learning mistakes Contrastive analysis could be able to help A teacher who understands the nature of the mother tongue and the foreign language will be able to find solutions to any issues that arise as a result of the differences and similarities, as well as take into consideration the nature of the differences and similarities It's true that not every student learns in the same way Teachers not all teach in the same way Teachers, on the other hand, should teach what the pupils require, not what they already know Teachers should point out the contrasts and similarities between English adverbial clauses and their Vietnamese equivalents while teaching English adverbial clauses, as well as the ten primary forms of them This will assist the students in avoiding intralingual mistakes The instructor should also assist the students in avoiding developmental mistakes by pointing out the distinctions between English adverbial clauses and the structures they have previously studied It is possible that the teacher will assist the students in overcoming the above-mentioned ambiguity The English grammar structures should be made by the professors PART C: CONCLUSION Grammar is not as important in English as it is in other languages when it comes to speaking, it is to writing It conveys one's understanding of the language One of the most important aspects of English grammar is adverbial phrases In this article, we define English adverb clauses, as well as their characteristics and classification We also learn about specific English adverb clauses and their Vietnamese clauses Vietnamese students can anticipate some common mistakes when learning about adverbial clauses, and a survey is conducted to identify the actual errors that students make We also offer some suggestions for teaching Vietnamese students about English adverb clauses The following are some similarities and differences between English adverb clauses and their corresponding clauses in Vietnamese languages Similarities: Adverbial clause is formed by subordinators in each kind of adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses of time: “When, Before, Since, After, Till/ Until, As, As Soon As + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese structure: “Khi, Trước khi, Từ khi, Khi mà, Ngay + Clause, + (Thì) Clause” EG: I have watched cartoon since I was 10 year old Tôi xem phim hoạt hình từ tơi 10 tuổi Adverbial clauses of place: “ When, Where, Whenever, Wherever + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Khi, Nơi mà, Bất nào,Bất nơi + Clause, + Clause” EG: Where are you from? Bạn đến từ đâu Adverbial clauses of manner: “Clause + As if, As though, As + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Clause + Tựa như, Cứ thể, Như thể + Clause” EG: he run as fast as lightning anh chạy nhanh tia chớp Adverbial clauses of concession: “Though, Although, Even though, Even if + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Mặc dù, Tuy, Thậm chí, Dù cho + Clause, + Clause” EG: Although he got up late, he went to school by time Mặc dù anh dậy muộn, anh đến trường h Adverbial clauses of result: “S + V + So + Adj/ Adv + to, So + Adj/ Adv + (That), Such a, an + Adj/ Adv + Noun + (That), Such +Adj/ Adv + (That), + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “S + V + Adj/ Adv + (Quá) Đến nỗi, + Mà + Clause” EG: He study so hard that he takes high score in the math exam Anh học nhiều anh có điểm tốn cao Adverbial clauses of reason and cause: “Because, Since, As + Clause, + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Bởi vì, Vì + Clause, + (Nên) Clause” EG: Because he don’t study, he don’t pass the exam Bởi anh ko học, anh ko qua kiểm tra Adverbial clauses of purpose: “Clause + So That, In order That + Clause”, “ Clause + In order to, So as to, + V + O + C” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “S + V + C + Với mục đích là, Để + Clause, (+ V + O + C) EG: He has learn all night so that tomorow he sleeps 10 house anh học đêm mà sáng hôm sau anh ngủ 10 tiếng Adverbial clauses of condition: “If, Unless, As long As + Clause + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “Nếu, Trừ phi, Ngay + Clause, (Thì) + Clause” EG: If you get up early, you won’t miss the buss Nếu bạn dậy sớm, bạn ko lỡ chuyến xe buss Adverbial clauses of comparison: “S + V + As + Adj/ Adv + As + Clause”, “S + V + Not as/ so + Adj/ Adv + As + Clause”, “S + V + short Adj/ Adv + -er + Than + Clause”, “S + V + more + Long adj/ adv + Than + Clause”, “S + V + Less + Adj/ Adv + Than + Clause” is similar to the Vietnamese ones: “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Bằng + Clause”, “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Không + Clause”, “S + V + Adj/ Adv + Hơn + Clause”, “S + V + Kém + Adj/ Adv + Hơn + Clause” EG: Nam is taller than me Nam cao Differences: Vietnamese is typical of isolating and analytic language It does not have the exact equivalents of English “- Ing clauses, -Ed clauses, Verbless clauses, -Ing clauses without a subject”in the tenth kind (Abbreviated adverbial clauses): “Subordinators + - Ing clauses, + Main clause”, “Subordinators + -Ed clauses, + Main clause”, “Subordinators + Verbless clauses, + Main clause”, “Subordinators + -Ing clauses without a subject, + Main clause” Finally, we have completed the study to the best of our abilities, despite the fact that errors are inescapable Furthermore, we would appreciate any and all suggestions, comments, and advice from all of you English Adverbial Clauses and their Vietnamese Equivalents REFERENCES English : Abbar, Khwaja Ahmad Et al (1987) The Umbrella and Three Other Indian Short stories Nhà xuất hà nội Alexander, L G (1998) Longman English Grammar LonDon: Longman group Ltd Eastwood, J (1994) Oxford Guide to English Grammar Oxford: Oxford University press Halliday, M A K (1985) Spoken and Written English Oxford: Oxford University press Hewings, M (2004) Advanced Grammar in Use Hà nội: nhà xuất trẻ Jacob, R, A (1995) English Syntax Oxford University press Leech,G & Startvik, I (1992) A Communicate Grammar of English Longman group Ltd Noelw Schutz, Jr et al Breaking the TOEFL Barrier Prentice hall regents Quirk, Randolph et al (1972) A Grammar of Contemporary English Longman group Ltd, Essex 10.Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1976) A University Grammar of English : Longman group Ldt 11.Quirk, R & Greenbaum, S (1973) A University Grammar of English, work book: Essex: Longman group Ltd 12 Palmer, F (1994) Grammar.2 edn Lon Don: Penguin 13 Segal, E (1993) Love story Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Thanh niên 14 Vince, M (1994) English Grammar and Vocabulary Oxford Lê Thị Trâm Nguyên - 45E3 - FLD Vinh University Vietnamese: Bửu, H.V (1993) Sentence Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh: Nhà xuất Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Chiến, N V (1992) Ngơn Ngữ Đối Chiếu Đối Chiếu Các Ngôn Ngữ Đông Nam Á Hà Nội: ĐHSP Ngoại Ngữ Lê, § (1994) Tuyển tập truyện ngắn mỹ Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Thế Giới websites : Http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverbial_clause Http://www.towson.edu/ows/AdvAdjNomClause.htm2 APPENDIX ExerCises in the sUrveY of stUDents’ errors in UsinG EnGLish ADverBiAL CLAUses Type 1: Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense (All sentences refer to future time) a) By the end of the month the estate agent (sell) twenty house b) when I (wait) for the bus, I saw my close friend c) She (study) English since she (be) four years old d) As soon as we (get) there we (phone) for a taxi e) He (see) 10 mice when he (come) into the room f) We went home when we (finish) our work g) When I was going to the door, the phone (ring) h) I will go to the library before I (do) the shopping i) At this time last night, I (learn) while my father (watch) TV j) We (send) a report as soon as we (finish) our work Type 2: Rewrite the sentences with the words in the bracket You any job He was not satisfied (Even though) 🡪 …………………………………………………………………………………… He lived anywhere He always thought of his homeland (Although) 🡪 ………………………………………………………………………………… You return at any time She waits for you (Though) 🡪 ………………………………………………………………………………… She can’t answer my question She is very intelligent (Although) 🡪 ………………………………………………………………………………… He does anything He’s always careful (Although) 🡪…………………………………………………………………………………… He does anything He always tries his best (Even though) 🡪………………………………………………………………………………… You any job You should it devotedly (Though) 🡪 ………………………………………………………………………………… She says anything I don’t believe her (Although) 🡪 ………………………………………………………………………………… He was wise and experienced He was taken in (Though) 🡪………………………………………………………………………………… He like anywhere He always thought of his homeland (Though) 🡪 ………………………………………………………………………………… Type 3: Translate these sentences into English Làm ơn đừng gọi cho bạn gặp phải vấn đề cấp bách Bạn bị ốm nặng bạn bỏ thuốc Khi mà cô nói chuyện với ngủ Khi chúng tơi trị chuyện, tơi phát làm việc chung với em trai anh năm năm trước Bất kể anh làm em u anh Tơi tin anh nói Nếu khơng họ thắt dây an tồn họ bị thương nặng 8.Bạn không vượt qua thi Toeic trừ bạn học tập chăm Mặc dù thời tiết nóng, mặc áo khốc to 10 Tơi khơng biết ta muốn Type 4: Define whether the following sentences are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).Correct mistakes Playing in the street, the truck hit the child By painting and repairing as needed, your home can be kept in good condition Before leaving, Jane kissed me goodbye Addressed and stamped, I dropped the letter in the slot While a student at college, my mother met my father Walking toward the church, the stained-glass windows looked beautiful To understand the subject, a great deal of studying must be done Skiing down the steep hill, my heart beat crazily Watching her daughter play, Mary thought about life as a mother 10 Once learned, a language cannot easily be forgotten 11 When only a child, my father taught me how to play soccer 12 Studying and reading, the day passed quickly 13 To make a good cup of coffee, one must begin with high-quality coffee beans 14 Sitting alone in his room, the strange noise frightened him 15 Wrapped in pretty green paper, Phyllis put the package on the table ... approach Clauses are divided into three categories: adverbial clauses, adjective clauses, and noun clauses An adverbial clause is a clause that modifies the main clause' s verb or, in certain cases,... one that contains a finite verb, whereas a nonfinite clause is defined as one that contains a non-finite verb The non-finite verb can take the form of an infinitive with "to," an infinitive without... 1.3 Adverbial clauses in English 1.3.1 Definition of Adverbial clauses According to Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue “An adverbial clause is another type of dependent clause introduced by a subordinator