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TABLE OF CONTENT 3INTRODUCTION 31 1 Rationale 31 2 Aims of Study 31 3 Research questions 41 4 Scope of the Study 5DEVELOPMENT 5CHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEW 52 1 Overview of traditional grammar 52 1 1 What is traditional grammar? 62 1 2 What is the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics? 72 1 3 Concepts in traditional grammar 102 2 Previous research 102 2 1 Types of sentence structures 112 2 2 The sentence elements 122 2 3 Clause types 122 2 4 The complex sentence 122 2 4 1.
TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims of Study 1.3 Research questions 1.4 Scope of the Study .4 DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of traditional grammar .5 2.1.1 What is traditional grammar? .5 2.1.2 What is the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics? 2.1.3 Concepts in traditional grammar 2.2 Previous research 10 2.2.1 Types of sentence structures 10 2.2.2 The sentence elements 11 2.2.3 Clause types 12 2.2.4 The complex sentence 12 2.2.4.1 Finite, non-finite and verbless clause 12 2.2.4.2 Nominal Clauses 13 2.2.4.3 Adverbial clauses .15 CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 16 3.1 Analyzing the patterns of sentences in a part of The Little Match Girl 16 3.2 Analyzing the elements of sentences in a part of The Little Match Girl 18 3.3 The author’s style of using grammar structures in The Little Match Girl 23 CONCLUSION .24 4.1 Recapitulation 24 4.2 Concluding Remarks 24 REFERENCES .25 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale It is claimed that fairy tales are wonderful presents for children during their childhood and nurture young generations' souls when their personalities became formed such as kindness, graveness, and truthfulness From my perspective, fairy tales always consist of special situations with valuable lessons And The little match girl, a narrative from Andersen’s ancient stories is one of the tales that I remember most The Little Match Girl story tells about a little girl who lost her mother, and on New Year's Eve, she couldn't sell a single matchbox, so she dared not go home Her dreams are shown one after another through the times she light matches while sitting on the street And in the end, she died in the cold of New Year's Eve The Little Match Girl is a short story that clearly shows the humanitarian heart, rich in love of the author with small, poor, unfortunate people, especially children in society at that time Through the story, I have felt a profound message and the benevolent heart of the author That was the main reason that helps me to take sentences of The Little Match Girl to serve grammar structures’ analysis in this assignment 1.2 Aims of Study - To identify clause patterns in a passage of story based on Traditional grammar theory - To have an overview of the author’s style of grammatical patterns and structures used according to mentioned grammar’s theory 1.3 Research questions The areas of this research are formulated in the following research questions are: 1) What is Traditional grammar theory? 2) What are concepts of Traditional grammar? 3) What are types of sentence structure? 4) What are sentence elements? 5) How to analyze the sentences in The Little Match Girl according to Traditional grammar theory? 6) What are comments given to the way of grammar patterns and structures using of the author according to mentioned grammar’s theory? 1.4 Scope of the Study This study analyzed clause patterns and their function based on Traditional grammar theory in a selected passage in the first part of a famous short story written by Hans Christian Andersen entitled The Little Match Girl 1.5 Research Methods In this work, the methods of data collection and data analysis are mostly used DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Overview of traditional grammar 2.1.1 What is traditional grammar? Traditional grammar is applied to summarize the range of methods found in the pre-linguistic era of grammatical study The whole approach of this method emphasizes on correctness, linguistic purism, literary excellence, the priority of the written mode of language and the use of Latin models Traditional grammarians considered Latin as their model because English is a part of the Indo-European family of languages, and to which Latin and Greek also belong It did have similar grammatical elements If you study the form of traditional grammar, the rules of classical languages were followed considering that English did not have grammar of its own And English followed Latin grammar Besides the parts of speech, traditional grammatical analysis also makes use of numerous other categories, just like 'number', 'gender', 'person', 'tense' and 'voice' The collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the structure of language that is commonly taught in schools Traditional English grammar (also known as school grammar) is largely based on the principles of Latin grammar, not on current linguistic research in English “We say that traditional grammar is prescriptive because it focuses on the distinction between what some people with language and what they ought to with it, according to a pre - established standard The chief goal of traditional grammar, therefore, is perpetuating a historical model of what supposedly constitutes proper language.” (Williams, 2005) “Why the media cling to traditional grammar and its sometimes outdated rules? Mainly because they like the prescriptive approach of traditional grammar rather than the descriptive approach of structural and transformational grammar…” Why? Inconsistencies in the style of a newspaper, online news site, magazine or book draw attention to themselves when readers should instead be concentrating on the content “But the prescriptive rules have to be amended occasionally to reflect not only changes in the language but also research that proves traditional advice may have been inaccurate The work of linguists is essential for making such calls on the best evidence available.” (Brooks, Pinson, and Wilson, 2005) Firstly, modern linguistic is descriptive (to describe the way people speak), while traditional grammar is prescriptive (to prescribe the way people speak, or simply, to tell people how to speak and let people know the correct way of their speaking) Secondly, traditional grammar pays more attention to the written form of language, while linguistics attaches more importance to speaking than writing Thirdly, traditional grammar has been restricted mainly to SYNTAX, that is, the way of words making patterns to form sentences, while linguistics has a boarder scope for researching, E.g Pragmatics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics 2.1.2 What is the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistics? Best answer there is no difference All grammar is traditional There is a difference between formal or written grammar, which insists on certain distinctions, as between who and whom, the appropriate use of subjunctive and the indicative moods and agreement of subject and verb, and informal or colloquial grammar which does not Modern English grammar, as the description of modern English usage characteristic of people under the age of forty, certainly suffers from the reduction of distinctions, the loss of refinement and the tongue - tied confusion of tenses and moods which is the inevitable result of having its standards set by the most careless speakers rather than by the most careful Traditional grammar doesn't let you write like you talk It doesn't, among other things, let you end a sentence with a preposition or start a sentence with the word "and" Some English teachers still insist that people comply with each and every one of those archaic rules, but many writers have accepted and even recommended the use of modern grammar instead Traditional grammar is a framework for the description of the structure of language 2.1.3 Concepts in traditional grammar The subject (abbreviated SUB or SU) is one of the two main constitutes of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle and that is associated with phrase structure grammar; the other constituent is the predicate According to another tradition, i.e the one associated with predicate logic and dependency grammars, the subject is the most prominent overt argument of the predicate Both traditions see the subject in English governing agreement on the verb or auxiliary verb that carries the main tense of the sentence, as exemplified by the difference in verb forms between he eats and they eat The predicate in traditional grammar is inspired by propositional logic of antiquity A predicate is seen as a property that a subject has or is characterized by A predicate is therefore an expression that can be true of something Thus, the expression "is moving" is true of those things that are moving This classical understanding of predicates was adopted more or less directly into Latin and Greek grammars and from there it made its way into English grammars, where it is applied directly to the analysis of sentence structure The predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the subject, which the predicate modifies) The predicate must contain a verb, and the verb requires, permits, or precludes other sentence elements to complete the predicate An object in grammar is part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb Basically, it is what or whom the verb is acting upon As an example, the following sentence is given: "Bobby scored a goal", "a goal" is the object A sentence is a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request, command, or suggestion In grammar an adverbial is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the verb The word adverbial is also used as an adjective, meaning 'having the same function as an adverb' Look at the examples below: Danny speaks fluently (telling us more about the verb) A clause typically contains at least a subject noun phrase and a finite verb While the subject is usually a noun phrase, other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases) work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be omitted There are two types of clauses: independent and subordinate (dependent) An independent clause demonstrates a complete thought; it is a complete sentence: for example, I am sad A subordinate clause is not a complete sentence: for example, because I have no friends A noun is a part of speech typically denoting a person, thing, place or idea In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object, of a verb, or the object of a preposition The syntactic rules for nouns differ from language to language An adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified Adjectives are one of the traditional eight English parts of speech, although linguists today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that formerly were considered to be adjectives A verb, from the Latin verbum meaning word, is a word that in syntax conveys an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand) In the usual description of English the basic form, with or without the participle to, is the infinitive In many languages, verbs are inflected (modified in form) to encode tense, aspect, mood and voice A verb may also agree with the person, gender and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object In many languages, verbs have a present tense, to indicate that an action is being carried out; a past tense, to indicate that an action has been done; and a future tense, to indicate that an action will be done A conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases, clauses together A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.) Despite the fact that traditional grammar is informal, unscientific full of contradictions and inconsistencies, inexplicit, inadequate, and prescriptive uneconomical and unwholesome and it ignores spoken language, language change, contemporary usage and all the varieties of language It is still a crucial unit of the English language Thus, there is no need for whole scale to be changed, it surely needs to be mended rather than ended 2.2 Previous research This work was worth analyzing because there had none study about clause patterns of The Little Match Girl story conducted previously 2.2.1 Types of sentence structures A simple sentence structures consists of one independent clause (An independent clause contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.) E.g She likes dogs He likes cats A compound sentence structure is two (or more) independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semi-colon Each of these clauses could form a sentence alone E.g She likes dogs and He likes cats She came home but her husband went to the bank A complex sentence structure consists of an independent clause plus a dependent clause (A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun, and contains a subject and verb, but does not express a complete thought) E.g Tom failed at the entrance exam because he was lazy to learn The baby smiles when she hears her mother’s voice A compound - complex sentence structure consists of at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses E.g I didn't join the year-end party of my company because my daughter was not well, therefore, my boss was not satisfied Though Mitchell prefers watching romantic films, he rented the latest spy thriller, and he enjoyed it very much 2.2.2 The sentence elements 10 A sentence may alternatively be seen as comprising five units called ELEMENTS of sentence (or, as we shall see below, clause) structure: SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT, OBJECT, ADVERBIAL, here abbreviated as S, V, C, O, A: He (S) suddenly (A) came (V) home (O) [1] The girl (S) is (V) every day (A) asleep (C) in the hotel (A) [2] The train (S) left (V) the station (C) on time (A) [3] She (S) is (V) at work (A) in her garden (A) [4] He (S) had given (V) the girl (O) a gift (O) [5] I (S) lost (V) my purse (O) with money (C) in the bus (A) [6] We shall see that considerable variety is possible in realizing each element of structure Indeed S, O, and A can have themselves readily the internal constituents of sentences: She (S) saw (V) that [(S) rained (V) all day (A)] (O) [7] His brother (S) grew (V) happier (C) when [his friend (S) arrived (V)] (A) [8] That [she (S) answered (V) the question (O) correctly (A)] (S) pleased (V) him (O) enormously (A) [9] The italicizing is intended to emphasize the similarity between subordinate (or dependent) clauses and independent sentences At the same time this and the bracketing can interestingly suggest that when in [8]and that in [7] and [9] operate as A, O, and S respectively (though this is only partly true) while more importantly being themselves ‘expanded’ by the dependent clauses (Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik,1982) 2.2.3 Clause types Paying attention on those elements that are normally obligatory, we can usefully distinguish following seven clause types: (1) S V A: She is in her office 11 S V A (2) S V C: My neighbour is S kind V C (3) S V O: Van Lam caught the ball S V O (4) S V O A: The mail man put the letters in the mailbox S V O A (5) S V O C: We have proved him wrong S V (6) S V O O: Jame gave S O C Bella a ring Oi Od V (7) S V: She smiles S V 2.2.4 The complex sentence 2.2.4.1 Finite, non-finite and verbless clause Analyzing by structural type, we arrive at three main classes: FINITE CLAUSE: a clause whose verb element is a finite verb phrase E.g John has visited New York Because John is working, he NON-FINITE CLAUSE: a clause whose verb element is a non-finite verb phrase E.g Having seen the pictures, he For John to carry the parcels was a VERBLESS CLAUSE: a clause containing no verb element (but otherwise generally analyzable in terms of one or more clause elements) E.g Although always helpful, he John, then in New York, was 12 All clauses - finite, non-finite, or verbless - may of course themselves have subordinate clauses which are finite, non-finite, or verbless E.g The following verbless clause has a finite clause within it: Although always helpful when his father was away, he 2.2.4.2 Nominal Clauses ‘That’-clauses: The that-clause can occur as: - subject: That she is still alive is a consolation - direct object: He told the fact that he loved her - subject complement: The assumption is that things will improve - appositive: Your assumption, that things will improve, is unfounded - adjectival complement: I’m sure that things will improve ‘Wh’- interrogative clauses The dependent wh-interrogative clause occurs in the whole range of functions available to the that-clause, and in addition can act as prepositional complement: - subject: How the book will sell depends on its author - direct object: I can’t imagine what made him it - subject complement: The problem is not who will go, but who will stay - appositive: My original question, why he did it at all, has not been answered - adjectival complement: I wasn’t certain whose house I was in - prepositional complement: No one was consulted on who should have the prize ‘Yes-no’ interrogative clauses The dependent yes-no interrogative clause is formed with if or whether: Do you know if whether the banks are open? 13 The dependent alternative question has if whether or: I don’t know whether it will rain or be sunny I don’t care if your car breaks down or not Nominal relative clauses The nominal relative clause, also introduced by a wh-element, can be: - subject: What he is looking for is a wife - direct object: I want to see whoever deals with complaints - indirect object: He gave whoever came to the door a winning smile - subject complement: Home is where your friends and family are - object complement: You can call me what(ever) (names) you like - appositive: Let us know your college address (that is, where you live in term time) - prepositional complement: Vote for which(ever) candidate you like To - infinitive nominal clauses The to-infmitive nominal clause can occur as: - subject: For a bridge to collapse like that is unbelievable - direct object: He likes everyone to be happy - subject complement: My wish is to be a pilot - appositive: His ambition, to be a straight actor, was never fulfilled - adjectival complement: I’m glad to help you Nominal ‘-ing’ clauses The nominal - ing clause, a PARTICIPLE CLAUSE, occurs in the following positions: - subject: Telling lies is wrong - direct object: No one enjoys deceiving his own family - subject complement: His favourite pastime is playing practical jokes - appositive: His hobby, collecting stamps, absorbed him - prepositional complement: I ’m tired of being treated like a child 14 - adjectival complement: The children were busy building sandcastles Bare infinitive and verbless clauses The to of the infinitive is optionally omitted in a clause which supplies a predication corresponding to a use of the pro-verb do: All I did was (to) turn off the gas When the infinitive clause is initial, to has to be omitted: Turn off the tap was all I did 2.2.4.3 Adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses, like adverbials in general, are capable of occurring in a final, initial, or medial position within the main clause (generally in that order of frequency, medial position being rather rare) Attention will be drawn, in the paragraphs that follow, to modifications of this general statement CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Analyzing the patterns of sentences in a part of The Little Match Girl (1) It was terribly cold and nearly dark on the last evening of the old year, and the snow was falling fast This is a compound sentence with structures S V C A, SVC (2) In the cold and the darkness, a poor little girl, with bare head and naked feet, roamed through the streets This is a simple sentence with structures A S A V O (3) It is true she had on a pair of slippers when she left home, but they were not of much use This is a compound - complex sentence with structures S V C, S V O, S V C 15 (4) They were very large, so large, indeed, that they had belonged to her mother, and the poor little creature had lost them in running across the street to avoid two carriages that were rolling along at a terrible rate This is a compound – complex sentence with structures S V C, S V A, S V O A O (5) One of the slippers she could not find, and a boy seized upon the other and ran away with it, saying that he could use it as a cradle, when he had children of his own This is a compound – complex sentence with structures S V C , S V C A, S V O (6) So the little girl went on with her little naked feet, which were quite red and blue with the cold This is a complex sentence with structures S V O C (7) In an old apron she carried a number of matches, and had a bundle of them in her hands This is a complex sentence with structures S V O A, V C A (8) No one had bought anything of her the whole day, nor had any one given her even a penny This is a compound sentence with structures S V A C (9) Shivering with cold and hunger, she crept along; poor little child, she looked the picture of misery This is a compound – complex sentence with structures S V A, O, S V O (10) The snowflakes fell on her long, fair hair, which in curls on her shoulders, but she regarded them not This is a compound - complex sentence with structures S V A , S V O C (11) Lights were shining from every window, and there was a savory smell of roast goose, for it was New-year's eve– yes, she remembered that This is a compound sentence with structures S V A , S V O O, S V O (12) In a corner, between two houses, one of which projected beyond the other, she sank down and huddled herself together This is a complex sentence with structures A A O S V O C (13) She had drawn her little feet under her, but she could not keep off the cold; and she dared not go home, for she had sold no matches, and could not take home even a penny of money This is a complex-sentence with structures S V O A, S V C ; S V A, S V C V A O 16 (14) Her father would certainly beat her; besides, it was almost as cold at home as here, for they had only the roof to cover them, through which the wind howled, although the largest holes had been stopped up with straw and rags This is a compound - complex sentence with structures S V O; S V C, S V OA (15) Her little hands were almost frozen with the cold This is a simple sentence with structures S V C (16) Ah! perhaps a burning match might be some good, if she could draw it from the bundle and strike it against the wall, just to warm her fingers This is a compound - complex sentence with structures S V A, S V O A V O A (17) She drew one out-"scratch!" how it sputtered as it burnt! This is a compound sentence with structures S V O A, S V A (18) It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over it This is a complex sentence with structures S V O C, S V O A O (19) It was really a wonderful light This is a simple sentence with structures S V C (20) It seemed to the little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove, with polished brass feet and a brass ornament This is a complex sentence with structures S V A A 3.2 Analyzing the elements of sentences in a part of The Little Match Girl (1) It was terribly cold and nearly dark on the last evening of the old year, S V C A and the snow was falling fast S V C - the snow was falling fast is a finite, dependent clause, acting as appositive of the main clause (2) In the cold and the darkness, a poor little girl, with bare head and naked feet, roamed A S A V through the streets O 17 - roamed through the streets is an ed-paticiple clause, acting as complement of a poor little girl in the main clause (3) It is true she had on a pair of slippers when she left home, but they were not of S V C S V O S V much use - It is true is a finite clause, independent clause, acting as complement for she had on a pair of slippers when she left home - When she left home is a wh nominal clause, acting as A of had in the main clause (4) They were very large, so large, indeed, that they had belonged to her mother, S V C S V A and the poor little creature had lost them in running across the street to avoid two S V O A carriages that were rolling along at a terrible rate - that they had belonged to her mother is an independent clause, that nominal clause, acting as adverbial clause for indeed and They were very large, so large in the main clause - to her mother is a to infinitive clause, acting as O of V had belonged - to avoid two carriages is a to infinitive clause, acting as O of V running across in the main clause - that were rolling along at a terrible rate is That nominal clause, acting as adjectival complement of two carriages in the to infinitive nominal clause (5) One of the slippers she could not find, and a boy seized upon the other and ran C S V S V C V away with it, saying that he could use it as a cradle, when he had children of his own O V S V O O S V O - saying that he could use it as a cradle is a nominal –ing clause, acting as appositive of a boy in the main clause - that he could use it as a cradle is a that nominal clause acting as appositive in the main clause - when he had children of his own is a nominal relative clause, acting as A in the main clause 18 (6) So the little girl went on with her little naked feet, which were quite red and S V O C blue with the cold - which were quite red and blue with the cold is a wh – nominal clause, acting as Co - object complement of her little naked feet in the main clause (7) In an old apron she carried a number of matches, and had a bundle of them in A S V O V C her hands A (8) No one had bought anything of her the whole day, nor had any one given her S V O A V S V O even a penny O (9) Shivering with cold and hunger, she crept along; poor little child, she looked the C S V A O S V picture of misery O - Shivering with cold and hunger is an –ing participle clause, acting as C in the main clause (10) The snowflakes fell on her long, fair hair, which in curls on her S V A V A shoulders, but she regarded them not S V O C - which in curls on her shoulders is a wh – nominal clause acting as subject complement in the main clause (11) Lights were shining from every window, and there was a savory smell of roast S V A S V goose, for it was New-year's eve– yes, she remembered that S V C S V O - O for it was New-year's eve is a finite clause, independent clause, acting as object complement of that in the main clause (12) In a corner, between two houses, one of which projected beyond the other, she A S V A S sank down and huddled herself together V A V O C 19 (13) She had drawn her little feet under her, but she could not keep off the cold; S V O A S V O and she dared not go home, for she had sold no matches, and could not take home S V A S V O V A even a penny of money O - For she had sold no matches is a finite clause, acting as an adverbial complement for dared not go home and and could not take home even a penny of money in the main clause (14) Her father would certainly beat her; besides, it was almost as cold at home as S V O A SV C here, for they had only the roof to cover them, through which the wind howled, S V C S V although the largest holes had been stopped up with straw and rags S V O - to cover them is a to-infinitive nominal clause, acting as A in the finite clause - through which the wind howled is wh- nominal acting as O of V howled in the main clause (15) Her little hands were almost frozen with the cold S V C (16) Ah! perhaps a burning match might be some good, if she could draw it from S V C S V O the bundle and strike it against the wall, just to warm her fingers A A - to warm her fingers is a to – infinitive clause, acting as A in the main clause (17) She drew one out-"scratch!" how it sputtered as it burnt! S V O A S V A - how it sputtered as it burnt! is a nominal wh-interrogative clause, acting as an adverbial of scratch in the main clause - it burnt is a finite clause, acting as A in the main clause (18) It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over it S V O C S V O A O 20 - as she held her hand over it is a finite clause, acting as A for main clause (19) It was really a wonderful light S V C (20) It seemed to the little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove, S V O S V A with polished brass feet and a brass ornament A - to the little girl that she was sitting by a large iron stove, with polished brass feet and a brass ornament is a non-finite clause, acting as O in the main clause - that she was sitting by a large iron stove, with polished brass feet and a brass ornament is a dependent clause, that nominal clause, acting as A of the little girl in the main clause 21 3.3 The author’s style of using grammar structures in The Little Match Girl Table 1: Data analysis of structures No Type of structures Frequency Percentage Complex - Compound 40% Complex 25% Compound 20% Simple 15% Total 20 100% It is clear that, in 20 chosen sentences, the author mainly maintained the compound and complex sentences or structures and the simple one was seldom applied in this passage Table 2: Data analysis of clause patterns No Type of clause patterns Frequency Percentage SVC 12 29,3% SVOA 22% SVA 19,5% SVOC 14,6% SVO 12,2% SVOO 2,4% Total 41 100 From the data findings of Table 2, it can be seen that SVC, SVOA, and SVA are the major clause patterns that be utilized effectively in this part of the story to make it become more attractive 22 CONCLUSION 4.1 Recapitulation After analyzing the data, the writer found 20 structures and 41 clause patterns according to Traditional Grammar theory in the first passage of the story From the data that have been analyzed, the writer concluded that Han Christian Andersen employed more complex-compound and complex sentences than compound and simple sentences, 40% belongs to complexcompound sentences, complex sentences come with 25%, compound sentences take the propotion of 20% and 15% belongs to simple sentences Beside, the writer claimed that the type SVC of clause pattern was applied the most in these 20 sentences with nearly 30% Therefore, other clause patterns such as SVOA, SVA, SVOC, SVO, SVOO take the propotion of 22%, 19,5%, 14,6%, 12,2%, 2,4% respectively 4.2 Concluding Remarks Standing on the perspective of Traditional theoretical grammar, the writer claimed that the author’s grammatical style in the selected passage was mainly employing complex-compound and complex structures with the two major patterns of SVC and SVOA to draw a picture of a poor little girl and describe deeply her struggle in dealing with a cold evening selling match to get money 23 REFERENCES Books: Andersen, Hans Christian (2012) The Little Match Girl B B a S Parminter (Ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press Almahameed, Yazan Shaker A Stylistic Analysis of the Short Story "The Little Match Girl" Jordan: Department of English Language and Translation, Amman Arab University Hidaya, Agus (2016) An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesive Device of the Short Story the Little Match Girl by Hans Christian Andersen English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris Huddleston, R (1984) Introduction to the Grammar of English UK: Cambridge University Press Quirk, R et al (1982) A University Grammar of English UK: Longman Wenande, Christian.2012 Unknown Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale discovered The Copenhagen Post Archived from the original on 14 December 2012 Retrieved 15 December 2012 Websites: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_grammar www.Andersenstories.com 24 ... - saying that he could use it as a cradle is a nominal –ing clause, acting as appositive of a boy in the main clause - that he could use it as a cradle is a that nominal clause acting as appositive... Language and Translation, Amman Arab University Hidaya, Agus (2016) An Analysis of Grammatical Cohesive Device of the Short Story the Little Match Girl by Hans Christian Andersen English Education:... acting as an adverbial of scratch in the main clause - it burnt is a finite clause, acting as A in the main clause (18) It gave a warm, bright light, like a little candle, as she held her hand over