Pre-testing of the questionnaires
The questionnaire, crafted and pre-tested with input from approximately 20 experienced watermelon farmers through face-to-face interviews, aimed to gather valuable insights The author dedicated 36 to 45 minutes at each farmer's field to discuss and calculate costs associated with watermelon production The final version of the questionnaire was developed based on their essential feedback, ensuring its relevance and effectiveness.
Orientation to collect data
The author initiated contact with Mr An, the Director of the Agricultural Seed Center in Tien Giang Province, to discuss the research concept Mr An provided valuable guidance on how to approach potential interview respondents and facilitated introductions to the district representatives responsible for the project.
In the second phase of the research, the author shared the overarching concepts and specific details with participants To gather data effectively, small meetings were organized with approximately ten respondents each, allowing for direct interviews This primary survey took place over three months, specifically in October, November, and December 2010, utilizing a face-to-face interviewing method with each farmer.
Limitation of data source and collection
Farmers often lack the habit of meticulously recording their crop data, leading to discrepancies when interviewed, as they need time to recall information Consequently, data collected from Cai Be district tends to mirror that from Cai Lay and Go Cong Tay districts For instance, Mr Nguyen Van Be, who has a decade of experience growing watermelons across various districts in Tien Giang, noted only slight variations in chemical fertilizer usage and labor costs It is important to highlight that a single farmer can effectively provide insights for two or three questionnaires across different districts.
Analysis methods
Analysis methods
In order to consider several approaches of water melon’s yield will be used in this study:
The descriptive statistics is the first method that the author use in this research to analyze the relationship of each independent variable to dependent variable.
The author utilized linear regression analysis in SPSS to identify significant and optimal variables related to watermelon cultivation To gather reliable data, structured interviews were conducted with individuals and representatives from specific organizations, employing well-structured questionnaires The information collected through these oral interviews was meticulously analyzed to meet the objectives of the investigation.
Beside the linear regression model, SWOT (Strength — Weakness — Opportunity
The author employs threat analysis as the third method in this research, examining the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with watermelon cultivation By synthesizing the findings from this and the previous approaches, the author aims to draw conclusions and offer recommendations for the study.
Usefulness of the research
This research aims to identify the factors that positively and negatively influence watermelon yield in Tien Giang province through a comprehensive literature review and data analysis using linear regression and SWOT analysis The findings are expected to provide valuable insights for farmers, enhancing their understanding of the determinants affecting watermelon production.
The results of this research will suggest suitable policies for government to encourage farmer plants more water melon and improve their living standards.
ANALYSES OF WATER MELON PRODUCTION IN TIEN
Introduction of Tien Giang province and its water melon production
' 4.1.1 Overview of Tien Giang province
Tien Giang, an agricultural province in the Mekong River Delta, is situated in the southern key economic region of Vietnam It lies approximately 70 kilometers south of Ho Chi Minh City and around 90 kilometers north of Can Tho City, positioned between longitudes 105050’ and 106045’ east.
Located at 5 — 100 12’ north latitude, this region shares borders with Long An and Ho Chi Minh City to the northeast and north, Dong Thap province to the west, and Ben Tre and Vinh Long provinces to the south, while the East Sea lies to the east.
Tien Giang province, located along the northern shore of the Tien River— a tributary of the Mekong River— stretches for 120 km and covers a natural area of 2,481.77 km² This area accounts for approximately 6% of the Mekong River Delta, 8.1% of the southern key economic region, and 0.7% of Vietnam's total land area.
Tien Giang, characterized by its flat terrain and neutral alluvial soil along the Tien River, covers 53% of the province and supports a diverse range of flora and fauna As of 2009, the population of Tien Giang was approximately 1.67 million, accounting for 9.8% of the Mekong Delta's population, 11.4% of the southern key economic region, and 1.9% of the national population Strategically located, Tien Giang is the second province from Ho Chi Minh City, following Long An, and is divided into 10 district-level administrative units.
(8 districts, 1 city, 1 town) and 169 commune-level administrative units, of which,
My Tho city is the second grade city.
4.1.2 Climate condition Tien Giang has equatorial and monsoon tropical climate, so the average temperature is high and hot all year Annual average temperature is 27 — 27.90C There are two main seasons in a year: dry season lasts for 5 months from December to April, rainy saason starts from May to November Tien Giang is situated in the range of low
The region experiences an average annual rainfall of 1,210 to 1,424 mm, with precipitation decreasing from north to south and from west to east Humidity levels range from 80% to 85% Two primary wind directions influence the climate: the north-east winds during the dry season and the south-west winds during the rainy season, with average wind speeds of 2.5 to 6 m/s.
Source: http://www.tienaiang.i:ov.vn/bando/tiengian html
The total natural land of the province is 236,663 hectare, including major land groups as follows:
+ Alluvial soil: 53%ằ of the total natural area (125,431 hectare), accounting for large arts of the districts such as Cai Be, Cai Lay, Chau Thanh, Cho Gao, My Tho city
Page 30 and one part of Go Cong Tay where has the fresh (sweet) water source This is the most favorable soil for agriculture and it is used the whole.
Salinity-affected soil covers 14.6% of the total natural area, equivalent to 34,552 hectares, predominantly found in Go Cong Dong, Go Cong town, Go Cong Tay, and parts of Cho Gao While this soil type shares favorable characteristics with alluvial soil, it is significantly impacted by salinity.
• salinity water from the sea during dry season.
Acid sulphate soil covers 19.4% of the total natural area, amounting to 45,912 hectares, primarily found in the low-lying regions of Dong Thap Muoi, which spans the northern parts of Cai Be, Cai Lay, and Tan Phuoc districts.
+ Mound sandy soil: 3 1% of the total natural area (7,336 hectare), scattered in the districts of Cai Lay, Chau Thanh, Go Cong Tay and is the most concentrated in
Go Cong Dong because the mound sandy soil has high terrain, light mechanical composition, mainly to residential land and cultivation of fruit trees, vegetables.
The province predominantly features alluvial soil, comprising 53% of its land, which benefits high-yield rice fields and specialized orchards Additionally, 19.4% of the area consists of alkaline soil, while 14.6% is made up of saline alluvial soil In recent years, efforts have been directed towards reclaiming land, expanding production areas, and enhancing crop diversity through the Dong Thap Muoi and Go Cong fresh-water development programs, leading to a gradual increase in productive land.
Table 4 1: Land use structure at Tien Giang province Until now, over 90% the total area was used with following objectives:
’IE De$#ir&te‹]*oiJ fJrb an s oil Rural soil
Source: http://wv'w.tiengiang.gov.vn?xemtin.asp?idcha5&cap=3&id—968
4.1.4 Water melon production in Tien Giang
Watermelon has become a significant cash crop for farmers across various provinces, especially in the Mekong Delta region, where it serves as an alternative to rice Recent advancements in agricultural practices, including the use of plastic sheets for soil coverage and the application of specialized fertilizers, have contributed to the cultivation of high-yield, widely adapted watermelon varieties.
Rice cultivation in Tien Giang has a long history, yet farmers experience low income, averaging 3-4 million VND per hectare Despite producing three rice crops annually, with an overall yield of approximately 14.2 tons per hectare per year—4.5 tons for the first crop, 4.2 tons for the second, and lower for the third—the financial returns remain insufficient for sustainable livelihoods.
5.5 tons/hectare) Moreover, at present, risk of gain loss is still high because of insects, pests, diseases, and strongly weather changes In recent years, water melon is encouraged to cultivate rotationally with rice in a system of 2 rice crops and 1 water melon crop or 1 rice crop and 1 vegetable crop and 1 water melon crop or 2 water melon crops and 1 rice crop or 2 water melon crops and 1 vegetable crop alternatively, etc Water melon can give the average yield is 22 tons/hectare/crop.Water melon yield even can reach from 25 to 30 tons/hectare/crop if good cultural
Page 32 practices So a farmer can get the average net income is 20 — 25 millions VND/hectare after deducting all expenditures Clearly, income from water melon is higher a lots than income from rice.
Nowadays, water melon is planted year around and is planted a lots in following seasons: Christmas, Lunar New Year, after Lunar New Year and summer.
Table 4.2: Water melon productive area, water melon output in Tien Giang in 2008
Source: Tien Giang’s Rural and Agriculture Development Department
Watermelon is cultivated globally, including in Vietnam, driven by the high demand for fresh fruit and processed products like canned watermelon slices and juice The world's watermelon production has steadily increased, reaching 93 billion tons in 2004, up from 47 billion tons in previous years.
Page 33 billion tons in 1996 Production of other melon gained one third of water melon production.
China is the leading producer of watermelons, with an impressive output of 60 billion tons in 2002 Other significant producers include Turkey, Iran, the USA, Egypt, and Mexico Additionally, China dominates the global melon market, accounting for 50% of the world's melon production.
Turkey (6.1%), Iran (4.4%), USA (4.2%) and Spain (3.9%) However, China is not an exporting country for water melon and other melon as there is a great for melon in Chinese market.
Analyses of water melon production in Tien Giang province
This chapter discusses the results of the relationship between independent and dependent variables through SWOT analysis and econometric analysis The data will be analyzed using SPSS 15.0, focusing on descriptive statistics and a linear regression model.
SWOT ANALYSIS FOR WATER MELON’S CULTIVATION
• It should be considered that market information and planning for cultivated area very important to farmers.
In recent years, the demand for watermelon has surged in both domestic and international markets With an estimated fruit consumption of around 140 kg per person in 2010, watermelon presents a lucrative opportunity for farmers, as its prices tend to remain stable and favorable compared to other fruit crops.
China, Laos and Cambodia could bt2 reached for better price of water melon (Southern Fruit Research
• There are also challenges for water melon of Vietnam to compete with high quality melon with Thailand, Malaysia and China.
• Cultivated area for water melon could be reduced because of high risk of pest and diseases in planted soils and weather problem like flood,
‹Jraught, etc. ô Produce supplied to markets as well as price of water melon could not be anticipated.
4.2.2 Description of water melon production in Tien Giang through farm survey
Table 4.3 presents the statistical analysis of 177 interviewees, detailing the minimum, maximum, mean, and standard deviation for each variable The minimum represents the lowest value, while the maximum indicates the highest value for each variable The mean reflects the average value, and the standard deviation quantifies the variability or dispersion of the data points around the mean for each variable.
Table 4.3: Descriptive statistics of yield and input uses variable of water melon production
Total cost/ha(million VND) 40.37 78.36 68.27 4.88
Unit cost ofa water melon ton/ha(million VND) 1.68 6.18 3.06 55 sts other than Fertilizer and Pesticide (million VND) 34.60 55.62 45.80 3.83
Bed making cost(million VND) 3.00 5.63 4.55 40
Taking care cost(million VND) 5.00 20.00 8.70 3.14
Chemical fertilizer cost(million VND) 1.24 9.69 7.59 1.14
Nitrogen fertilizer cost(million VND) 40 3.57 2.70 42
Phosphate fetilizer cost(million VND) 54 4.04 3.00 52
Potassium fertilizer cost(million VND) 30 2.39 1.89 27
Page 38 year year author’s survey
Watermelon yields range from a minimum of 12 tons to a maximum of 30 tons per hectare, with an average yield of 22.8 tons per hectare The total cost of production varies significantly, with a minimum of 40.37 million and a maximum of 78.36 million per hectare, while the median cost stands at 68.27 million per hectare This indicates that watermelon is a high-yield vegetable, but it requires careful management to achieve optimal results.
The study involved 177 interviewers, revealing that the average age of farmers is approximately 35 years, with ages ranging from 20 to 59 Farmers have an average of 7 years of schooling, with education levels varying from none to 12 years Additionally, their experience in farming spans from 1 to 17 years, with an average of around 7 years These findings indicate that cultivating watermelons is challenging, as the minimum age of farmers is 20, highlighting the necessity for time and shared experience in mastering this crop.
Several factors influence watermelon yield, including the size of the productive area, land rental costs, labor expenses, fertilizer costs, soil type, and the age and education level of the farmer.
• of farmer, growing year of farmer, or market information, information from agri- extension, etc.
In 2010’s summer-fall crop, almost of farmers gain the high yield According to the above figure 4.3, water melon yield gained mainly from 20 to 25 tons/ha.
Figure 4.3: The water melon yield of 2010’s summer-fall crop
Source: The author’s survey in 2010
4.2.2.2Input uses and other factors of water melon production 4.2.2.2.1 Market information
Out of 177 interviewers, 56.49% (100 interviewers) prioritize marketing information, while 43.51% (77 interviewers) do not Among those who do care about marketing information, price emerges as the most significant factor of concern.
4.2.2.2.2 Agri-extension service in location & Information from agri-extension Tien
Giang, located in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam, relies heavily on agriculture as a vital component of its economy To enhance agricultural productivity, the region has been continuously improving its agricultural extension services across various districts A survey revealed that 55.93% of respondents (99 interviewees) reported the presence of agricultural extension services in their area, while 44.07% indicated otherwise.
Out of 177 interviewers, 78 reported a lack of agricultural extension services in their area, highlighting the importance of these services for farmers Agricultural extension officers play a crucial role by providing essential knowledge on seed selection, fertilizer use, and crop care Conversely, 99 interviewers indicated that agricultural extension services are available in their location, underscoring the varied access to these vital resources.
Page 40 reach 96 interviewers receive information from these services, only 3 interviewers still have not received agricultural information.
Experience plays a crucial role in agricultural development, with 14% of farmers having 7 years of experience Additionally, 12% possess 6 years, while 12% have 5 years, and 10% have 3 years of experience Furthermore, 7% of farmers have 8 and 9 years of experience, respectively, and 5% have 2 and 11 years Meanwhile, 3% have 12 and 13 years of experience, and 2% have 1 and 10 years Lastly, only 1% of farmers have 2.5, 15, 16, or 17 years of experience.
4.2.2.2.4 Schooling year of farmer (academic year) There are 14% farmers with 5 academic years, 13% farmers with 12 academic years, each 12% farmers with 7, 10 academic years respectively, 11% farmers with
Over the course of 9 academic years, the educational attainment of farmers varies significantly: 9% have completed 4 years of education, 7% have 6 years, and 6% have 8 years Additionally, 5% of farmers have 11 academic years, while 4% have 3 years Each of the 0 and 2 academic years is represented by 3% of farmers, and only 1% have completed 1 academic year.
In the total 177 interviewers, their age from 20 to 25 years old is 11%, from 26 to
The age distribution of farmers reveals that 25% are 30 years old, 27% fall between 31 and 35 years, 12% are aged 36 to 40, 14% are 41 to 45, 5% are 46 to 50, and 6% are over 50 years old The age range of these farmers spans from a minimum of 20 years to a maximum of 59 years Despite this age variation, the average yield per hectare remains consistent, fluctuating between 20 to 30 tons Notably, the oldest farmer in this group is 59 years old, contributing to the overall yield statistics.
30 tons per hectare, farmer is 20 years old whose yield is 25 tons per hectare; but farmer is 28 years old whose yield is 12 tons per hectare.
4.2.2.2.6Land type to plant water melon
Weather and soil conditions play a vital role in watermelon production, necessitating the rotation of planting areas rather than using the same land consecutively Today, farmers have the flexibility to select optimal soil types for cultivating watermelons, with three primary options being alluvial soil, dark alluvial soil, and acid sulphate soil.
Watermelon, classified as a vegetable, requires constant care throughout the day and night This intensive care is a primary factor in why expanding the productive area does not lead to increased yields; in fact, yields may even decline Currently, the productive area spans 36 hectares, yielding only 20 tons per hectare In contrast, smaller productive areas of just 4 to 5 hectares can achieve yields as high as 30 tons per hectare.
In Tien Giang, farmers primarily select two seed varieties: Phu Dong and Super Hoan Chau These seeds are known for their impressive average yields, ranging from 25 to 30 tons per hectare, and their short growth duration of 58 to 63 days Additionally, they produce high-quality fruit and can be cultivated year-round, making them a popular choice among local farmers.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recent findings indicate that increasing inputs does not significantly enhance watermelon productivity, and access to agri-extension services has not led to improvements either Many farmers are using excessive inputs, prompting the need for a reassessment of their input usage to reduce costs and boost profits Additionally, provincial authorities should enhance the quality of information provided by agri-extension services and initiate campaigns to encourage farmers to engage more with these resources.
Currently, soil quality has not significantly affected watermelon yields, as farmers actively seek the best soil types for cultivation across the province However, without effective methods to prevent soil diseases and degradation, watermelon production may face a decline in the future.
To optimize watermelon cultivation, it is essential to focus on improving agricultural practices and care techniques rather than solely increasing inputs Research shows that excessive fertilizer use does not necessarily lead to higher yields Additionally, for producers working with acid sulfate soils, it is crucial to increase phosphate fertilization to enhance growth and productivity.
During the land preparation period, the application of phosphate fertilizer (measured in kg P2O5/ha) on acid sulphate soil significantly differs from the amounts applied to two other types of land, as indicated in Table 15 of Appendix 2.
To enhance watermelon yields, it is crucial for farmers to select productive areas that align with their growing conditions Research indicates that the production levels of watermelon are nearing their maximum potential, highlighting the need for improved cultivation practices to optimize output.
Page 63 practices and the production techniques to a higher level, in which improve seed quality, find out new seeds and use suitable fertilizer level are crucial methods.
Producers believe that watermelon production yields higher income than rice, leading them to focus solely on maximizing yields without considering critical factors such as market demand, competition, and supply dynamics This oversight can result in market surpluses, driving prices down and ultimately reducing farmers' profits To enhance profitability, farmers should minimize costs and carefully regulate the quantity of watermelons supplied to the market to stabilize prices Additionally, provincial authorities need to provide updated market information and forecasts, equipping farmers with the knowledge to make informed decisions about their production and market timing.
Currently, Tien Giang has a limited number of watermelon varieties, primarily Super Hoan Chau and Phu Dong, largely due to farmers' growing conditions and a lack of focus on market demands for diverse varieties Other watermelon types are cultivated only in small areas, as they are prone to diseases and yield lower quantities.
Watermelon cultivation is a stable and profitable venture, allowing producers to enhance their livelihoods With a short growth cycle of just 60 days, watermelons can be harvested and sold promptly, often at prices that surpass those of rice Farmers are increasingly adopting advanced techniques to boost yields and reduce production costs, ensuring a more sustainable and lucrative farming practice.
Page 64 to get higher profit Therefore, almost of farmers are improved their lives though water melon crops.
Recommendations
Farmers in Tien Giang are highly experienced in watermelon cultivation, achieving high productivity and quality Their self-designed production methods are effective, often reaching optimal thresholds However, their approach tends to be independent and focused on individual goals To enhance productivity, farmers should improve their cultivation techniques and practices, while also developing a strategic plan to supply specific quantities to targeted markets.
Farmers often face losses due to low crop prices, making it essential for them to maximize watermelon yields while minimizing production costs to increase profits This can be achieved by using resources efficiently, such as applying the appropriate amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as enhancing cultivation techniques Additionally, by reducing watermelon production, farmers can create scarcity in the market, leading to higher prices and improved profitability.
To effectively address the challenges faced by growers, it is essential for various organizations to assist in formulating a targeted plan for cultivated areas and business investments This support will ensure an adequate supply of quality water for melon production, aligning with market demands and enabling farmers to achieve profitable outcomes Local authorities should focus their efforts on facilitating watermelon development through strategic support and resources.
Provincial authorities of Tien Giang have considerations “water melon” as potentially fruit for poor farmers gradually to become the wealthy Firstly, they
Page 65 should organize R&D department (Research & Development department) to research all characteristics of family Cucuibitaceae clearly and understand clearly one by one due to profitably sustainable development of water melon Then they should have many plans, many actually supporting programmes to introduce water melon to all farmers Cultivated technical support courses on cultural practices of water melon are organized regularly for all farmers Therefore inexperienced farmers can study knowledge from agricultural engineers and professional growers though training courses and field workshops Objectives of these training courses are to provide basis knowledge of water melon for fresh farmers, to update advanced cultural practices for experienced farmers, especially to help them transfer experience and learn each other In addition to, provincial authorities should have suitable policy to encourage and to support growers and other members such as wholesalers, distributors, retailers.
Provincial authorities must assess the production capabilities of neighboring provinces like Long An, Tra Vinh, and Binh Thuan, while also examining foreign markets in China, Thailand, and Spain It's essential to forecast the demand for watermelons, especially during major holidays such as Christmas, New Year, and Lunar New Year Additionally, researching and predicting market prices will enable farmers to align their production with market needs, ensuring they can achieve higher prices Developing strategies to mitigate the impact of surplus production and fluctuating prices is also crucial for sustaining the agricultural sector.
Provincial authorities must prioritize agricultural extension services in each district, enhancing their quality by investing in skilled human resources By improving the flow of information from agricultural extension programs, farmers can achieve greater efficiency and productivity in their operations.
The National Environment and Resources Department, along with Tien Giang province's authorities, should develop effective land use policies to enhance watermelon productivity, as the crop struggles in its traditional soil Currently, farmers are relocating within the province to rent land for cultivation However, provincial officials aim to encourage farmers to increase watermelon production in the future.
To prevent land degradation caused by continuous watermelon cultivation, it is essential to implement a land structuring strategy that includes a two-year fallow period Farmers should be encouraged, and if necessary, mandated to adopt these practices to mitigate the risks of pests and diseases, which can affect both old and newly cultivated soils By adhering to these land management policies, the sustainability of watermelon farming can be significantly improved.
To enhance market appeal and meet consumer demands, it is essential to study and introduce a diverse range of watermelon varieties, including round and oblong shapes, as well as those with green striped skin, red flesh, and yellow flesh Additionally, high-quality seedless varieties should be prioritized By diversifying their watermelon offerings, farmers can attract a wider clientele and increase their market presence.
The relationship of output to inputs is non-monetary Production function represents the relationship between physical input variables and physical output variable, in
I particular the relationship between water melon yield and input use variables Prices
To maintain clarity in our research model, it is essential to avoid incorporating financial variables, as costs do not directly influence the function Nevertheless, the author faced challenges in isolating the impact of price, particularly regarding expenses like land rent, land preparation, and labor costs.
Farmers often lack the practice of meticulously recording information about their crops, leading to discrepancies in data collection The author invested significant time in surveying farmers, who also struggled to recall details accurately As a result, the gathered data may not fully reflect the actual conditions of their farming practices.
Results of this research are just suitable in short-run The author has not had enough data to prove those results in long-run.
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Vietnam — Netherlands Programme For M.A in Development
DETERMINANTS OF WATER MELON PRODUCTION FUNCTION OF 2010’S SUMMER- FALL CROP IN TIEN GIANG PROVINCE
I am a student of Vietnam — Netherlands Programme, in my research plan, I come back to Tien Giang to find out the determinants of water melon production process.
This article explores the various factors influencing watermelon production at the household level It aims to identify both the positive elements that enhance watermelon productivity and the negative aspects that hinder it By understanding these factors, the goal is to improve overall yield in watermelon cultivation.
Participation in this survey is entirely voluntary, and households are chosen at random The data collected today is solely for research purposes We kindly ask you to answer a few questions below, and we greatly appreciate your cooperation.
Question I: How many tons of water melon per hectare do you gain in 2010’s summer-fall crop?
Unit: tons/ha 2010’s summer-fall crop
Question 2: Would you tell me how many hectares you planted water melon in 2010’s summer-fall crop?
Unit: ha 2010’s summer-fall crop
Question 3: Would you tell me how much your land rent cost per hectare is?
Unit: million/ha 2010’s summer-fall crop
Land rent cost (million VND)
Question 4: Would you tell me how much your land preparation cost per hectare
Unit: million/ha 2010’s summer—fall crop Land preparation cost (million VND)
+ Irrigation fuel cost (electronic, petrol or oil)
Question 5: Would you tell me how much your seed cost per hectare is?
Unit: million/ha 2010’s summer-fall crop
Question 6: Would you tell me how much your labor cost per hectare is?
Unit: million/ha 2010’s summer-fall crop
Question 7: Would you tell me how much your fertilizer cost per hectare is? Table 1: The fertilizer cost per hectare
Unit: million/ha 2010’s summer-fall crop Fertilizer cost (million VND)
+ Water melon stimulation fertilizer cost
Table 2: The chemical fertilizer amount per hectare Unit: kg/ha
2010’s summer-fall crop Chemical fertilizer amount
Question 8: Would you tell me which soil type you choose to plant water melon in 2010’s summer-fall crop?
2010’s summer-fall crop + Alluvial soil
Question 9: Would you tell me the total cost that you used for 1 hectare is how much?
Unit: million/ha 2010’s summer-fall crop
Question 10: How old is producer/farmer?
Question 11: How many schooling years is producer in? (academic year) Academic year of producer
Question 12: How many growing year is producer in? (experience) Growing year of producer
Question 13: Is there any agri-extension service in your location?
Question 14: Do you receive any information related to water melon from agri- extension?
Question 15: According to you, is the market information important to your water melon production process? If yes, what information that you care the most?
Information that you care the most Reasons
Question 16: How did your living standard change since you planted water melon?
Table 2: The relationship between water melon yield and land type