Determinants of non farm household in come in rural vietnam

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM - NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DETERMINANTS OF NON-FARM HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN RURAL VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By BUI THANH GIANG Academic Supervisor: Dr NGUYEN NGOC THU’7 HO CHI MINH CITY, SEPTEMPER 2012 ACKNOWLEDEMENTS This is the very means that gives me a chance to formally express my appreciation to people who have really created the concepts and methodology expressed in this research I always keep in my mind the gratefulness to professors of MDE Programme, › executive programme administrations in Vietnam Their enthusiasm about the experience and what they were teaching, was the most meaningful encouragement of mine I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Doctor Nguyen Ngoc Thuy His knowledge, logical way of thinking and encouragement has provided a good basic for the thesis presentation I would like to express my great thanks to Professor Nguyen Trong Hoai, MDE programme who have eagerly supported during my study BUI THANH GIANG DECLARATION I declare that “Determinants of non-farm household income in rural Vietnam” is my own work, that it has not been submitted to any degree or examination at any other universities, and that all the sources used or quoted are indicated and acknowledged by complete references Ho Chi Minh City, Septemper 2012 BUI THANH GIANG ABSTRACT Vietnam has made considerable progress in improving the living standards of its people since the reforms implemented under dci moi However, the reform progress has made problems of society such as the pressure in rural urban migration, an increase in unequal income distribution between different regions and , unstable economy Therefore, a development strategy should be more focused on promotion of rural non-farm sector in order to create more employment and income opportunities for rural populations This paper estimated the non-farm income function of households in rural of Vietnam and evaluated the importance of rural non-farm activities in generating employment and income opportunities The econometric analysis is based on the primary data from Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2008 With 2117 observations (in rural area), the regression results show that the factors such as household characteristics, regions, infrastructure, occupation of household head had strong impact to non-farm household income in rural area From the regression results, this study gives some solutions to promote rural non-farm activities in Vietnam in the coming years TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Research Research Questions 1.4 Research Methodology 1.5 Research Structure Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Concepts and definitions 2.2 The role of non-farm sector 2.2.1 Pull factor The Push - 2.2.2 The importance of rural non-farm sector , 2.2.3 The experience in the development of rural non-farm sector 2.3 Theoretical basis of the determinants of non-farm household income 13 2.3.1 Theoretical framework 13 2.3.2 Empirical Studies 17 2.4 Chapter remark 20 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY AND MODEL SPECIFICATION 25 3.1 Model Specification 25 3.2 Data Definition 26 3.3 Data Collection 31 3.4 Data Analysis 31 3.5 Chapter Remark 32 Chapter 4: DETERMINANTS OF NON-FARM HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN RURAL VIETNAM 33 4.1 Non — farm activities in rural Vietnam 33 4.1.1 The participation of household into non-farm activities 34 4.1.2 The contribution of non-farm activities in employment and household income • , 40 4.2 Determinants of non-farm household income in rural Vietnam 46 4.2.1 Descriptive analysis 46 4.2.2 The models for comparison 47 4.2.3 The result of the model and the explanation 50 4.3 Chapter remark 58 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 60 5.1 Summarize main finding 60 5.2 Recommendations 63 5.3 Limitation 66 5.4 Future research 66 REFERENCE 67 APPENDICES 72 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: Classification of farm and non-farm activities Table 2.2: The schemes for development of non-farm sector in India 14 Table 4.1: Participation of household into non-farm activities by income groups in nation 35 Table 4.2: Participation of household into non-farm activities by income groups in rural Table 4.3: The participation of household into non-farm activities by regions and ethnic groups , 36 Table 4.4: Business sectors participation by areas 38 Table 4.5: Business sectors participation by income groups 39 Table 4.6: Business sectors participation by ethnicity 40 Table 4.7: The distribution of sources of income to household income in 2008 41 Table 4.8: The result in urban and rural 42 Table 4.9: The result of income classified by ethnicity and gender 43 Table 4.10: Labor market participation by age and schooling level, 2008 44 Table 4.11: Labor market participation by income groups 45 Table 4.12: Definitions of variables used in the regression model 46 Table 13: Result of OLS model 48 Table 4.14: Result of Robust model LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: The framework of determinants of household income 17 Figure 3.1: The framework of determinants of rural non-farm household income 25 Figure 4.1: The participation of household into non-farm activities 34 Figure 4.2: The participation of household into non-farm activities by education of head household 37 Figure 4.3: Labor shares by income sources in 2008 45 Figure 4.4: Histogram of residuals APPENDICES Page Appendix 1: Model V- Regression without Age2 to remove Multicollinearity 72 Appendix 2: Applying Robust Method to remove Het for Model V 74 Appendix 3: Applying Robust Method with standardized Beta for Model V 75 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION The determinants of rural non-farm household income in Vietnam will be investigated in this chapter In particular, this chapter includes five sections The first section will raise the problem necessary to make clear for the case of Vietnam The second section will present the research objectives of this thesis The next section will raise the questions to obtain the proposed objectives The fourth section will briefly describe the research methodology And the structures of the thesis will be described in this chapter 1.1 Problem Statement For nearly 25 years, the government of Vietnam has been looking for the direction of socio-economic development in order to escape the rural from deprivation, poverty and backwardness Government has many programs to promote the new rural construction to improve people's living standards Economic reform in Vietnam in the last two decades, characterized by the economic policy reform, opening and operating economy towards a market economy According to Vietnam Economic Times (2011), the average economic growth increased from 7.5 % in the period 1991 — 2002 to 8% in period 2002-2007 The economic structure has changed the direction towards industrialization and modernization The proportion of agriculture in total GDP of the country declining from 27.18% in 1995 to 24.53% in 2000 and to 21 o in 2008 The poverty rate fell consistently from 58% in 1993 to 29% in 2002 and to 14,5% in 2008 (Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences - 2010) Economic growth and the stability of the macroeconomic environment has confirmed the correctness of innovation policy In rural areas, the process of economic restructuring also has changed significantly Due to the success of diversified occupations strategy, the leading position of agriculture in the rural household economy have no meaning as before The program of mechanization, modernization of irrigation has reduced labor time education of household head, the better opportunities to increase non-farm income of households Non-farm activity is a type of operation that need the experience and knowledge Then, easy to recognize the important role of education for this activity when you want to develop non-farm activities on a large scale The analysis also showed that households with large household size will have higher non-farm incomes - Local market index variable has relatively strong impact to non-farm income This suggests that the development of the market exchange of goods and services, trading will create favorable conditions for the products of nonagricultural activities to consumers and creating favorable conditions for increasing of household income from this activity - Infrastructure variable impact to non-farm income of households because , of high statistical significance Electricity, roadindex, factory combined with market index gives us more insight on the effects of infrastructure elements Infrastructure improvement will impact the income of rural households in general In particular, elements of infrastructure have important implications for households in the highlands, the northern mountainous and Central if this factor was be improved the households in these areas would preferred to engage in nonfarm activities rather than agriculture In general, infrastructure is critical for poverty reduction and non- farm development in rural areas - Migration affects non-farm income and has negative impacts Households with many migrant labors, the non- farm income of households tend to decrease This suggests the creation of non-farm income or participation in non-farm activities depends on the number of members in household With fewer migrant workers, the opportunity for non-farm income of households increased - The appearance of traditional handicraft villages in commune has the statistical significant But it belongs the group of weakest effect to non-farm income 62 of the household This suggests that programs to encourage job creation through the development of handicraft villages is not yet effective for the development of non- agricultural activities As discussed, handicraft villages have more meaning when shifting labor from agriculture to wage employment than from agricultural to self- employment activities of households - In the group of the occupation of household head, only few variables are statistically significant The variables represent the household which the occupation of household head are Leader, High- level Professionals, Staff, Skilled Workers in Agriculture or Unskilled Workers not have significant at 25% The occupations of household head are Mid-level Professionals and Armed forces have negative impacts to non-farm income of the household Based on the data, the households with head of household have occupations: Skilled worker in Personal Services, Skilled handicraftsmen, Assemblers & machine operators have the highest nonfarm income This demonstrates that Skilled handicraf tsmen and other works relating skilled manual workers (such as skilled miners and builders, food processing, woodworking, textiles and garment, leather and shoemaking workers .) are easy to create high non-farm income for households than in other industries In conclusion, this study found that non-farm income of household in rural areas affected by key factors such as geographic region, household characteristics and infrastructure of the local 5.2 Recommendations Thesis found that non-farm activities play an important role in creating opportunities for employment and income, poverty reduction, development of inter-sectoral linkages with the agricultural sector Promoting non-farm sector in rural areas is a necessary option Here are some recommendations to stimulate non- farm activities in rural Vietnam: 63 • From the meaning of education factor in the restructuring of labor, we need to improve the quality of rural labor forces to create the ability to capture investment opportunities in no-farm activities The school systems and teachers in rural and remote areas should be increased the investment to consolidate The strategy and plan of training for rural labors should be made in detail and be suitable for local In particular, the industries have practical significance to the development of the local should be focus; While encouraging the development of handicraft industry and the traditional villages, should focus on improving educational level and skills of other job for labor to increase flexibility and the ability to switch when the market for products of these activities has fluctuation • Because the significant effect of age of the labors (represented by the ratio of household members in aged classes) for non-farm income of the household (increasing from 16-45) The support policies for youth employment in rural areas such as cultural issues, education, vocational training is needed The role of information technology, measures to support rural employment for these labors should be concerned Agriculture and non-farm affiliated closely together Therefore, the expansion of agricultural services will also help for the development of non-farm activities • With the important implication of the infrastructure for ability and speed of the restructuring of rural labor The policies to promote the upgrading and improving rural infrastructure on the basis of a scientific planning is very importance to develop the non-farm activities In other words, the sustainability of the infrastructure is to be considered This factor is very important to make the rural market development, reducing the gap with urban areas and create stronger linkages with urban areas The improvement of infrastructure in rural areas especially in the Northern 64 mountainous region, North Central and North Central Coast is necessary ' to promote non-farm activities and reduce the rate of poor in rural areas • The population of rural continued to increase and created the large pressure on employment in rural areas Therefore, the appearance of migratory flows from rural to urban areas is a common phenomenon when the strategy of urbanization, large-scale industrialization of the developed countries can not absorb a labor force developing The mass migration flow is likely to disrupt the economy, increasing poverty in urban So, many countries were interested in economic development in rural areas to encourage people stay in countryside This has implications for nonagricultural income of the household The programs that support in finding and creating employment as well as economic - social conditions is necessary to attract labors in the local » The households with household head who have occupations are Skilled worker in personal services, Skilled handicraftsmen, Assemblers & machine operators have the highest non-farm income Strongest effect is Skilled handicraftsmen This demonstrates that Skilled handicraftsmen and other relating skilled manual workers (such as skilled miners and builders, food processing, woodworking, textiles and garment, leather and shoemaking workers .) are easy to create high non-farm income for households than in other industries According to general assessment, the products made from handicrafts, traditional crafts created superior value compare to agriculture The policies should focus on supporting and developing non-farm activities that is the advantage of local (such as skilled handicraft) This will attract people to participate and create product with high value 65 Surely, there should be more coordinated policy to encourage nonagricultural activities in rural Vietnam These are some recommendations are based on only the results of the thesis In fact, the comprehensive coordination of different policies for non-farm activities in rural areas in particular and the country in general achieve the best performance is needed 5.3 Limitation Thesis attempted to analyze the factors affecting non-farm income of households in many different aspects to be able to evaluate and make the best recommendations for the development of non-farm activities of the household But the limitations and shortcomings are inevitable The data using in thesis is the cross section Therefore, it is not clearly to see the change of the impact of factors over the time The reason of this limitation due to the lack of technical ability to handle data at more complex However, the thesis is also based on previous studies to supplement this deficiency 5.4 Future research This study will be more interesting if it is analyzed from the VHLSS data from 93 to 2010 To see clearly the direction of the impact of factors over the time Such as the changing status of infrastructure impacts on non-farm income of the household over the years, or the improvement of infrastructure will have differential effects on non-farm activities in each particular region over the years The recommendations will be deeper Any attempt to this is left for future research 66 REFERENCE Aikaeli, Jehovaness (2010) “Determinants of Rural income in Tanzania An Empirical Approach ” Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) Tanzania Asian Productivity Organization (2004) “Non-Farm Employment Opportunities in Rural Areas in Asia ”.Tokyo Bardhan, P., and Christopher Udry (1999) “Development Economics ” Oxford ‘- University Press Central Statistical Agency and the World Bank (2007) “Ethiopia Rural Investment Climate Survey Basic Information Document” Civil Code of Vietnam 2005 (No 33/2005/QH11) The Civil Code was passed on June 14, 2005, by the Xlth National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam Dasgupta, N., Kleih, U., Marter, A., Wandschneider, T (2004) “Policy Initiatives for Strengthening Rural Economic Development in India Case Studies from Madhya Pradesh and Orissa ” Dave, Dhaval, and Dave, Rina (2012) “fin/e of Non-Farm Sector in Rural Development” A:rts and Education, volume no.I, issue no.7, pp.7-16 Davis, J.R., Bezemer D.J (2004) “The Rural Non-Farm Economy in Developing Countries and Transition Economies Key Emerging and Conceptual Issues ” Davis, J.R., Bezemer D.J., Janowski, M and Wandschneider (2004) “The Rural Non-Farm Economy and Poverty Alleviation in Armenia, Georgia and Romania A Synthesis ofFindings ” 67 Davis, Junior R (2003) “The Rural Non — Farm Economy, Livelihoods and ' Their Diversification Issues and Option ” (DFID draft) De Janvry A, Sadoulet E, Zhu N (2005) “The Role of Non-Farm Incomes in Reducing Rural Poverty and Inequality in China ” CUDARE Working Paper 1001, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkley Ellis, Frank (1999) “Livelihoods, Diversification and Agrarian Change ” In ' Frank Ellis (ed.) 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2080) Prob > F R-squared Adj R-squared Root MSE 26.97 0.3182 0.3064 1.1978 [95°z«' Conf Interval] 2.08 -1.09 0.04 0.27 0.0004 -0.2474 0.0141 0.0703 Years schooling 0.0639 008647l 7.39 0.00 0.0470 0.0809 Hhsize Dependency ratio 0.1074 0208151 0.2068 05l8846 5.16 3.99 0.00 0.00 0.0666 0.1050 0.1482 0.3085 Personsaged 16-25 years Personsaged26-35 years 0.5297 1.5837 2109954 3618522 2.51 4.38 0.01 0.00 0.1159 0.8741 0.9435 2.2933 Personsaged36-45 years Personsaged46-55 years Personsaged56-65 years Personsagedover 65 yéfifs 2, il06 3617815 1.3325 3466077 0.5681 3790953 0.2581 2625269 5.83 3.84 1.50 -0.98 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.33 1.4011 0.6527 0.1754 -0.7729 2.8201 2.0122 1.3115 0.25d7 Numberofwomenaged >-16 years 0.4131 21238l7 1.95 0.05 -0.0034 0.8296 Landsize 0.0000 l 80e-06 -4.64 0.00 0.0000 0.0000 Migration -0.3605 0903993 -3.99 0.00 -0.5378 -0.1832 2222506 5.18 0.00 0.7155 1.5872 0.5042 1136483 0.5796 1804822 0.2573 0567737 4.44 3.21 4.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.2813 0.2257 0.1460 0.7271 0.9336 0.3686 1.2280 1.0712 1.0330 1.3794 1.1716 2.0497 1.8022 8.41 7.51 6.66 8.74 6.81 13.22 12.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.9416 1.5144 0.7915 0.7289 1.0697 0.8343 1.7457 1.5245 1.3509 1.3371 1.6890 1.5090 2.3537 2.0799 Roadindex Marketindex Electricity Factory Red River Delta • 1393.0208 36 38.6950234 2984.4575 2080 1.43483534 Number ofobs 0.0073 0034828 -0.0886 0809871 Agehead Genderhead , MS Northeast North Central Coast South Central Coast Central Highlands South East Mekong river Delta 1.1514 1460289 1426261 1550615 1578752 l720293 1550278 l416l43 72 Traditional handicraft Leaders ‘ High-level professionals Mid-level professionals Staff Skill workers in personal services Skill workers in agriculture Skill handicraftsmen Assemblers & machine operators Unskilled workers Armed forces cons 1206 0767466 1.57 12 -0.0299 0.271 I -0.1635 -0.0544 2279628 -0.72 42737l6 -0.13 0.47 0.90 -0.6106 -0.8925 0.2836 0.7837 -0.2783 0.1681 0.7031 -0.1225 0.3732 0.4200 -0.0155 -2.9270 2520663 3228867 1708274 1861405 1504346 1913627 132749 1.212283 -1.10 0.52 4.12 -0.66 2.48 2.19 -0.12 -2.41 0.27 0.60 0.00 0.51 0.01 0.03 0.91 0.02 -0.7727 -0.4651 0.3681 -0.4876 0.0782 0.0447 -0.2759 -5.3044 0.2160 0.8014 1.0381 0.2425 0.6682 0.7952 0.2448 -0.5496 3.3122 4148194 7.98 0.00 2.4987 4.1257 73 Appendix 2: Applying Robust Method to remove Het for Model V Number of obs F( 35, 2080) Prob > F 2117.0000 - R-squared 0.3182 Root MSE 1.1978 Robust log(non-farm income) Agehead Genderhead , , • , Years schooling Hhsize Dependency ratio Persons aged 16-25 years Persons aged 26-35 years Persons aged 36-45 years Persons aged 46-55 years Persons aged 56-65 years Persons aged over 65 years Number of women aged >-16 years Landsize Migration Roadindex Marketindex Electricity Factory Red River Delta Northeast North Central Coast South Central Coast Central Highlands South East Mekong river Delta Traditional handicraft Leaders High-level professionals Mid-level professionals staff Skill workers in personal services Skill workers in agriculture Skill handicraftsmen Assemblers & machine operators Unskilled workers Armed forces cons Coef Std Err 0.0073 -0.0886 0.0639 0.1074 0.2068 0.5297 1.5837 2.1106 1.3325 0.5681 -0.2581 0.4131 0.0000 -0.3605 1.1514 0.5042 0.5796 0.2573 1.2280 1.0712 1.0330 1.3794 1.1716 2.0497 1.8022 0.1206 -0.1635 -0.0544 -0.2783 0.1681 0.7031 -0.1225 0.3732 0.4200 -0.0155 -2.9270 3.3122 74 0.0033 0.0753 0.0086 0.0227 0.0490 0.2172 0.3667 0.3607 0.3148 0.3557 0.2442 0.2143 0.0000 0.0843 0.2670 0.1345 0.2923 0.0558 0.2169 0.2162 0.2216 0.2322 0.2527 0.2203 0.2136 0.0687 0.2487 0.4357 0.2151 0.2614 0.1558 0.1722 0.1436 0.1844 0.1264 0.1906 0.4777 t 2.18 -1.18 7.43 4.72 4.22 2.44 4.32 5.85 4.23 1.6 -1.06 1.93 -4.51 -4.28 4.31 3.75 1.98 4.61 5.66 4.95 4.66 5.94 4.64 9.3 8.44 1.76 -0.66 -0.12 -1.29 0.64 4.51 -0.71 2.6 2.28 -0.12 -15.36 6.93 [95% P>t Conf 0.03 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.29 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.51 0.90 0.20 0.52 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.02 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.0007 -0.2362 0.0471 0.0628 0.1106 0.1037 0.8645 1.4032 0.7150 -0.1295 -0.7369 -0.0072 0.0000 -0.5259 0.6277 0.2403 0.0064 0.1479 0.8025 0.6472 0.5984 0.9240 0.6760 1.6176 1.3834 -0.0141 -0.6512 -0.9089 -0.7002 -0.3444 0.3975 -0.4603 0.0915 0.0584 -0.2634 -3.3008 2.3754 Interval] 0.0138 0.0591 0.0808 0.1520 0.3030 0.9557 2.3028 2.8179 1.9499 1.2657 0.2207 0.8335 0.0000 -0.1951 1.6751 0.7680 1.1528 0.3667 1.6534 1.4952 1.4675 1.8347 1.6673 2.4818 2.2210 0.2552 0.3242 0.800,1 0.1435 0.6807 1.0087 0.2152 0.6548 0.7815 0.2323 -2.5532 4.2490 Appendix 3: Applying Robust Method with standardized Beta for Model V log(non-farm income) Agehead Genderhead Years schooling Hhsize Dependency ratio Persons aged 16-25 years Persons aged 26-35 years Persons aged 36-45 years Persons aged 46-55 years Persons aged 56-65 years Persons aged over 65 years Number of women aged >-16 years Landsize Migration Roadindex Marketindex Electricity Factory Red River Delta Northeast North Central Coast South Central Coast CentralHighlands SouthEas [ Mekongriv ' er Delta Traditionalhandicraft Leaders High-level professionals Mid-level professionals Staff Skill workers in personal services Skill workers in agriculture Skill handicraftsmen Assemblers & machine operators Unskilled workers Armed forces cons Coef 0.0073 -0.0886 0.0639 0.1074 0.2068 0.5297 1.5837 2.1106 i.3325 o.5681 0.2581 0.4131 0.0000 -0.3605 - 1514 0.5042 º.5796 0.2573 1.2280 1.0712 1.0330 1.3794 1716 2.0497 1.8022 Robust Std Err 0.0033 0.0753 0.0086 0.0227 0.0490 0.2172 0.3667 0.3607 0.3148 0.3557 0.2442 0.2143 0.0000 0.0843 0.2670 1345 0.2923 0.0558 0.2169 0.2162 0.2216 0.2322 0.2527 0•220 0.2136 -0.1635 -0.0544 -0.2783 1681 0.7031 -0 1225 0.3732 0.4200 -0.0155 -2.9270 3.3122 75 0.2487 0.4357 0.2151 0.2614 1558 0.1722 0.1436 1844 0.1264 1906 0.4777 t 2.18 -1.18 7.43 4.72 4.22 2.44 4.32 5.85 4.23 1.6 -1.06 1.93 -4.51 -4.28 4.31 3.75 1.98 4.61 5.66 4.95 4.66 5.94 4.64 93 8.44 "066 -0.12 -1.29 0.64 4.51 -0.71 2.6 2.28 -0.12 -15.36 6.93 P>t 0.03 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.29 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 00 0.00 00 00 00 000 000 000 051 0.90 0.20 0.52 0.00 0.48 0.01 0.02 0.90 0.00 0.00 Beta 0.0620 -0.0240 0.1614 0.1185 0.0980 0.0571 0.1207 1730 0.1064 0.0390 -0.0297 0.0493 -0.0926 -0.0764 0• 1062 0854 0612 0878 3718 2583 2248 2768 1769 0’4315 5047 0308 ‘0 0162 -0.0025 -0.0243 0.0104 0.1108 -0.0161 0.0895 0.0554 -0.0053 -0.0442 ... participation of household into non- farm activities 34 4.1.2 The contribution of non- farm activities in employment and household income • , 40 4.2 Determinants of non- farm household income in rural Vietnam. .. household income; analyzes determinants of income of rural non- farm household to identify the important determinants of rural non- farm household income; and gives some solutions to promote rural. .. supporting role in promoting economic growth in Vietnam 2.3.2.2 The model for determinants ofnon -farm income in Nigeria In the study: “Determinant of Non farm income among farm households in South East