OTOLARYNGOLOGY Edited by Balwant Singh Gendeh Otolaryngology Edited by Balwant Singh Gendeh Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published May, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Otolaryngology, Edited by Balwant Singh Gendeh p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0624-1 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Otology 1 Chapter 1 Proteins Involved in Otoconia Formation and Maintenance 3 Yunxia Wang Lundberg and Yinfang Xu Section 2 Rhinology 23 Chapter 2 Epistaxis 25 Jin Hee Cho and Young Ha Kim Chapter 3 Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy 45 Chris de Souza, Rosemarie de Souza and Jayesh Nisar Chapter 4 Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy 49 Farhad Farahani Chapter 5 Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: ARIA Document, Nasal Lavage, Antihistamines, Cromones and Vasoconstrictors 61 Jesús Jurado-Palomo, Irina Diana Bobolea, María Teresa Belver González, Álvaro Moreno-Ancillo, Ana Carmen Gil Adrados and José Manuel Morales Puebla Chapter 6 Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: Anticholinergics, Glucocorticotherapy, Leukotriene Antagonists, Omalizumab and Specific-Allergen Immunotherapy 83 Jesús Jurado-Palomo, Irina Diana Bobolea, María Teresa Belver González, Álvaro Moreno-Ancillo, Ana Carmen Gil Adrados and José Manuel Morales Puebla Section 3 Laryngology 113 Chapter 7 Investigation of Experimental Wound Closure Techniques in Voice Microsurgery 115 C.B. Chng, D.P.C. Lau, J.Q. Choo and C.K. Chui VI Contents Chapter 8 Comparison Among Phonation of the Sustained Vowel /ε/, Lip Trills, and Tongue Trills: The Amplitude of Vocal Fold Vibration and the Closed Quotient 129 Gislaine Ferro Cordeiro, Arlindo Neto Montagnoli and Domingos Hiroshi Tsuji Section 4 Head and Neck 149 Chapter 9 Microtubule and Cdc42 are the Main Targets of Docetaxel’s Suppression of Invasiveness of Head and Neck Cancer Cells 151 Yasunao Kogashiwa, Hiroyuki Sakurai and Naoyuki Kohno Chapter 10 A Review of Tonsillectomy Techniques and Technologies 161 S. K. Aremu Chapter 11 Management of Early Glottic Cancer 171 Luke Harris, Danny Enepekides and Kevin Higgins Chapter 12 Epigenetics in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma 177 Magdalena Chirilă Preface This book covers selected topics in Otolaryngology, providing a journey into the advancements in various aspects of the field. A collection of manuscripts of this nature involves extensive exposure and accumulation of knowledge from many experienced teaches over many years. It covers both basic and clinical concepts of otolaryngology. Each author contributed his/her own perspectives on each topic adding his/her own theories, future trends and research findings. I would like to dedicate this book to those of you who will pick up the torch and by continued research, close clinical observation and the highest quality of clinical care, as well as by publication and selfless teaching, further advance knowledge in otolaryngology from this point forward. The chapters in this book are arranged systemically into four sections – Otology, Rhinology, Laryngology, and Head and Neck. This book is intended for general otolaryngologists, sub-specialists, researches, residents and fellows. Therefore, it should encourage researchers and clinicians to innovate new ideas for future basic research and clinical practice. This book is the outcome of input from multi-national otolaryngologists from around the world with a common goal towards better human health care. Some of the authors are very experienced, while some are newcomers as researchers or clinicians. This book is accessible online to allow free access to as many readers as possible. It is also available in print for those who do not have internet access or are interested in having their own hard copy. This will ultimately contribute to the global distribution of knowledge in otolaryngology between researchers and clinicians. I would like to congratulate each and every one of the contributors for their excellent input on each chapter. Each author sacrificed their valuable time and effort to write a chapter resulting in the success of this book. I would like to sincerely thank Ms Martina Durovic and Ms Romina Skomersic, the book Publishing Process Managers for their expert assistance on all issues concerning this book, Ms Ana Nikolic, the Head of Editorial Consultants for her tireless assistance, and to all for choosing me to be the editor of this book. My kind gratitude to the technical editor for arranging the book in a uniform format and InTech – Open Access Publisher, for undertaking this novel X Preface mission. I wish that this book will be part of series of books in all sub-specialities of otolaryngology and that it will enhance global collaboration not only between physicians but also for betterment of humankind. I wish the reader an enjoyable journey and hope you will find this book interesting. I would like to thank my teachers and students from whom I gained knowledge throughout the years. Lastly, I dedicate this book to my wife Dr Pritam Kaur Mangat, my daughter Dr Manvin Kaur Gendeh and my son Dr Hardip Singh Gendeh for all their patience and understanding. Balwant Singh Gendeh, MBBS(Kashmir), MS (ORL-HNS) M’sia, AM(Mal),FAMM Senior Consultant ENT Surgeon/Rhinology(Endoscopic Sinus/ Skull Base Surgery and Functional & Cosmetic Nasal Surgery), Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery(ORL-HNS) National University Malaysia Medical Center(UKMMC) Kuala Lumpur Malaysia [...]... Calmodulin-sensitive plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCAs) are vital regulators of otoconia formation by extruding Ca2+ from hair cells and thereby maintaining the appropriate Ca2+ concentration near the plasma membrane There are four isoforms of mammalian PMCA (PMCA1-4) encoded by four distinct genes and each of them undergoes 12 Otolaryngology alternative exon splicing in two regions (Keeton et al 1993) All four... mechanism proposed by Nakano et al (Nakano et al 2008) states that while the Nox3complex passes electrons from intracellular NADPH to extracellular oxygen, the plasma membrane becomes depolarized Such depolarization of the apical membrane would elevate Proteins Involved in Otoconia Formation and Maintenance 11 endolymphatic Ca2+ concentration by preventing cellular Ca2+ uptake from endolymph, and by increasing... vestibular endolymph Non-component regulatory proteins affect otoconia development and maintenance likely by several ways: (1) by influencing the secretion (Sollner et al 2004), structural and functional modification of the component and anchoring proteins (Lundberg, unpublished data), and (2) by spatially and temporally increasing chemical gradients of Ca2+, HCO3-, H+ and possibly other ions/anions... expression of otoconial genes 35th Association for Research in Otolaryngology MidWinter Meeting #282,2012 Xu Y, Yang L, Jones S.M., Zhao X., Zhang Y, Lundberg Y.W Functional cooperation of two otoconial proteins Oc90 and Nox3 35th Association for Research in Otolaryngology MidWinter Meeting #281:2012 Yamauchi D, Nakaya K, Raveendran NN, Harbidge DG, Singh R, Wangemann P, Marcus DC Expression of epithelial... utricle and saccule (Yang et al 2011) In the absence of Oc90, the efficiency of crystal formation is reduced by at least 50%, and Proteins Involved in Otoconia Formation and Maintenance 7 the organic matrix is greatly reduced, leading to formation of a few giant otoconia with abnormal morphology caused by unordered aggregation of inorganic crystallites (Zhao et al 2007) A subsequent in vitro experiment has... thereby elevate the pH so that CaCO3 can form and be maintained 3.2 Otopetrin 1 may mobilize Ca2+ for CaCO3 formation Otopetrin (Otop1), a protein with multiple transmembrane domains, is essential for the formation of otoconia/otolith in the inner ear (Hughes et al 2004; Hurle et al 2003; Sollner et al., 2004) The protein is conserved in all vertebrates, and its biochemical function was first revealed by. .. (RGD) motif, which plays an essential role in bone resorption by promoting osteoclast attachment to the bone matrix through cell surface integrins (Oldberg et al 1986; Rodan and Rodan 1997) Similar to the role of Oc90 in otoconia development, osteopontin acts as an important organizer in bone mineralization It modulates the bone crystal sizes by inhibiting the hydroxyapatite formation and growth (Boskey... the otoconial membranes and consequently site-specific anchoring of otoconia crystals Dysfunction of otogelin in either the Otog knockout mice or 14 Otolaryngology the twister mutant mice leads to severe vestibular deficits, which is postulated to be caused by displaced otoconial membranes in the utricle and saccule (Simmler et al 2000a; Simmler et al 2000b) α-tectorin and β-tectorin, named with reference... sequence-specific collagen recognition by SPARC Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 105:18273-18277, 2008 Hughes I, Blasiole B, Huss D, Warchol ME, Rath NP, Hurle B, Ignatova E, Dickman JD, Thalmann R, Levenson R, Ornitz DM Otopetrin 1 is required for otolith formation in the zebrafish Danio rerio Dev.Biol 276:391-402, 2004 Hughes I, Saito M, Schlesinger PH, Ornitz DM Otopetrin 1 activation by purinergic nucleotides regulates... HA Modulation of crystal formation by bone phosphoproteins: structural specificity of the osteopontin-mediated inhibition of hydroxyapatite formation Biochem.J 300 ( Pt 3):723-728, 1994 Hurle B, Ignatova E, Massironi SM, Mashimo T, Rios X, Thalmann I, Thalmann R, Ornitz DM Non-syndromic vestibular disorder with otoconial agenesis in tilted/mergulhador mice caused by mutations in otopetrin 1 Hum.Mol.Genet . OTOLARYNGOLOGY Edited by Balwant Singh Gendeh Otolaryngology Edited by Balwant Singh Gendeh Published by InTech. copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Otolaryngology, Edited by Balwant Singh Gendeh p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0624-1