THE KEY INDICATORS for Asia and the Pacific 2012 pdf

KEY INDICATORSfor Asia and the Pacific 2012 Printed in the Philippines Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Key Indicators for Asia and th

KEY INDICATORS

for Asia and the Pacific

2012

Printed in the Philippines

Asian Development Bank

6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City

1550 Metro Manila, Philippines

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012, the 43rd edition of this series, is a statistical data book

presenting economic, financial, social, and environmental indicators for the 48 regional members of the

Asian Development Bank (ADB) This issue of Key Indicators presents in Part I a special chapter—Green

Urbanization in Asia—followed by statistical tables in Parts II and III with short, nontechnical

commentaries on economic, financial, social, and environmental developments

Part II comprises the first set of statistical tables and commentaries, which look at the Millennium

Development Goals and progress in the region toward achieving key targets The second set of tables in

Part III is grouped into seven themes, and provides a broader picture of economic, financial, social, and

environmental developments This publication aims to present the latest key statistics on development

issues concerning the economies of Asia and the Pacific to a wide audience, including policy makers,

development practitioners, government officials, researchers, students, and the general public This year,

ADB also publishes the second edition of the Framework of Inclusive Growth Indicators, a special

supplement to Key Indicators.

About the Asian Development Bank

ADB’s vision is an Asia and Pacific region free of poverty Its mission is to help its developing member

countries reduce poverty and improve the quality of life of their people Despite the region’s many

successes, it remains home to two-thirds of the world’s poor: 1.8 billion people who live on less than

$2 a day, with 903 million struggling on less than $1.25 a day ADB is committed to reducing poverty

through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.

Based in Manila, ADB is owned by 67 members, including 48 from the region Its main instruments

for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees,

grants, and technical assistance.

All rights reserved Published in 2012.

Printed in the Philippines

ISBN: 978-92-9092-816-4

Publication Stock No FLS124810-3

Cataloging-In-Publication Data

Asian Development Bank

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2012

Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2012

1 economic indicators 2 financial indicators 3 social indicators 4 energy and environmental indicators

5 millennium development goals 6 infrastructure indicators 7 governance indicators

I Asian Development Bank

The views expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the

Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no

responsibility for any consequence of their use

By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area

ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB

Asian Development Bank

6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City

1550 Metro Manila, Philippines

Tel +63 2 632 4444

Fax +63 2 636 2444

www.adb.org

The 43rd

Development Goals (MDGs) indicator series for the 48 regional members The Key Indicators provides

the region will be confronted with even greater environmental challenges that are already serious,

protected areas

2

Haruhiko Kuroda President

Development Indicators and Policy Research Division of the Economics and Research Department,

under the overall supervision of Douglas H Brooks.

Glenita Amoranto, Barbara Dizon, Nalwino Billones, Eileen Capilit, Modesta de Castro, Anna

Goals (MDGs), regional trends and tables, and country tables They also wrote the analysis of key

the economics editor for Parts II and III.

and Guia De Guzman were the copy editors Francis Manio designed the cover Rhommell Rico did

Ma Roselia Babalo and Clarita Dalaguit-Truong rendered secretarial and proofreading services

Foreword iii

Acknowledgments v

Guide for Users xxi

Highlights xxvii

PART I – SPECIAL CHAPTER   Greenhouse Gas Emissions 13

  Resilience to Climate Change 15

  Urban Slums and Urban Poverty 19

          Summary 28

  … …  / 29

  H‚' 34

  Finance, Transparency, and Accountability 38

Summary 40

+ 42

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Table 7 The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Asia 21

Table 8 United States Imports of High-Tech Green Equipment (%) 23

‘ VR VV Table 12 Water Pricing 31

~#$ƒ|”} 6

Figure 11 Urban and Rural Inequality in Asia (%) 10

10 above 100 μg/m3, 2008–2009 12

Figure 15 PM10 Kernel Density, 2008–2009 12

2 Emissions in 2008 13

/Y2 Emissions (t/capita) 13

2 Emissions (t/capita) and GDP Per Capita (in 2005 PPP) 21

2 ADB Developing Member Economies) 22

z—>H10~Hƒ// 32

Box 1 Metros Moving People in Delhi and Shanghai 14

Box 3 The Environmental Kuznets Curve 20

Box 6 From Waste to Energy in Singapore 34

Box 7 Kawasaki Eco-Town 36

Box 9 Small-Scale Energy Systems: Garment Factories in Bangladesh 37

Box 11 Kampung Code River: Upgrading a Slum 39

Box 12 Restoring the Cheonggyecheon River 40

PART II     V Table 2 Millennium Development Goals Progress Tracking 52

    VV whose income is less than one dollar a day 62

    VQ including women and young people 63

    VŠ    Table 2.1 Target 2.A: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling 69

    ŠV    Table 4.1 Target 4.A: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015,    Table 5.1 Target 5.A: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015,        WQ     V    for all those who need it 96

Table 6.2 Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases 97

Table 7.1 Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources 106 Table 7.2 Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010,

  

    •Š

  

    •‹

of at least 100 million slum dwellers 111

Table 8.1 Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable,

Figure 6.3 Change in Tuberculosis Incidence Rates, 1990 and 2010 93

Figure 7.1 Percentage of Land Area Covered by Forest, 1990 and 2010 100 Figure 7.2 Percentage of Protected Terrestrial and Marine Areas, 1990 and 2010 101

Figure 7.3 Percentage Change of Per Capita Emissions of Carbon Dioxide, 2009 compared with 1990 101

Table 1.14 Poverty and Inequality 147 Table 1.15 Human Development Index 148 Social Indicators

Table 1.16 Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 149

    QQ

Table 2.3 GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method (current dollars) 165

    Q‹     QW     Q     Q•     Q–     Q‘ Table 2.10 Exports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) 172

Table 2.11 Imports of Goods and Services (% of GDP) 173

    QVQ "O z|”"OH} 174

Table 2.13 Growth Rates of Real GDP (%) 175

Table 2.14 Growth Rates of Real GDP Per Capita (%) 176

                        Table 2.21 Growth Rates of Real Exports of Goods and Services (%) 183

Table 2.22 Growth Rates of Real Imports of Goods and Services (%) 184

         Prices Table 3.1 Growth Rates of Consumer Price Index (%) 193

Table 3.2 Growth Rates of Food Consumer Price Index (%) 194

Table 3.3 Growth Rates of Wholesale/Producer Price Index (%) 195

    Š‹ Money and Finance Table 3.5 Growth Rates of Money Supply (M2) (%) 197

Table 3.6 Money Supply (M2) (% of GDP) 198

Table 3.7 Interest Rate on Savings Deposits (% per annum, period averages) 199

Table 3.8 Interest Rate on Time Deposits of 12 Months (% per annum, period averages) 200

Table 3.9 Lending Interest Rate (% per annum, period averages) 201

        Table 3.12 Bank Nonperfoming Loans (% of total gross loans) 204

Table 3.13 Growth Rates of Stock Market Price Index (%) 205

   

   

Exchange Rates

   

Table 3.17 Purchasing Power Parity Conversion Factor

  

Table 3.18 Price Level Indices

  

Balance of Payments

Table 4.1 Trade in Goods Balance (% of GDP) 216 Table 4.2 Trade in Services Balance (% of GDP) 217 Table 4.3 Current Account Balance (% of GDP) 218

Table 4.24 Total Debt Service Paid by Developing Member Economies

(% of exports of goods, services, and income) 239 Tourism

Environment

Table 6.5 Agriculture Land Use (% of land area) 262

     Government Finance Table 7.1 Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) 271

Table 7.2 Tax Revenue (% of GDP) 272

Table 7.3 Total Government Revenue (% of GDP) 273

Table 7.4 Total Government Expenditure (% of GDP) 274

    •W Table 7.6 Government Expenditure on Health (% of GDP) 276

Table 7.7 Government Expenditure on Social Security and Welfare (% of GDP) 277

Governance Table 7.8 Doing Business Start-Up Indicators 278

    •‘     Figure 2.4 Real GDP Growth, 2010 and 2011 (%) 158

  Figure 3.1 Percentage Growth of Money Supply, 2010–2011 (annual percentage change) 187

Figure 3.3 Nominal and Ex-post Real Interest Rates on Short Term Treasury Bills, 2011 188

Figure 3.4 Bank Non-performing Loans, 2009–2011 (% of total gross loans) 188

Figure 3.6 All Items and Food Price Indices, 2011 (annual percentage change) 191

 

   

 

Figure 4.9 External Debt as a Percentage of GNI, 2000 and 2010 214

Figure 5.5 Sources of Electricity (Top Producers), 2009 244

Figure 6.1 Percentage Breakdown of Energy Use by Region, 2009 (kilotons of oil equivalent) 254

Figure 6.2 Net Energy Imports as a Percentage of Energy Use, 2007–2009 255

Figure 6.3 Percentage Change in GDP per Unit of Energy Use between 2000 and 2009 255

Figure 7.1 Fiscal Balance as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 265

Figure 7.2 Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 266

Figure 7.3 Total Government Expenditure as a Percentage of GDP, 2010 and 2011 266

and Social Security Welfare as a Percentage of GDP, 2011 267

Figure 7.5 Cost of Business Start-up Procedure (% of GNI per capita) 267

Figure 7.6 Days Required to Start Up Business, 2006 and 2011 268

Figure 7.7 Time and Cost Required to Start a Business, 2011 269

VV Table 1.2 Human Development Index, 2011 132

=<VV =<VQ =<VŠ =<ŠV =<ŠQ =<V     Box Table 3.3 Food Weights in CPI 191

#+G-Millennium Development Goals 283

Regional Trends and Tables 293

quality of life of people around the region.

Bhutan Ministry of Finance

Ministry of Labor and Human Resources

Reserve Bank of India

Indonesia Bank Indonesia

 `   

     ‚…  HY 

Korea, Republic of Bank of Korea

Ministry of Strategy and Finance

Maldives Monetary Authority

Ministry of Finance and Treasury





Development Assistance and Compact Management

Mongolia Bank of Mongolia

Nauru Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

State Bank of Pakistan

Palau Bureau of Budget and Planning, Ministry of Finance

Papua New Guinea Bank of Papua New Guinea

Department of Treasury

Philippines Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

Bureau of Local Government Finance Bureau of the Treasury

Department of Budget and Management Department of Energy

 z   

Central Bank of Samoa

Economic Policy and Planning Division, Ministry of Finance

Singapore Economic Development Board

Taipei,China Central Bank of China

Council for Economic Planning and Development

Uzbekistan Cabinet of Ministers, Government of Uzbekistan

Central Bank of Uzbekistan

Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Part II comprises tables on indicators for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) The indicators are presented

includes as many of the indicators for the new targets as possible The tables contain indicators associated with

each MDG target

and Governance Each theme is further divided into subtopics The tables contain indicators related to a subtopic

The MDGs and themes in Parts II and III start with a brief analysis of key trends of selected indicators The

Development Bank (ADB) The term “country,” used interchangeably with “economy,” is not intended to make any judgment as to the legal or other status of any territory or area The 48 economies have been broadly grouped into

regional members of ADB, both developing and developed Indicators are shown for the most recent year or period for which data are available and, in most tables, for an earlier year or period (usually 1990 or 1995).

Data for the MDG indicators, regional trends and tables, and country tables are obtained mainly from two sources:

to impute the missing data

0 or 0.0 Magnitude is less than half of unit employed

Ÿ

Œ

ΠGreater than or equal to

< Less than or equal to

Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

CIF cost, insurance, and freight

CNG compressed natural gas

EKC Environmental Kuznets Curve

LCU local currency unit

LDC least developed countries

WDI World Development Indicators

WDPA World Database on Protected Areas

_…Y

_ƒX

_#H

_z

(MDGs) indicators for ADB regional members Data are grouped into MDGs and regional tables Briefs and nontechnical analyses are also included for each group Data that were gathered from ADB regional member can be downloaded

Part I: Special Chapter – Green Urbanization in Asia

is historically unprecedented As a consequence, the

world The scale and the speed of urban expansion have

contributed to the rise of Asia, but present challenges

Most notable are the environmental challenges, such as

Beijing, and Manila.

To meet such challenges, Asia must follow a green

ensure that the growth is inclusive and sustainable.

of China (PRC), Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and

to almost half of all urbanites on earth and its urban

other region

(Mumbai, Kolkata, and Karachi, in that order), and

8 of the 10 densest, are in Asia In 2010, Asia was home to over half * 12 out of 23 *

already enormous environmental stress in Asia The Key

challenges all the more serious as the current low level

adjustment or learning The growing size and number of

are to be properly managed.

in 2010, and about 250 million were at risk of inland

number of urbanites who are vulnerable to inland

Dhaka, Ho Chi Minh City, and Tianjin are at risk from

quality standard (of 40 micrograms per cubic meter

¢¡™3

micrometers or less [PM10])

on the environmental Kuznets curve for Asia, which

shows rising and then declining environmental

economies are in Asia, and per capita emissions are

rising at an alarming rate

The environmental Kuznets curve is not an immutable

of the service sector, which generally pollutes less than

of the middle class, and declining birth rates typically

and that the peaks come sooner Between the 1990s and

been expected.

 

resources and new technologies is also important in order

Asia learns from the mistakes of others and its own past,

and sustainable.

city development Unlike Europe and the United States, Asia does not have the luxury to live in suburbs and drive to city centers for work The region needs to develop environment-

 

recent rapid expansion of physical infrastructure in Asia,

the growing challenge now is to improve the quality of

and resilience to natural disasters.

by  ... Chapter, ? ?Asia? ?? refers to the Asia and Pacific region

The terms “cities” and “urban population” are as defined by the

UN (2012) In this chapter, the terms “city” and “urban” are used...

and Governance Each theme is further divided into subtopics The tables contain indicators related to a subtopic

The MDGs and themes in Parts II and III start with... period for which data are available and, in most tables, for an earlier year or period (usually 1990 or 1995).

Data for the MDG indicators, regional trends and tables, and country