Báo cáo khoa học:văn học mạng Trung Quốc pdf

^. ;•,''-•!' NGHgTHUATBONPHIinNn VAN HCC /HANG TCUNG CLC'C GIANG LINH H idn gid, VHM dang la mpt dd tai ndng bdng dupe nhidu dpc gia Viet Nam quan tam. Ddng VHM ciia Viet Nam ed sy phit tridn ty than, nhd vio the he tre 8X, 9X ham thich van hpc va co didu kien diing internet. Ben ciinh dd, eung phai kd de'n tie nhan nude ngoii, la VHM ciia nude ban Trung Qud'c. Tic phim VHM Trung QuPc diu tien den vdi ban dpc Viet Nam ed le phai ke de'n Ldn ddu thdn mat (ban dich eiia Nguydn Xuan Nhat) phd cap rpng rai tren eic trang web ldn nhd, va gin day la Xin ldi, em chi Id con dl (Trang Ha djch). Cd le do didu kien xa hpi khdng chenh lech nhidu, cich tu duy chau A gin gui, nhung tie phim eiia Trung Qude tim dupe nhidu ddng dieu d Viet Nam chiing ta. Trai qua ban 10 nam phit tridn, VHM Trung Qud'c la mpt hue tranh tdng thd nhidu mau sic. Cho ddn nay, nd da cd sy bude phat tridn ty than, vimg chic, dd ddn bay gid nd dupe thira nhan nhu mpt dong van hpc Idn manh, cd Hipp hpi van hpc mang tidng Hoa (www.cnlu.net), Hiep hpi van hpc mang Trung Qude (www.ilf.en), Hpi bien tap van hpc mang (www.bianji.com). Van hoc mang (VHM) la van hoc siil dung mang internet iam phuong tien truyen tai. Moi ngudi deu binh ddng tren internet, va VHiVI cung vay, ai cung cd quyen trd thanh tac gia, va moi ngudi deu la doc gia. Cac tac gia ngdi d nha go iach each va i(iem i(ha Mii tien, ddng thdi dpc phan hdi cua ddc gia timg phiit tirng gid. Ngudi doc cd quyen keu goi: Hay update (cap nhat) chuong sau! tham chi nhieu nhan vat da chet duoc ddc gia yeu cau cho hdi sinh. Cach sdng tac vd thudng thuc deu thay ddi rat nhieu so vdi van hoc truyen thdng. cd Tuin Id van hoc miing thudng nien va Giai van hpc miing thudng nien New Threads trj gia 1,000 USD (http://xys,freedns,us/pages3/ psi6.html) do cae nha van ldn va dpc gia miing binh chpn Ben Ciinh sy ldn manh khdng ngtmg ciia dpi ngu tie gia ty phit, VHM cung dupe cic bac cha chii quan tam vi hudng dao. Nhd the, miich van hpc nay ngay cing cd nhidu tie phim hay va phii hpp vdi tudi tre. Didm Iai qui trinh phat tridn ciia VHM Trung Qud'c ed thd kd ddn nhiing md'c sau. Trude nam 1996, internet la mdt thir xa xi rit it ngudi biet den d Trung Qud'c. Thdi ky dd hidm ngudi len mang, va ciing khdng may ai ngoi go bai viet len trang web. (Thi cd mpt so bai it di duoc dua len cac didn dan (forum) va dupe mpi ngudi hoan nghenh, va cd the coi dd lii tien than ciia tiic phim van hpc miing sau nay. Khdi ngudn eiia VHM biit dau tu Ciic luu hoc sinh nude ngoiii vd viio khoang nam 1995-1996. Thii linh phong triio lii Biit dai gia ACTT Fiing Zhouzi, San Yisheng. Tide lii den gid hiu nhu khdng cdn dau tich van hpc gi eiia cac "dai van hiio" ay nua, ciic trang web van hpc mang dau lien Ganlanshu (www.glan- shu.en), Xinyusi (vvww.xys.dxiong.com) eQng da thay ddi nhieu, khdng cdn hoi thd ngay dd. Ngudi Trung Qud'c chi cdn ddi chiit an tupng vd tiie phim VHM diu tien dupe du luan cdng nhan la Nd lice vd hda binh ciia nhi van Shaojun sdng d My, ra ddi thing 4- 1991, va mpt vai tac gia khae vdi gipng van hai hudc, eham bidm, tri thire sau rpng vi ndi lye sau sic. Day cung la dinh hudng ngdn ngu cho VHM ve sau. Tir nam 1997 trd di la thdi ky phit tridn internet, gia truy cap din din ha xudng mire eac So 307 Thang 1-2010 VAN H6A NGH£ THUAT mrbfc MCOAI biin tre chip nhan dupe, va the la d thanh phd Idn, nhung quan internet mpc len nhu nim sau mua. Sang sdm ngay 2-11-1997, dpi bong da nam Trung Qud'c thua Quata trong vdng loai World Cup, so phan Trung Qud'c ngan can treo spi toe. Mr. Rong dang tai bai binh luan Ngdy 31-10 Dai Lien Kim Chdu khdng nude mdt tren trang web Sitonglifang (tien than Sina.com.cn sau nay). Bai viet rat ngin, gipng van binh than, chit ehua ndi thit vpng ciia ngudi Trung Qude doi vdi bong da nude nha. Ching bao lau sau, chinh xic la 48 tie'ng sau, bai vie't nay dupe dang lai tren khip cac trang web khae, sP lupt xem len den ban 20.000 lin. Ngiiy 14-11, td biio the thiio Phifcriig Nam cudi tudn tiii dang tai toiin bp npi dung bai viet va md ra cupc thao luan xoay quanh chii de nay. Sau khi dupe diing tren bio giiy, bii vidt cang dupe hudng ung miinh liet hon tren ciic didn dan internet. Day lii lin diu tien, van viet tren mang dupe cae bio in truydn thdng sir dung va tao hieu qua manh trong dpc gia. Nam 1998, bp ba xe phio ma Ning Caishen. Ly Xunhuan. Xing Yusen ndi bat tren van dan mang. Bing van phong nhe nhang, hii hudc, eham bidm, hp khuiy dpng phong trio vie't van tren mang va tao nen phong each hai hudc tre trung cua VHM. Ning Caishen chinh la tie gia kich ban Vd Idm ngoai truyen vui nhpn an khiich hien gid, cdn Ly Xunhuan gid la CEO (giam ddc) ciia trang web van hpc mang ldn nhit Trung Qude Rongshuxia. Nam 1997-1998 la diem md'c quan trpng eiia van hpc mang, diinh diu bdi Dai dudng song long truyen (Huangyi) vii Tinh chien anh hiing (Moren). Hai tic phim tren trpn lin hda quyen eac trieu diii lich sir, cac ye'u to khoa hpc vidn tudng,,. tiio nen thanh cdng rye rd. Liic nay, internet dang phat trien eye thinh, cdng ty cung cip dich vu mang tang khdng mpt vai gid online midn phi cho khach. !OJO«»"'Sn+W 52 5 up IS* 8 »i 1^ ftf A ai«A «^ft «1« ttCA (t*«S tTT fl« »« Km Vit mt «!« e» ^SHfl:;«^*fti #«.'* fcs»j *»».* 4MKlt *««« «»-;-« iiitistft • a«« *«'• - cam «'"«C"ir~lr~J i^^ I V^JUfi 'V>uA 1.^^ »i»»»»n;»ins« HVM*(11-19.149) p "~"-~-l .^^B "'-'MB' h^^JM t^^B *V'K8rt)*»ff «1?:!"«»!M»GSf ]-ft ai.20,1971 » »L,-_-—„J -f^K^ J^^-' ^S^^ .mBl *!••-»""**:• '*•*"••'» ("-is.i") CPotMiyj^g ^ 'i^^^m '"'T^^- HHH| ^^H ^ ''!*<^^fj^>3VI«WTf = .t.;.V«9««^ (1M7,|7«) MMUaiB' "'"** "*"**-^ '^*"' *** * ••;=«!«l««IlJ:»«««-B«n<.U» (11.17.131) Bal&Ba jSQBB rJAllliB !tw» »e mtr^ •nx N7«I. •.«• mi Trang web cua Hiep hpi vdn hpc mqng tieng Hoa •• • —• thanh ra cie trang web ca nhin mpc len nhu nim. Vi Dai dudng song long truyen dinh ky xuat ban d Hdng Kdng timg thing, nen dpc tren mang la cich nhanh nhit, tien nhit. Sean - upload - dpc online, quy trinh eye ky nhanh gpn, va mac dii khdng dupe phap luat thira nhan nhung "quy trinh sieu nhanh" niy qui la cd tic dung giiip dd truydn bi van hpc mang. Nhung kho van hpc mang ndi tie'ng nhat thdi ky nay ed Huangjin Shuwu, Shulu, Wohuju Den nam 1999, cd thd thanh nien thdi didm iy khdng bidt vd Luat giio due, khdng bidt ve Phip luan edng, nhung neu ban khdng hidu "ndu cd nhidu tidn tdi se tau nhi liu, tdi ed tidn chang, khdng hd ed, bdi vay nen tdi vin khdng nha cira chi!" thi that la lac hau. Vi khi dd, Ldn ddu ben nhau eiia Tsai Zhiheng (Thai Tri Hing) dang ndi dinh dam tren mang. Tinh yeu dep vi lang man lam xiie dpng bao nhieu trai tim dpc gia, hang tram nghin ngudi ngiy dem ddi theo dien bien cau ehuyen, khde khi nhan vat chinh khdc, cudi khi hp vui Sau khi cdng bd toan bp tic phim tren trang web Cii nhan, do cu dan mang qua ham mp va nhiet thinh dd nghj, Thii Tri Hing lien ban ban quydn, vi Ldn ddu ben nhau ra mit ban dpc dudi hinh thire giiy tring mye den. Thing II- 1999, sich dupe in 200.000 ban ngay tu lin in thu nhit tai Dai Loan, va sau dd lien tidp tai ban rit nhidu lin, Chi 1 m So 307 Thang 1-2010 NGHg THUAT B6N PHuam nam sau, cudn sach da dupe tii ban ddn lin thir 10. Lupng tieu thu d Trung Qud'c diii lue len de'n vai trieu ban, ehua kd cic ban in lau nhidu gip miy lin chimg dd. Gin day, tie phim niy cdn dupe cai bien thanh truyen tranh, phim truydn hinh, kjeh ndi Phai ndi ring, Ldn ddu ben nhau la dinh cao ciia VHM Trung Hoa thdi so khai, md ra ky nguyen VHM bit tay vdi hinh thuc xuit ban truyen thdng. Tir nam 2000 de'n nay, internet thyc sy da phd cap hoin toin d dai luc, cang ngay cing nhidu ngudi vidt va dpc van mang. Ddng thdi, cdng ty djch vu mang chim diit thdi ky phi gia, khdng cdn thdi doiin midn phi hing ngiy. Vi the cic trang web ci nhan nho le din din bj mit, sip nhap vao mpt, nhudng chd eho eac trang web Idn dd sp, dem lai hieu qua kinh doanh van hpc nhu Huanjianshumeng, Longdetiankong, Trai qua nhidu trie trd, trang web van hpc tim ra phuang thire thanh toan thu phi hpp ly, bing each tao phong dpc VIP danh eho khich hang tra tidn, Tidp theo thanh edng eua Ldn ddu ben nhau, VHM va van hpc truydn thdng Iai "giao duyen" vdi Tam biet Vi An (Anni Bao Bdi, 2000), Ngp Khong truyen (Jin Hezai - Kim Ha Tai, 2001), Thdnh Do hay quen toi dem nay (Murong Xueeun - Mp Dung Tiiydt Thdn, 2002), Nhat ky Sa Tdng (Lin Changzhi - Lam Trudng Trj),,, Cudn nao cung bin rit chay, tii ban nhidu lin va "dinh eu" tren danh sich best seller nhidu ngay. VHM da that sy cim rd vao thj trudng. Lupng ngudi dpc VHM tang len, phan ting thinh Idp dpc gia ldn tudi ban hudng vao tieu thuye't, tan van giau tinh van hpc, cdn Idp dpc gia thanh thidu nien tap trung vao eac tac phim hot, tien phong. VHM phat trien ddi dao ve so lupng va nang cao bin vd chat lupng. Ben canh do, nhd dong gdp eua game online (tro ehai dien tir tryc tuyen), nam 2004-2005 la thdi ky quang ba du dpi eiia eic edng ty game online, va hang loat tieu thuye't mang chuyen thd tu game ra ddi. The loai "cung dinh" nay dupe hau thuin bdi tai lye hiing hau eiia cac edng ty game, muc dich sing tic rd rang, dupe tuyen truydn quang ba tot nen dem lai hieu irng kha eao. Sau thanh edng vang dpi ciia Harry Potter, ddng truyen ky ao (fantasy) len ngdi d Trung Qud'c, va liy internet lam phuang tien truyen tai chii ydu. Thdi ky niy cung xuit hien nhidu tie phim ciia cac tie gia the he 8X, nhu Ndm thdng tuoi dep ciia Sunrui (Tdn Nhue), Tdt nghiep ra that tinh eua He Yuanwai (Hi Vien Ngoai), Vuong qude do ciia Quich Kinh Minh Cho ddn nay, cd it nhit 9 thd loai VHM phd bidn d Trung Qud'c. Dd la truyen ky io, vd hiep ky ao, truyen sinh hoat thudng nhat, truyen tinh cam, Ijch sir. vd hiep, didm tinh, khoa hpc va quan sy, Mdi thd loai ddu ed cic tie gia ndi bat va tac phim thanh edng, ca ve chit lupng van chuong, sy cudn hut ban dpc ca tren mang lin khi ra sach in, Dd tam ket thue bai diem qua ve lich sir VHM Trung Qud'c nay, xin trich ldi ciia nha van, trp ly giao su Dai hpc Thanh Cdng Dai Loan Thai Tri Hing, ngudi dupe menh danh la hoang tir van hpc mang, tiic gia cudn sach Ldn ddu ben nhau (Nxb Kim Ddng, thang 10-2008) trong tam sy vdi rieng ban dpc Viet Nam: "Tdi viet truyen rat ty nhien. Co nhidu ban tren internet hdi: Tdi mudn vie't, nhung khdng biet lam sao vie't ndi? Kinh nghiem ciia tdi danh cho ciie biin iy la, neu biin that sy rit mudn vie't, nhung ddng chu se ty chay ra tren ban phim. Nhd vie't Ldn ddu va kien tri theo dudi dong VHM ve tinh cam nhe nhang lang man, tdi quen dupe nhieu ban be d khip cac nude, bay gid la cae ban Viet Nam. Va tdi eung giri gim mpt so kidn thuc chuyen mdn ciia tdi vio van. Hien gid, tdi co nhieu viec d trudng dai hpc, nhung hiu nhu ngay nio tdi ciing tranh thii vidt mpt chiit it. Cam giic giai phPng eon chu trong ngudi len miy tinh that la tuyet, hy vpng cac ban dimg qua dat nang dinh gia eiia ngudi khae ma bj ap lye. Vidt van la mpt hanh phiic!"" G.L Tdng hap lir tu lifeu lie'ng Trung ciia Nxb Kim D6ng. ThSng 1-2010 S6 307(3 . kd de'n tie nhan nude ngoii, la VHM ciia nude ban Trung Qud'c. Tic phim VHM Trung QuPc diu tien den vdi ban dpc Viet Nam ed le phai ke. gui, nhung tie phim eiia Trung Qude tim dupe nhidu ddng dieu d Viet Nam chiing ta. Trai qua ban 10 nam phit tridn, VHM Trung Qud'c la mpt hue